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动物精神-第7章

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ons and act。 This “can only be taken as a result of animal spirits”。 There is “a spontaneous urge to action”。There are times when people are especially adventuresome – indeed; too much so。 Their adventures are supported in these times by a blithe faith in the future; and trust in economic institutions。 These are the upswing of the business cycle。 But then the animal spirits also veer in the other direction; and then people are too wary。George Akerlof and I; in our book Animal Spirits (Princeton 2009); expand on Keynes’s concept and tie it in to modern literature on behavioural economics and psychology。 Much more clarity about the psychological underpinnings of animal spirits is possible today。For example; social psychologists; notably Roger Schank and Robert Abelson; have shown how much stories and storytelling; especially human…interest stories; motivate much of human behaviour。 These stories can count for much more than abstract calculation。 People’s economic moods are largely based on the stories that people tell themselves and tell each other that are related to the economy。We have seen these stories e and go in rapid succession in recent years。 We first had the dot bubble and the envy…producing stories of young millionaires。 It burst in 2000; but was soon replaced with another bubble; involving smart “flippers” of properties。This mania was the product not only of a story about people but also a story about how the economy worked。 It was part of a story that all investments in securitised mortgages were safe because those smart people were buying them。 Those enviable people who are buying these assets must be checking on them; therefore we do not need to。 We need only run alongside them。What allowed this mania and these stories to persist as long as they did? To a remarkable extent we have got into the current economic and financial crisis because of a wrong economic theory – an economic theory that itself denied the role of the animal spirits in getting us into manias and panics。According to the standard “classical” theory; which goes back to Adam Smith with his Wealth of Nations in 1776; the economy is essentially stable。 If people rationally pursue their own economic interests in free markets they will exhaust all mutually beneficial opportunities to produce goods and exchange with one another。 Such exhaustion of opportunities for mutually beneficial trade results in full employment。 By this theory it could not be otherwise。Of course; some workers will be unemployed。 But they will be unable to find work only because they are in a temporary search for a job or because they insist on pay that is unreasonably high。 Such unemployment is viewed as voluntary; and evokes no sympathy。Classical theory also tells us that financial markets will also be stable。 People will only make trades that they consider to benefit themselves。 When entering financial markets – buying stocks or bonds or taking out a mortgage or even very plex securities – they will do due diligence in seeing that what they are buying is worth what they or paying; or what they are selling。What this theory neglects is that there are times when people are too trusting。 And it also fails to take into account that if it can do so profitably; capitalism will produce not only what people really want; but also what they think they want。 It can produce the medicine people want to cure their ills。 That is what people really want。 But if it can do so profitably; it will also produce what people mistakenly want。It will produce snake oil。 Not only that: it may also produce the want for the snake oil itself。 That is a downside to capitalism。 Standard economic theory failed to take into account that buyers and sellers of assets might not be taking due diligence; and the marketplace was not selling them insurance against risk in the plex securities that they were buying; but was; instead; selling them the financial equivalent of snake oil。There is a broader moral to all this – about the nature of capitalism。 On the one hand; we want to take advantage of the wisdom of Adam Smith。 For the most part; the products produced by capitalism are what we really want; produced at a price that we are willing and able to pay。 On the other hand; when confidence is high; and since financial assets are hard to evaluate by those who are buying them; people will and do buy snake oil。 