走进我的交易室 中英对照版-第29章
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What is the reality behind the moving averages; and what do they measure?
均线后面到底是什么,它们计算的是什么?
Each price is a momentary consensus of value among market participants; a snapshot of the market crowd at the moment of a trade。 What if you show me a snapshot of your friend and ask whether he is an optimist or a pessimist; a bull or a bear? It is hard to tell from a single photo。 If you take his snapshot from the same position for 10 days in a row and bring them to a lab; you can get a posite photo。 When 10 pictures are super…imposed upon one another; the typical features stand out; while the atypical fade away。 If you start updating that posite each day; you’ll have a moving average of your friend’s mood。 If you lay a string of posite photos side by side; it will be clear whether your friend is being happier or sadder。
每个价格都是市场参与者在某一时刻对价值的一致认同,是市场大众在交易时的快照。如果你把你朋友的快照给我,问我他是乐观者,还是悲观者,是多头,还是空头,结果如何?很难从一张照片来判断。如果你在同一个位置连续10天拍照,把它们拿到实验室,你会得到合成照片。如果把10张图放在一起,典型的特征就会出现,非典型的特征就消失了。如果你开始每天合成,你会得到你朋友的平均移动情绪。如果你把合成的照片一张一张地摆放,你会很清晰地看见你的朋友是高兴还是难过。
A moving average is a posite photograph of the market。 It adds new prices as they occur and drops old ones。 A rising moving average shows that the crowd is being more optimistic … bullish。 A falling moving average shows that the crowd is being more pessimistic … bearish。
均线是市场的连续合成照。它会自动计算新价格,并去掉老价格。上涨的均线表明大众越来越乐观——多头。下跌的均线表明大众越来越悲观——空头。
A moving average responds not only to the data but to how we construct it。 We must make several decisions to help separate the message of our moving average from the construction noise。 First; we need to decide what data we’ll use。 We need to select the width of our time window … wider for catching longer trends; narrower for catching minor ones。 Finally; we need to choose the type of moving average。
均线不但对数据有反映,对我们的设置也有反映。我们必须把均线反映的信息从设置的噪音里提炼出来。首先,我们要决定使用什么数据。我们要选择时间周期的宽度——宽度越宽,越有可能抓住大趋势,宽度太窄,只能抓住小趋势。最后,我们需要选择均线类型。
What Data to Average? Traders who rely on daily and weekly charts usually apply moving averages to closing prices。 This makes sense; because they reflect the final consensus of value; the most important price of the day。
采用什么数据?利用日线和周线图的交易者通常用收盘价。这是合理的,因为它反映了市场对价值的最终一致看法,是当天最重要的价格。
The closing price of a five…minute or an hourly bar has no such special meaning。 Day…traders are better off averaging not closing prices; but an average price of each bar。 For example; they can average Open+High+Low+ Close of each bar; divided by four; or High+Low+Close divided by three。
5分钟或1个小时的收盘价就没有这个意义。日内交易者最好不要用收盘价,而是竹线的均价。比如,他们可以取开盘价+最高价+最低价+收盘价,除以4,或者是除以3。或者是最高价+最低价+收盘价,除以3。
We can apply moving averages to indicators; such as Force Index (see below)。 A raw Force Index reflects price changes and volume for the day。 Averaging produces a smoother plot and reveals a longer…term trend of Force Index。
我们可以把均价放到到指标上,比如力量指数(请看后面)。力量指数反映当天的价格变化和成交量变化。平均的方法可以提供平缓的图,利用力量指数反映长期的趋势。
How Long a Moving Average? Moving averages help identify trends。 A rising MA encourages you to maintain longs; whereas a falling MA tells you to hold shorts。 The wider the time window; the smoother is a moving average。 That benefit has a cost。 The longer a moving average; the slower it responds to trend changes。 The shorter a moving average; the better it tracks prices; but the more subject it is to whipsaws; temporary deviations from the main trend。 If you make your moving average very long; it will miss important reversals by a wide margin。 Shorter MAs are more sensitive to trend changes; but those shorter than 10 bars defeat the purpose of a trend…following tool。
均线的时间参数要多长?均线帮助确认趋势。上涨的均线鼓舞你持有多头仓位,下跌的均线告诉你持有空头仓位。时间窗口越宽,均线越平滑。这个好处是有成本的。时间参数越长,均线对趋势变化的反应越慢。时间参数越短,均线跟踪趋势就越好,但是会受到主趋势的洗盘,暂时的波动的影响。如果你的时间参数特别长,它会错过重要的反转,亏损资金。时间参数小的均线对趋势变化很敏感,比10日短的均线能打败趋势跟踪工具。
At the time I wrote Trading for a Living; I was using 13…bar MAs; but in recent years I switched to longer moving averages to catch more important trends and avoid whipsaws。 To analyze weekly charts; start with a 26…week moving average; representing half a year’s worth of data。 Try to shorten that number and see whether you can do it without sacrificing the smoothness of your MA。 On the daily charts; start with a 22…day MA; reflecting roughly the number of trading days in a month; and see whether you can make it shorter。 Whatever length you decide to use; be sure to test it on your own data。 If you track just a handful of markets; you’ll have enough time to try different lengths of moving averages until you get smoothly flowing lines。
当我写《以交易为生》的时候,我用13日均线,但是最近几年,我改到更长的时间,以往抓住更重要的趋势,避免洗盘。要分析周线图,用26周均线,代表了半年的数据。你可以试试把时间参数变小,看看在不牺牲均线平滑的情况下,你是否能做好。在日线图上,用22日均线,大概反映了一个月的天数,你可以看看是否能把时间设的更小。不管你用什么时间参数,一定要用你自己的数据测试。如果你跟踪很多市场,你要有足够的时间测试不同时间参数,直到你找到平滑的均线。
