f.a.¹þÒ®¿Ë·¨ÂÉ¡¢Á¢·¨Óë×ÔÓÉ-µÚ108ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
οÉÓûÄ¿µÄµÄ¾¼Ã×éÖ¯ÔÔò¡£È»¶ø£¬ÖµµÃÎÒÃÇ×¢ÒâµÄÊÇ£¬ÉÏÊöÁ½ÏîÔÔòÄËÊǸù±¾²»ÏàÈݺϵģ¬ÒòΪÈËÃǶÔÕâÁ½ÏîÔÔòËù×÷µÄÈκÎÐÎʽµÄ½áºÏ¶¼»áÖÂʹÕâÁ½ÏîÔÔòµÄÄ¿µÄÎÞ·¨ÊµÏÖ¡£´ËÍ⣬Ëä˵ÎÒÃÇÓÀÔ¶²»¿ÉÄÜ´ïÖÂΨÉç»áÂÛÕßËùÏëÏóµÄÄÇÖÖ¾³¿ö£¬µ«ÊÇÖ»ÒªÎÒÃÇÔÚÒ»°ãÒâÒåÉÏÔÊÐíÕþ¿Í¸³ÓèËûÃÇÒÀƾÆäÖ§³ÖµÄÄÇЩÈËÒÔÌØÊâµÄºÃ´¦£¬ÄÇôÕ⻹ÊÇ»á°ÑÄÇÖÖÓÐÒæÓÚÆÕ±éÀûÒæµÄ×Ô×éÖ¯Êг¡ÖÈÐò´Ý»Ùµô£¬²¢´úÖ®ÒÔÒ»ÖÖÓÉijЩר¶ÏÒâÖ¾¾ö¶¨µÄÇ¿ÐÐÉèÖõÄÖÈÐò¡£ÎÒÃDz»¿É±ÜÃâµØÒªÔÚÉÏÊöÁ½Ïî²»ÏàÈݺϵÄÔÔòÖ®¼ä×÷³ö¾ñÔñ£¬¶øÇÒ²»ÂÛÎÒÃÇÓëʵÏÖÕâÁ½ÏîÔÔòÖеÄÈκÎÒ»ÏîÔÔò»¹Ïà¾à¶àÔ¶£¬ÎÒÃǶ¼²»¿ÉÄÜÔÚÕâÁ½ÏîÔÔòÖ®¼ä×÷³öÈκγÖÐøÐÔµÄÍ×С£²»ÂÛÎÒÃÇÒÔÄÄÏîÔÔò×÷ΪÎÒÃǻµÄ»ù´¡£¬Ëü¶¼»áÇýʹÎÒÃÇÑØ×ÅËüµÄÂöÂçÏòÇ°·¢Õ¹£»Ëä˵ÓÉ´Ë´ïÖµľ³¿öʼÖÕÊDz»¾¡ÍêÉƵģ¬µ«ÊÇËüÈ´»á´ÙʹÎÒÃÇÔ½À´Ô½Ç÷½üÉÏÊöÁ½¼«ÖеÄÒ»¼«¡£
Ò»µ©ÈËÃÇÃ÷È·ÈÏʶµ½ÁËΨÉç»áÂÛ²»¿É±ÜÃâµØ»áµ¼ÏòȫȨÐÔ¹ú¼Ò²¢ÖÂʹÃñÖ÷ÖÈÐò³¹µ×Í߽⣬ÄÇô·ÀÖ¹ÈËÃÇÔÚ²»Öª²»¾õÖжéÈ뵽ΨÉç»áÂÛÖƶÈÖÐÈ¥µÄ×ö·¨£¬¾ÍÏÔÈ»ÊǺÏÇéºÏÀíµÄ£»µ±È»£¬ÎªÁË´ïµ½Õâ¸öÄ¿µÄ£¬ÈËÃǾͱØÐëÓÃÏÜ·¨¹æ¶¨À´°þ¶áÕþ¸®µÄÆçÊÓÐÔÇ¿ÖÆȨÁ¦£¬²¢ÇÒÃ÷È·¹æ¶¨¼´Ê¹ÊÇΪÁË×·ÇóÄÇЩÔÚµ±Ê±±»ÆÕ±éÈÏΪÊÇ¿ÉÓûÄ¿µÄµÄ¶«Î÷Ò²²»µÃʵʩÕâÖÖȨÁ¦¡£
´Ó³¤Ô¶µÄ½Ç¶ÈÀ´¿´£¬ÈËÀàÉç»áÄËÊÇÊܹ«ÖÚÆÕ±éÐÅ·îµÄijЩµÀµÂÔÔòÖ§ÅäµÄ£¬¶ø²»ÂÛ´Ó±íÃæÉÏ¿´ÕâÓжàô²»Õæʵ¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬Ê¹ÏȽøÎÄÃ÷Ö®·¢Õ¹³ÉΪ¿ÉÄܵÄΩ¡ªÒ»ÏîµÀµÂÔÔò£¬±ãÊǸöÈË×ÔÓɵÄÔÔò¡£¸ÃÏîµÀµÂÔÔòËùÒâÖ¸µÄÊÇ£º¸öÈËÔÚ¾ö²ßµÄ¹ý³ÌÖÐÊÜÕýµ±ÐÐΪ¹æÔòµÄÖ¸µ¼£¬¶ø²»ÊܾßÌåÃüÁîµÄÖ¸µ¼¡£ÔÚÒ»¸ö×ÔÓÉÈË×é³ÉµÄÉç»áÖУ¬ÈκÎÔ¼Êø¸öÈ˵ļ¯ÌåÐÐΪÔÔò£¨principlesofcollectiveconduct£©¶¼ÊDz»¿ÉÄÜÓÐÁ¢×ãÖ®µØµÄ¡£ÎÒÃÇÖ®ËùÒÔÄܹ»È¡µÃÎÒÃÇÆù½ñΪֹËùÈ¡µÃµÄÒ»Çгɾͣ¬¾ÍÊÇÒòΪÎÒÃÇÔÚÕâ¸ö¹ý³ÌÖÐȷʹ¸öÈË»ñµÃÁËËûÃÇΪ×Ô¼º´´½¨Ò»¸öÈ·Êܱ£»¤µÄÁìÓò£¨¼´ËûÃǵġ°²Æ²úȨ¡±ÁìÓò£©µÄ»ú»á£¬¶øÔÚÕâ¸öÈ·»ñ±£ÕϵÄÁìÓòÖУ¬¸öÈË¿ÉÒÔÓÃËûÃÇ×Ô¼ºµÄÄÜÁ¦È¥ÊµÏÖËûÃÇ×Ô¼ºµÄÄ¿µÄ¡£Î¨Éç»áÂÛËùȱ·¦µÄÕýÊÇÕâÀà¸öÈËÐÐΪµÄÔÔò£¬È»¶øûÓÐÈË»áÁϵ½£¬¾ÍÊÇÕâÖÖΨÉç»áÂÛ¾ÓÈ»ÃÎÏëҪʵÏÖÒ»ÖÖ¾ÍÁ¬ÈκÎ×ÔÓɸöÈ˵ĵÀµÂÐж¯¶¼²»¿ÉÄÜʵÏÖµÄ״̬¡£
·´¶Ôר¶ÏȨÁ¦µÄ¾öÕ½»¹Ã»ÓдòÏ졪¡ªµ±È»£¬ÕâÒ²ÊÇÒ»³¡·´¶ÔΨÉç»áÂÛµÄÕ½¶·£¬»òÕß˵ÊÇÒ»³¡ÎªÁ˷ϳýÒ»ÇÐÖ¼ÔÚÖ¸µ¼ºÍÖ§Åä¸öÈ˻²¢¿ÌÒâ·ÖÅä¸öÈËŬÁ¦Ö®½á¹ûµÄÇ¿ÖÆÐÔȨÁ¦¶øÕ¹¿ªµÄÕ½¶·¡£ÎÒÆóÅÎ×ÅÕâÑùÒ»¸öʱ¿ÌµÄµ½À´£¬ÒòΪµ½ÁËÄǸöʱºò£¬Ò»ÇÐΨÉç»áÂÛ°²ÅÅËù¾ßÓеÄÄÇÖÖȫȨÖ÷ÒåÐÔÖʺÍר¶ÏÌØÐÔ¶¼½«µÃµ½ÈËÃǵÄÆÕ±éÈÏʶ£¬½ø¶ø¸÷ÖÖ·À×èÈËÃÇÒÔÈκνè¿ÚıȡÕâÀàȫȨÖ÷ÒåÐÔÖÊ֮ȨÁ¦µÄÏÜ·¨¹æ¶¨Ò²¶¼»áµÃµ½ÈËÃǵÄÆÕ±éÔÞͬ¡£
ÎÒÔÚ±¾ÊéÈý¾í±¾£¨ÒÔ¼°ÎҾͻõ±ÒÔÚ×ÔÓÉÉç»áÀïµÄ×÷ÓÃËù·¢±íµÄרÃÅÂÛÖø£©ÖÐÁ¦Í¼²ûÃ÷µÄÄËÊÇÕâÑùÒ»ÖÖÖ¸µ¼ÐÔ·½°¸£¬Ëü²»½ö¿ÉÒÔʹÎÒÃÇ°ÚÍÑÏÖÐÐÕþÌåµÄË¥±ä¹ý³Ì£¬¶øÇÒ»¹Äܹ»Ê¹ÎÒÃǹ¹Ôì³öÒ»ÖÖÖÇʶÉϵÄÓ¦¼±ÊֶΣ¬¿É¹©ÎÒÃÇÔÚ±ðÎÞËûÔñ¶øÖ»ÄÜÒÔijÖÖ¸üºÃµÄ¼Ü¹¹Î´È¡´úµ±ÏÂÕýÔÚÒ¡Ò¡Óû×¹µÄ½á¹¹µÄʱºò¼ÓÒÔ²ÉÓ㬶ø²»ÖÁÓÚÔÚÕâ¸ö¹Ø¼üµÄʱ¿ÌÖ»ÄÜÎÞÄεØÇóÖîÓÚijÖÖ¶À²ÃÕþȨ¡£Õþ¸®±Ø¶¨ÊÇÖÇʶÉè¼ÆµÄ²úÎï¡£Èç¹ûÎÒÃÇÄܹ»¹¹Éè³öÕâÑùÒ»ÖÖÕþ¸®Ä£Ê½£¬Ê¹µÃÕþ¸®ÔÚÆä¼äÖ»Äܹ»ÎªÉç»áµÄ×ÔÓÉ·¢Õ¹Ìṩһ¸öÓÐÖúÒæµÄ¿ò¼Ü£¬¶ø²»µÃ¸³ÓèÈκÎÈËÒÔ¿ØÖÆÕâÖÖÉç»á·¢Õ¹¹ý³ÌµÄȨÁ¦£¬ÄÇôÎÒÃDZãÍêÈ«ÓÐÍû¿´µ½ÈËÀàÎÄÃ÷µÄ³ÖÐø·¢Õ¹¡£
ÎÒÃÇËùÏ°µÃµÄ¾ÑéÒѾ×ãÒÔʹÎÒÃÇÈÏʶµ½ÁËÕâÑùÒ»¸öµÀÀí£¬¼´¶ÔÓÚÈκÎÏëͨ¹ý°Ñ¸öÈË»¥¶¯µÄ×ÔÉú×Ô·¢¹ý³ÌÖÃÓÚȨÁ¦»ú¹¹¿ØÖÆ֮ϵķ½Ê½È¥¶óɱÕâÖÖ×ÔÉú×Ô·¢µÄ¹ý³Ì²¢´Ý»ÙÎÒÃǵÄÎÄÃ÷µÄ×ö·¨£¬ÎÒÃǶ¼±ØÐëÓèÒÔ¼á¾öµÄÖÆÖ¹¡£µ«ÊÇÐèҪǿµ÷Ö¸³öµÄÊÇ£¬ÎªÁ˲»Ê¹ÎÒÃǵÄÎÄÃ÷ÃÉÔâ´Ý»Ù£¬ÎÒÃǾͱØÐ붪µôÕâÑùÒ»ÖÖ»ÃÏ룬¼´ÎÒÃÇÄܹ»¾ÓÉ¿ÌÒâµÄÉè¼Æ¶ø¡°´´Ôì³öÈËÀàµÄδÀ´¡±£¬ÕýÈçÒ»¸öÐÅ·îΨÉç»áÂÛµÄÉç»áѧ¼ÒÔÚÆäÍí½ü·¢±íµÄÄDz¿¿ñÍý×Ô¸ºµÄ×÷Æ·ÖÐËù±í´ïµÄÄÇ°ã¡£¢ÙÒÔÉÏËùÊö±ãÊÇÎÒ¾ÓÉËÄÊ®ÄêµÄÑо¿¶ø´ïÖµÄ×îÖÕ½áÂÛ£º×Ô´Ó²ì¾õµ½ÀíÐÔ±»ÀÄÓü°ÆäË¥Â䣨theAbuseandDeclineofReason£©Õâ¸ö¹ý³ÌÒÔÀ´£¬ÎÒÓÃÁËËÄÊ®ÄêµÄʱ¼äÀ´Ñо¿ÕâЩÎÊÌ⣬¶øÔÚÕâËÄÊ®ÄêµÄËêÔÂÀÀíÐÔ±»ÀÄÓü°ÆäË¥ÂäµÄ¹ý³Ìʵ¼ÊÉÏ´ÓÀ´¾ÍûÓÐÍ£Ö¹¹ý¡£¢Ú
¢ÙTorgnyF¡£Segerstedt£»¡°WandelderGesellschaft¡±£»BildderWissenschaft£»VI/5£»May1969¡£
¢ÚÕâÊÇÎÒÔø¾ÎªÎÒÔÚ1939Äê¼Æ»®×«Ð´µÄÒ»±¾Öø×÷ËùÄⶨµÄÊéÃû£»µ±Ê±£¬Õâ±¾ÊéµÄ¼Æ»®·ÖΪÁ½¸ö²¿·Ö£ºÒ»²¿·ÖÊÇд¡°HubisOfReason¡±£»¶øÁíÒ»²¿·ÖÔòҪд¡°theNemessofthePlannedSociety¡±¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÕâÏîд×÷¼Æ»®Ö»Íê³ÉÁËÒ»²¿·Ö£¬²¢Ê×ÏÈ·¢±íÓÚEconomica1941¡5£¬ºóÀ´ÓÖÖØÓ¡ÓÚ×¾ÖøTheCounter¡RevolutionofScience£¨Chicago£»1952£©£»´Ëºó£¬µ±ÎÒÖªµÀ×Ô¼ºÏÔÈ»²»¿ÉÄÜÍê³ÉÔ¶¨µÄд×÷¼Æ»®µÄʱºò£¬ÎÒ¸øÕâ±¾ÊéµÄµÂÎÄÒë±¾ÄⶨÁËÕâÑùÒ»¸öÊéÃû£ºMissbrauchundVerfallderVernunft£¨Frankfurt£»1959£©¶øTheRoadtoSerfdom£¨LondonandChicago£»1944£©ÄDZ¾Ê飬ʵ¼ÊÉÏÖ»ÊÇÎÒ¶ÔÔÀ´´òËã×÷ΪµÚ¶þ²¿·ÖÖ®ÄÚÈÝËù×÷µÄÒ»¸ö¸Ä½øÎı¾¡£µ«ÊDZØÐëÖ¸³öµÄÊÇ£¬ÎÒºÄÓÃÁËËÄÊ®ÄêµÄÐÄѪ²Å³¹µ×°ÑÎÒ×î³õÌá³öµÄÕâ¸öÎÊÌâÏëÃ÷°×ÁË¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡°ÏÎÄ¡¡ÈËÀà¼ÛÖµµÄÈý¸öÔ¨Ô´
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PropheteRechts£»Prophetelinks£¬DasWeltkindinderMitten£®
¡ª¡ªJ£®W£®Gothe**J¡£W¡£Goethe£»DichtungundWahrheit£»bookXIV¡£´Ë¶ÎÊ«¾äµÄÈÕÆÚÊÇ1774Äê¡£