The width of any indicator time window is best expressed in bars rather than days。 The puter doesn’t know whether you are analyzing daily; monthly; or hourly charts; it sees only bars。 Whatever we say about a daily MA applies to the weekly or the monthly。 It’s better to call it a 22…bar MA rather than a 22…day MA。
时间参数的设置最好用竹线,不要用天。电脑不知道你是在分析日线图,周线图或小时图,电脑只知道竹线。不管我们说的是日均线,周均线或月均线,最好还是叫做22条均线,而不是22天均线。
Mathematically savvy traders can look into using adaptive moving averages whose length changes in response to market conditions; as advocated by John Ehlers; Tushar Chande; and Perry Kaufman。 Ehlers’ latest book; Rocket Science for Traders; delves into adapting all indicators to current market conditions。
聪明的交易者可以使用自适应均线,它的时间参数随时市场环境变化而变化。约翰·埃勒斯,图莎·钱德,佩里·考夫曼支持这个方法。埃勒斯的最后一本书《交易者的火箭科学》就研究了如何让所有指标适应目前的市场状况。
What Type of Moving Average? A simple MA adds up prices in its time window and divides the sum by the width of that window。 For example; for a 10…day simple MA of closing prices; add up closing prices for the past 10 days and divide the sum by 10。 The trouble with a simple MA is that each price affects it twice … when it es in and when it drops out。 A high new value pushes up the moving average; giving a buy signal。 This is good; we want our MAs to respond to new prices。 The trouble is that 10 days later; when that high number drops from the window; the MA also drops; giving a sell signal。 This is ridiculous because if we shorten a simple MA by one day; we’ll get that sell signal a day sooner; and if we lengthen it by a day; we’ll get it a day later。 We can engineer our own signals by fiddling with the length of a simple MA!
什么类型的均线?简单的均线就是把时间参数内的价格加总,然后除以时间参数的数值。比如,10日简单均线,把10天的收盘价加总,再除以10。简单均线的麻烦是每个价格影响了2次——进来时和出去时。新的高价推高了均线,提示买入信号。这不错,我们需要均线对价格有反应。问题是,10天后,当那个高价被剔出后,均线又下跌了,提示卖出信号。这太荒谬了,我们提前一天,我们就提前得到了卖出信号,如果我们加一天,我们就推迟一天得到信号。我们可以自己通过改变简单均线的时间参数来改变信号!
An exponential moving average (EMA) overes this problem。 It reacts only to ining prices; to which it assigns more weight。 It does not drop old prices from its time window; but slowly squeezes them out with the passage of time。
指数移动平均线(张轶注:EMA在后面全部翻译成均线,请留心,因为作者大多指这个均线)克服了这个问题。它只对新价格有反应,给最新的价格最大的权重。它不会把老价格剔除,只是慢慢地把它们挤出去。
EMA=Ptoday·K+EMAyesterday·(1…K)
Where
这里的定义
K=2/(N+1)
N= the number of days in the EMA (selected by trader)
N=均线所使用的天数(交易者自己决定)
Ptoday=today’s price
Ptoday=今天的价格
EMAyesterday=the EMA of yesterday
EMAyesterday=昨天的均线值
Few people calculate indicators by hand these days … puters do it faster and more accurately。 If we decide to look at a 22…bar EMA of closing prices; K= 2/(22+1)=2/23=0。087。 Multiply the latest closing price by that figure; multiply yesterday’s EMA by 0。913 (i。e。; 1…0。087); add the two; and arrive at today’s EMA。 Traders sometimes ask where to get an EMA in the beginning。 Begin by calculating a 22…bar simple MA and then switch to the EMA。 Most indicators require you to have one or two months of data before they start giving meaningful signals。
现在很少有人手算这些指标了——电脑算的更快,更准。如果我们想知道22日均线收盘价,K= 2/(22+1)=2/23=0。087。用最新的收盘价乘以这个数字,用0。913(也就是1…0。087)乘以昨天的均线值,加上这两个值,我们得到了今天的均线值。交易者有时问一开始怎么算均线值。先算22日的简单均线,然后转换成指数移动平均线。大部分指标都要求你提供一个月或两个月的数据,这样才会产生有意义的信号。
Trading Signals The most important message of a moving average is the direction of its slope。 When the EMA rises; it shows that the crowd is being more optimistic and bullish; which is a good time to be long。 When it falls; it shows that the crowd is being more pessimistic and bearish。 It is a good time to be short。
交易信号 均线的重要信息是它的坡度。当均线上涨时,它表明大众很乐观,是多头,此时最好做多。当它下跌时,它表明大众很悲观,是空头,此时最好做空。
When a moving average points up; trade that market from the long side。 When a moving average points down; trade that market from the short side。 As a trader; you have three options: go long; go short; or stand aside。 A moving average takes away one of those。 When it points up; it prohibits you from shorting and tells you to go long or stand aside。 When it points down; it prohibits you from buying and tells you to look only for shorts or stay out。 When an EMA starts jerking up and down; it indicates a vacillating; trendless market; it is better to stop using trend…following methods。 Continue to monitor the EMA; but take its signals at a discount until a new trend emerges。
当均线上涨时,考虑做多;当均线下跌时,考虑做空。作为交易者,你有3个选择:做多,做空,或观望。均线会提示一种方式。均线上涨,它禁止你做空,告诉你做多或观望。它下跌时,它禁止你做多,告诉你只能做空或观望。如果均线忽上忽下,这表明市场很犹豫,没有趋势,但是可以把它的信号作为一种妥协,直到新的趋势出现。
The only time when it is OK to override the message of a moving average is when trying to pick a bottom after a bullish divergence between MACD…Histogram (described below) and price。 If you do that; be sure to use tight stops。 If you succeed; ban