×î³õ´ÙʹÎÒ¶Ô±¾ÎÄËùÉæµÄÂÛÌâ½øÐÐÖØÐÂ˼¿¼µÄÄËÊÇÒ»¶Î²»Í¬Ñ°³£µÄÎÄ×Ö£»¸Ã¶ÎÎÄ×ÖËùÃ÷È·³ÂÊöµÄ¾ÍÊÇÎÒÏÖÔÚÈÏΪ³ä³âÓÚµ±ÏÂÖî¶àѧÊõÌÖÂÛÖеÄÒ»¸ö¹ãΪÁ÷´«µÄÃýÎó¡£ÎÒµ±Ê±ÊÇÔÚÒ»²¿ÌÖÂÛÉç»áÉúÎïѧ£¨sociobiology£©ÕâÃÅÔÚ½ñÌì±»ÊÓ×÷ÊÇÃÀ¹úпÆѧµÄÆÄÒýÈ˹Ø×¢µÄÖø×÷ÖжÁµ½Õâ¶ÎÎÄ×ֵģ»Õâ±¾Êé±ãÊÇG£®E£®Æ¤ÓÈ£¨G£®E£®Pugh£©²©Ê¿Ëù׫дµÄ¡¶ÈËÀà¼ÛÖµµÄÉúÎïѧÆðÔ´¡·£¨TheBiologicalOriginofHumanValues£©¢Ù£»µ±È»£¬ÕⲿÖø×÷»¹µÃµ½ÁË´ËһѧÅɵĹ«ÈÏÁìÐä¼´¹þ·ð´óѧµÄ°®µÂ»ª¡¤Íþ¶ûÑ·£¨EdwardO£®Wilson£©½ÌÊڵĸ߶ÈÔÞÑï¡£¢ÚÕâ¶ÎÎÄ×ÖµÄÒ»¸öÁîÈËÕð¾ªÖ®´¦ÄËÔÚÓÚËüÈÏΪ£¬Éç»áÉúÎïѧµÄÕû¸öÂ۱綼ÊÇÒÔÕâÑùÒ»¸öÃ÷È·µÄ¼ÙÉèΪ»ù´¡µÄ£¬¼´ÈËÀà¼ÛÖµÖ»ÓÐÁ½ÖÖ£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇƤÓȲ©Ê¿ËùνµÄ¡°Ê×ÒªµÄ¡±¼ÛÖµ£¨Primaryvalue£©Óë¡°´ÎÒªµÄ¡±¼ÛÖµ£¨secondaryvalue£©¡£Ëùν¡°Ê×ÒªµÄ¡±¼ÛÖµ£¬¾ÍÊÇÖ¸ÄÇЩÓÉÒÅ´«ÒòËؾö¶¨µÄÒò¶øÒ²ÊÇÏÈÌìµÄ¼ÛÖµ£¬¶øËùν¡°´ÎÒªµÄ¡±¼ÛÖµ£¬ÔòÊÇÖ¸ÄÇЩ¡°ÀíÐÔ˼¿¼µÄ²úÎ¡£¢Û
¢ÙNewYork£»1977£»London£»1978¡£
¢Ú²Î¼ûËûËù׫дµÄ²»ÐàÖø×÷£ºSociobiology£»ANewSynthesis£»£¨Cambridge£»Mass1975andLondon£»1976£©£»¾ÍÒ»ÖÖ¸üΪͨË׵IJûÊÍ£¬Çë²Î¼ûDavidP£®BarashSociobiologyandBehavior£¨NewYorketc¡££»1977£©¡£
¢ÛG¡£E¡£Pugh£»ÉÏÒýÊ飬P¡£33£®and341£»Ò²Çë²Î¼û¸ÃÊéµÚ33Ò³µÄÂÛÊö£º¡°Ê×ÒªµÄ¼ÛÖµ¾ö¶¨×ŸöÈËÔÚÇý¶¯Ö®ÏÂËù»á²ÉÄɵĴÎÒª±ê×¼µÄÀàÐÍ¡£¡±
µ±È»£¬Éç»áÉúÎïѧ£¨socialbiology£©ÄËÊÇÔÚ·¢Õ¹ÁËÏ൱³¤Ò»¶Îʱ¼äÒÔºó²ÅÐγɵġ£Â׶ؾ¼ÃѧԺµÄÀÏÏÈÉúÃÇÒ»¶¨»¹¼ÇµÃ£¬ÔçÔÚËÄÊ®¶àÄêÒÔÇ°£¬Â׶ؾ¼ÃѧԺ¾ÍÒѾÉèÖÃÁËÉç»áÉúÎïѧµÄ½²×ù½ÌÊÚְλ¡£×Ô´ËÒÔºó£¬ÈËÃÇÔÚÉú̬ѧ£¨ethology£©ÁìÓòÖÐ×÷³öÁË´óÁ¿µÄ¾«²ÊÑо¿²¢Ê¹¸Ãѧ¿ÆÈ¡µÃÁ˾޴óµÄ½øÕ¹£»ÕâÏîÉú̬ѧµÄÑо¿×î³õÊÇÓÉÖìÀû°²¡¤ºÕ¿ÏÀ裨JulianHuxley£©¢Ù¾ôÊ¿¡¢¿µÀµÂ¡¤ÂåÂ×´Ä£¨KonradLorenz£©¢ÚºÍÄá¿Æ¡¤ÑÓ²®¸ù£¨NikoTinbergen£©¢ÛµÈÈË´´½¨µÄ£¬ºóÓÖ¾ÓÉÐí¶à¼«¾ßÌ츳µÄ×·ËæÕߢÜÒÔ¼°Ò»´óÅúÃÀ¹úµÄÑо¿ÕßµÄŬÁ¦¶øÔÚ½ñÌìµÃµ½ÁËѸËٵķ¢Õ¹¡£ÎÒ±ØÐë³ÐÈÏ£¬¼´Ê¹¶ÔÓÚÎÒµÄάҲÄÉÅóÓÑÂåÂ״ĵÄÖø×÷¡ª¡ªÕâÎåÊ®ÄêÀ´ÎÒÒ»Ö±ÃÜÇеعØ×¢×ÅËûµÄÑо¿¡ª¡ªÎÒż¶ûÒ²»á¸Ðµ½²»°²£¬ÒòΪËûÓÐʱºòÒ²»áÌ«¹ý´ÒæµØ°ÑÄÇЩµÃ×ÔÓÚ¿¼²ì¶¯ÎïµÄ½áÂÛÓÃÀ´½âÊÍÈ˵ÄÐÐΪ¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ËùÓÐÉÏÊöÇéÊƶ¼Ã»ÓÐÄܹ»Ê¹ÎÒ°ÑËûÃǵÄÂÛµãÊÓ×÷ÊÇÒ»¸ö»ù±¾µÄÇ°ÌᣬҲûÓÐʹÎÒ³ÖÖ®Ò»¹áµØ°ÑÄÇЩÔÚÆäËûÈË¿´À´ËƺõÊÇÒòżȻÊèºö¶øµÃ³öµÄÂ۵㵱³ÉÎÒ×Ô¼ºÂÛ±çµÄ³ö·¢µã£¬ÒòΪÎÒ²¢²»ÈÏΪÉÏÊöÁ½ÖÖ¼ÛÖµ¾ÍÊÇÈËÀà½öÓеÄÁ½ÖÖ¼ÛÖµ¡£
¢ÙHuxleyËù׫дµÄ¾ßÓпªÍØÐÔµÄÖø×÷£ºTheCourtshipoftheGreatCrestedGrebe£¨1914£©£»ºóÀ´ÔÚLondon1968ÄêÖذ棬²¢ÓÉDesmondMorris×÷Ðò¡£
¢ÚK¡£Z¡£LorenzÂÛÖøµ±ÖÐ×îΪ֪ÃûµÄÖø×÷ÊÇKingSolomon'sRing£»£¨London£»1952£©¡£
¢ÛN¡£TinbergenTheStudyofInstinct£¬£¨Oxford£»1951£©¡£
¢ÜÓÈÇë²Î¼ûI¡£Eibl¡EibesfeldËùÖøµÄEthology£¨2ndedn£»NewYork£»1975£©£¬ÌرðÊÇWolfgangWicklerºÍUtaSeibtËùÖøDasPrinzipEigennutz£¨Hamburg£»1977£©£»µ«ÊÇ£¬ÔÚÎÒдÍêÕⲿÖø×÷ÕýÎĵÄʱºò£¬ÎÒ»¹Ã»ÓжÁµ½ÕâÁ½±¾Öø×÷¡£Óë´Ëͬʱ£¬ÎÒ»¹Ó¦µ±Ìá¼°RobertArdeyËù׫дµÄÄÇЩ¾ßÓÐÔ´´ÐԵĵ«È´ÉÐδµÃµ½ÈËÃdzä·Ö¹Ø×¢µÄÖø×÷£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇËûµÄ½ü×÷TheTerritorialImperative£¨LondonandNewYork£»1966£©ºÍTheSocialContract£¨LondonandNewYork£»1970£©¡£
ÉúÎïѧ¼Ò×ÜÊÇÖ§³ÖÕâÖÖÂÛµãµÄÏÖÏó¢ÙÖ®ËùÒÔÁîÈ˸е½¾ª²ï£¬ÄËÊÇÒòΪÈËÃDZ¾À´ÒÔΪËûÃÇ»áÇãÏòÓÚÔÞͬijÖÖÓëËûÃÇÖ÷ÕŵÄÄÇÖÖ½ø»¯¹ÛÆÄΪÏàËƵ«È´ÔÚһЩÖØÒª·½Ãæ´óΪ²»Í¬µÄÓÅʤÁÓ̵Ľø»¯¹Û£¬È»¶øÆÄΪÒź¶µÄÊÇ£¬ËûÃÇȴûÓÐÔÞͬÕâÑùµÄ½ø»¯¹Û£»Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬¸´ÔÓµÄÎÄ»¯½á¹¹µÄÐγÉÇ¡Ç¡ÊÇÕâÑùÒ»ÖÖÓÅʤÁÓ̵Ľø»¯¹ý³ÌµÄ½á¹û¡£µÄÈ·£¬ÎÄ»¯½ø»¯µÄ¹ÛÄtheideaofculturalevolution£©ÎÞÒÉÒª±ÈÉúÎï½ø»¯µÄ¹ÛÄthebiologicalconceptofevolution£©ÓÐןüΪÓƾõÄÀúÊ·¡£²é¶û˹¡¤´ï¶ûÎÄ£¨CharlesDarwin£©µÄÉúÎï½ø»¯¹Û£¬Èç²»ÊÇÖ±½ÓÀ´×ÔÓÚÆäͬʱ´úµÄÀúÊ··¨Ñ§ÅɺÍÀúÊ·ÓïÑÔѧÅÉ£¬ºÜ¿ÉÄÜÔ´ÓÚ²®Äɵ¡¤ÃϵÂά¶ûºÍ´óÎÀ¡¤ÐÝÚÓµÄÎÄ»¯½ø»¯¹Û£¬¾Æä×游ÒÁÀ˹ÚÓ˹£¨Erasmus£©¶øµÃ¡££¨ÔÒ룺ÎÒÃÇÉõÖÁ¿ÉÒÔ˵£¬²é¶û˹¡¤´ï¶ûÎÄ£¨CharlesDarwin£©ÊÊÓÃÓÚÉúÎïѧµÄ½ø»¯¹ÛÄҲ¼«¿ÉÄÜÊÇËû¾ÓÉËûµÄ×游ÒÁÀ˹ÚÓ˹£¨Erasmus£©¶øÏ°µÃµÄÓɲ®Äɵ¡¤ÃϵÂά¶û£¨BernardMandeville£©ºÍ´óÎÀ¡¤ÐÝÚÓ£¨DavidHume£©ËùÖ÷ÕŵÄÎÄ»¯½ø»¯¹ÛÄÈç¹û˵²»ÊÇËû¸üΪֱ½ÓµØ´ÓÓëËûͬʱ´úµÄÀúÊ··¨ÂÉѧÅÉ£¨historicalschoooflaw£©ºÍÀúÊ·ÓïÑÔѧÅÉ£¨historicalschooloflanguage£©ÄÇÀïÏ°µÃµÄÎÄ»¯½ø»¯¹ÛÄî¡££©¢ÚÈ»¶øÆÄÁîÈ˾ª²ïµÄÊÇ£¬ÔÚ´ï¶ûÎÄÒÔºó£¬ÄÇЩ¡°Éç»á´ï¶ûÎÄÖ÷ÒåÕß¡±£¨socialDarwinists£©¾ÓÈ»ÐèÒªµ½´ï¶ûÎÄÄÇÀïȥѧϰÄÇÖÖÊôÓÚËûÃDZ¾Ñ§¿Æ½ÏÔ紫ͳµÄ¶«Î÷£»Òò´ËÔÚÎÒ¿´À´£¬ËûÃǵÄÕâÖÖ×ö·¨Êµ¼ÊÉÏÊÇ°ÑÎÊÌâ¸ãÔãÁË£¬¶øÕâÖÖÔã¸âµÄ×´¿öÔòÔÚËûÃǵÄÑо¿Öеõ½Á˱íÏÖ£ºµÚÒ»£¬ËûÃÇÖ»¹Ø×¢ÄÇÖÖÔÚÏÈÌìÐÔ·½Ãæ¸üÓŵĸöÌåµÄÓÅʤÁÓÌÎÊÌ⣬Ȼ¶øÎÒÃÇÖªµÀ£¬ÕâÖÖÑ¡ÔñÌÔ̹ý³Ì¼«Îª»ºÂý£¬Òò¶ø¶ÔÓÚÎÄ»¯½ø»¯À´ËµÒâÒåÉõ΢£»µÚ¶þ£¬ËûÃÇÍêÈ«ºöÂÔÁ˹æÔòºÍ¹ßÀýÖ®ÓÅʤÁÓ̽ø»¯¹ý³ÌÕâ¸ö¾ßÓоö¶¨ÐÔÖØÒªÒâÒåµÄÎÊÌâ¡£µ«ÊÇÐèҪǿµ÷Ö¸³öµÄÊÇ£¬ÓÐЩÉúÎïѧ¼Ò°Ñ½ø»¯£¨evolution£©ÊÓ×÷ÊÇÒ»¸ö´¿´âµÄÒÅ´«¹ý³ÌµÄ¹Ûµã£¬ÔòÊǺÁÎÞµÀÀí¿ÉÑԵģ¬¢ÛÒòΪËûÃÇÍêÈ«Íü¼ÇÁËÓëÕâÖÖÒÅ´«½ø»¯¹ý³ÌÏàËƵ«È´¸üΪѸËÙµÄÎÄ»¯½ø»¯¹ý³Ì¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ÕýÊÇÕâÖÖÎÄ»¯½ø»¯¹ý³ÌÔÚ½ñÌìÖ§Åä×ÅÈËÀàµÄÉú»î£¬¶øÇÒ»¹Í¨¹ýÏòÎÒÃÇÌá³öÎÒÃÇÉÐδѧ»á½â¾öµÄÄÑÌâµÄ·½Ê½¶ÔÎÒÃǵÄÖÇÁ¦Ìá³öÁËÌôÕ½¡£
¢Ù±ÈÈç˵£¬¶ÁÕß»¹¿ÉÒԲμûDesmondMorriss£¬TheNakedApe£¨London£»1967£©£¬µ¼ÂÛ£º¡°¡¾È˵ġ¿¹ÅÀϵij嶯ÔÚ×Ô¼ºÉíÉÏ´æÔÚÁËǧ°ÙÍòÄ꣬¶øËûµÄеij嶯Ôò¶¥¶àÒ²Ö»Óм¸Ç§ÄêµÄÀúÊ·¡£¡±µ«ÊÇ£¬´«µÝ»ò´«²¥Ï°µÃµÄ¹æÔòµÄÀúÊ·ºÜ¿ÉÄÜÓм¸Ê®ÍòÄ꣡
¢Ú²Î¼û×¾ÎÄ¡°Dr¡£BernardMandeville¡±£¬ProceedingsoftheBritishAcademyLII£¬1967£¬²¢ÖØÓ¡ÓÚ×¾ÖøNewStudiesinPhilosophy£»Politics£»EconomicsandtheHistoryofIdeas£¨LondonandChicago£»1978£©¡£
¢ÛÕýÈçÎÒÔøÓлú»áÔÚÂÛ¼°C¡£D¡£DarlingtonÖø×÷TheEvolutionofManandSocietyµÄʱºòËùÖ¸³öµÄÄÇÑù£¬ÔØÓÚEncounter1971£¬ÖØÓ¡ÓÚ×¾ÖøNewStudiesinPhilosophy£»Politics£»EconomicsandtheHistoryofIdeas£¨LondonandChicago£»1978£©¡£
È»¶øÎÒ±ØÐë³ÐÈÏ£¬ÎÒÔÚ´ËÇ°¸ù±¾¾ÍûÓÐÏëµ½£ºÎÒ¶ÔÕâÑùÒ»¸öÔÚijЩר¼ÒÖÐÆÕ±é´æÔڵĴíÎóËù×÷µÄÉîÈëÑо¿£¬¾¹È»Äܹ»Ê¹ÎÒÖ±½Ó¶´¼ûµ½ÎÒÃÇÕâ¸öʱ´úijЩ×îΪ½ôÆȵĵÀµÂÎÊÌâºÍÕþÖÎÎÊÌâµÄºËÐÄ¡£´Ó±íÃæÉÏ¿´£¬ÕâËƺõÖ»ÊÇÒ»¸öÓëרҵÕßÓйصÄÎÊÌ⣬µ«ÊÇ£¬ÎÒµÄÑо¿½á¹ûÈ´±íÃ÷£¬ËüʵÊÇÒ»ÖÖ¹¹³ÉÁËijЩ×î¾ßÖ§ÅäµØλµÄ´íÎó¹ÛÄîÖ®»ù´¡µÄ·¶Ê½£¨Paradigm£©¡£ÎÒµ±È»Ï£ÍûÎÒ×Ô¼º²»µÃ²»²ûÃ÷µÄ´ó¶àÊý¹Ûµã¶¼ÊÇÎÄ»¯ÈËÀàѧ¼Ò±È½ÏÊìÖªµÄ¹Ûµã¡ª¡ª¶øÇÒÇ¿µ÷¹ýÎÄ»¯½ø»¯¸ÅÄîµÄÒ²²»Ö»ÊÇL£®T£®»ô²¼ºÀ˹£¨L£®T£®Hobhouse£©¼°Æä×·ËæÕߢٶøÇÒ»¹ÓÐÍí½üÓ¢¹úµÄÖìÀû°²¡¤ºÕ¹ÜÀè¾ôÊ¿¢Ú¡¢ÑÇÀúɽ´ó¡¤¿¨¶û¡¤É£µÂ˹¾ôÊ¿£¨AlexanderCarr¡Saunders£©¢ÛºÍÓ¢¹úµÄC£®H£®ÎÖ¶¡¶Ù£¨C¡£H¡£Waddington£©¢Ü£¬ÒÔ¼°¸üΪÍí½üµÄÃÀ¹úѧÕßG£®G£®ÐÁÆÕÉ£¨G¡£G¡£Simpson£©¡¢Ìذ¶àÐÞ˹¡¤¶à²¼ÔÞ˹»ù£¨TheodosiusDobzhansky£©¢ÝºÍÌƵ¡¤T£®¿²±´¶û£¨DonaldT£®Campell£©µÈÂÛÕߣ»¢Þµ«ÊÇ£¬ÔÚÎÒ¿´À´£¬µ±Ï¸üΪÆÈÇеÄÎÊÌâÒÀ¾ÉÊÇÈçºÎʹµÀµÂÕÜѧ¼Ò¡¢ÕþÖοÆѧ¼ÒºÍ¾¼Ãѧ¼ÒÒ²À´ÇÐʵµØ¹Ø×¢ÎÄ»¯½ø»¯Õâ¸ö¹ÛÄîµÄÖØÒªÐÔ¡£ÕâÊÇÒòΪ³¤ÆÚÒÔÀ´£¬ÕâЩÂÛÕßһֱûÓÐÄܹ»ÈÏʶµ½ÕâÑùÒ»¸öÖØÒªµÄÊÂʵ£¬¼´µ±ÏµÄÉç»áÖÈÐòÔںܴó³Ì¶ÈÉϲ¢²»ÊǾÓÉÉè¼Æ¶ø½¨¹¹³öÀ´µÄ£¬¶øÊÇͨ¹ýÄÇЩÔÚ¾ºÕù¹ý³ÌÖÐʤ³öµÄ¸üΪÓÐЧµÄÖƶȵÄÆÕ±éÊ¢ÐжøÖð½¥Ðγɵġ£
¢ÙL¡£T¡£Hobhouse£»MoralsinEvolution£¨London£»1906£©ºÍM¡£Ginsberg£»OntheDiversityofMorals£¨London£»1956£©¡£
¢ÚJ¡£S¡£Huxley£»EvolutionaryEthics£¨London£»1942£©¡£
¢ÛA¡£M¡£Carr£»ThePopulationProblem£»AStudyinHumanEvolution£¨Oxford£»1922£©¡£
¢ÜC¡£H¡£Waddington£¬TheEthicalAnimal£¨London£»1960£©¡£
¢ÝG¡£G¡£Simpon£»TheMeaningofEvolution£¨YaleUniversityPress£»1949£©£»T¡£H¡£Dobzhansky£»MankindEvlving£ºTheEvolutionoftheHumanSpecies£¨YaleUniversityPress£»1962£©ÒÔ¼°¡°Ethicsandvaluesinbiologicalandculturalvolution¡±£»Zygon£»8£»1973¡£ÓÖÇë²Î¼ûStephenC¡£Pepper£»TheSourcesofValue£¨UniversityofCaliforniaPress£»1953£©pp¡£640¡56¡£
¢ÞD¡£T¡£Campbell£»¡°Variationandselectiveretentioninsocio¡culturalevolution¡±inH¡£R¡£Barringer£»G¡£I¡£BlanksteinandR¡£W¡£Mack£¨eds£©£»SocialChangeinDevelopingAreas£ºAreinterpretationofEvolutionaryTheory£¨Cambridge£»Mass¡££»1965£©£»¡°Socialattitudesandotheracquiredbehaviordispositions¡±¡£inS¡£Koch£¨ed¡££©£»Psychology£ºAStudyofaScience£»vol¡£6£»InvestigationsofManasSocius£¨NewYork£»1963£©¡£
ÎÄ»¯¼È²»ÊÇ×ÔÈ»µÄÒ²²»ÊÇÈËΪµÄ£¬¼È²»ÊÇͨ¹ýÒÅ´«³Ð¼ÌÏÂÀ´µÄ£¬Ò²²»ÊǾÓÉÀíÐÔÉè¼Æ³öÀ´µÄ¡£ÎÄ»¯ÄËÊÇÒ»ÖÖÓÉÏ°µÃµÄÐÐΪ¹æ