And when that is discovered; as it invariably must be; the confidence disappears and the economy goes sour。It is the role of the government at two levels to see that these events do not occur。 First; it has a duty to regulate asset markets so that people are not falsely lured into buying snake…oil assets。 Such standards for our financial assets make as much mon sense as the standards for the food we eat; or the purchase medicine we get from the pharmacy。 But we do not want to throw out the good parts of capitalism with the bad。 To take advantage of the good parts of capitalism; when fluctuations occur it is the role of the government to see that those who can and want to produce what others want to buy can do so。 It is the role of the government; through its counterbalancing fiscal and monetary policy; to maintain full employment。The principles behind such an economy are not the principles behind a socialist economy。 The government insofar as possible is only creating the macroeconomic conditions that will allow the economy to function well。That is the role of government。 Its role is to ensure a “wise laisser faire”。 This is not the free…for…all capitalism that has been remended by the current economic theory; and seems to have been accepted as gospel by economic planners; and also many economists; since the Thatcher and Reagan governments。 But it also is a significant middle way between those who see the economic disasters and unemployment of unfettered capitalism; on the one hand; and those who believe that the government should play no role at all。The idea that unfettered; unregulated capitalism would invariably produce the good outes was a wrong economic theory regarding how capitalist societies behave and what causes their crises。 That wrong economic theory fails to take account of how the animal spirits affect economic behaviour。 It fails to take into account the roles of confidence; stories and snake oil in economic fluctuation。The writer is the Arthur M。 Okun professor of economics at Yale University and co…founder and chief economist of MacroMarkets。 To join the debate go to ft/capitalismblogCopyright The Financial Times Limited 2009





非理性繁荣(第二版)(新金融系列)
作  者: (美)希勒 著,李心丹 等译
出 版 社: 中国人民大学出版社
出版时间: 2008…1…1 
字  数: 334000 
页  数: 302 
编辑推荐
罗伯特?希勒先生揭示了金融市场非理箼的一面,在这方面,他比同时代的其他任何经济学家做得都多。——保罗?克鲁格曼,《纽约时报》希勒教授的这本书是一剂现实主义的良药……告诉投资者应当充分地进行分散化投资,储蓄更多,并且理箼地调低对于市场未来走势的预期。——伯顿·G·马尔基尔,《华尔街日报》《非理箼繁荣》是一本惊世骇俗同时也备受争议的书,是继杰里米·西格尔1994年《股票长期走势》一书以来,关于股票市场的最重要的著作。——威廉·沃尔曼,《商业周刊》本书不仅预言了市场的衰落,更为重要的是,它对于解读投机性泡沫的产生和持续进行了严谨而有益的尝试。——约翰·卡西迪,《纽约客》本书信息丰富且论述精辟,对当前“形势一片大好”的看法提出了冷静而理箼的纠正。——杰夫·马德里克,《纽约书评》在本书中,罗伯特·希勒先生对于当前的市场提出了通俗易懂的且切合实际的意见。——戴维·沃什,《波士顿环球报》希勒先生为人们了解那些深奥的金融市场学著作,尤其是美国股市的相关研究提供了有益的指导。——《外交》耶鲁大学经济学家希勒认为,投资人存在着明显的从众心理,当前市场仍然没有摆脱价格严重扭曲的局面。——罗伯特·J·萨缪尔森,《华盛顿邮报》
内容简介
在《非理性繁荣》(第二版)中,罗伯特?希勒教授对2000年第一版的内容进行了适时的修正和更新,重新阐述了市场波动这一给他带来国际声誉的主题。希勒在第二版中开辟了一个新的领域,他以一种更加清晰和彻底的方式向我们展示了那些可能动摇经济运行和严重影响人们生活的市场泡沫的产生和破灭。在第一版中,希勒教授成功地预言了股市的下跌,而在本书中,他将研究扩展到了目前炙手可热的房地产市场,用了一章的篇幅来论述美国国内和国际房价的历史走势。在本书中,希勒通过大量的证据来说明,如果20世纪90年代末的股市,目前房地产市场的繁荣中隐含着大量的泡沫,并且最终房价可能在未来的几年中开始下跌。他认为,2000年股市泡沫破灭之后,许多投资者将资金投向房地产市场,这使得美国乃至世界各地的房地产价格均出现了不同程度的上涨。因此,非理性繁荣非没有消失,只是在另一个市场中再次出现。在第一版的基础上,希勒教授描述了金融市场波动的心理根源,并且着力列举和论述了自由市场经济中,资本市场所固有的不稳定性。比如,艾伦?格林斯潘著名的“非理性繁荣”演说给人们带来的影响。他认为,最终摆脱这种困境的途径在于社会制度的改进,比如进一步完善社会保障制度,增加保险品种以保障人们的收入和住房,以及更加分散化的投资选择。就像该书的第一版一样,《非理性繁荣》的第二版一定会吸引更多的人阅读和讨论。
作者简介
罗伯特?希勒(Robert J。 Shiller)耶鲁大学斯坦利?里索(Stanley B。 Resor)经济学教授。他先后撰写了《金融新秩序:管理21世纪的风险》(The New Financial Order: Risk in the 21st Century)、《市场波动》(Market Volatility)、《宏观市场》(Macro Markets)等著名经济学著作。其中《宏观市场》一书获1996年度保罗?萨缪尔森奖。
目录
第1章 股市价格水平的历史回顾市盈率其他高市盈率的时期利率对非理性繁荣的忧虑第2章 房地产市场的历史回顾住房价格的长期走势 实际住房价格长期上升趋势的缺失实际住房价格没有强劲的迅速上升趋势的原因当时和现在的非理性繁荣研究途径第一篇 结构因素第3章 诱发因素:市场经济的疾速发展、互联网以及其他事件促进市场泡沫产生的12个因素市场经济的疾速发展与业主社会政治和文化的变迁促进了商业的成功新的信息技术支持性货币政策与格林斯潘对策生育高峰及其对市场的显著影响媒体对财经新闻的大量报道分析师愈益乐观的预测固定缴费养老金计划的推广共同基金的增长通货膨胀回落及货币幻觉的影响交易额的增加:贴现经纪人、当天交易者及24小时交易赌博机会的增加小结第4章 放大机制:自然形成的蓬齐过程投资者信心的变化对投资者信心的反思关于预期的例证对投资者期望和情绪的反思公众对市场的关注 投资性泡沫的反馈环理论 投资者对反馈和泡沫的理解作为反馈模式和投机性泡沫的蓬齐骗局欺骗、操纵和善意的谎言自然形成的蓬齐过程所引起的投机性泡沫证券市场与房地产市场中的反馈与交叉反馈当今的非理性繁荣和反馈环第二篇 文化因素第5章 新闻媒体媒体在股市变化中发挥的铺垫作用媒体讨论的形成对市场前景的报道……第6章 新时代的经济思想第7章 新时代与全球泡沫第三篇 心理因素第8章 股市的心理定位第9章 从众行为和思想传染第四篇 理性繁荣的尝试第10章 有效市场、随机游走和泡沫第11章 投资者学习和忘却第五篇 采取行动第12章 自由市场中的投机风险参考文献索引
书摘插图
第9章 从众行为和思想传染一项关于人类地的基本观察是:那些定期进行沟通和交流的人,他们的想法往往会很相似;同样地,每个时代都有着自己的朝代精神,并且它的影响无处不在。在股票市场中,如果数以百万计的投资者都真的彼此独立,那么任何错误想法所造成的后果鶁地相互抵消,也就不会对价格产生什么影响,但是,如果大多数人的想法是非理性的,而且这些想法又都相似的话,那么它们就足以成为股市兴衰的原因了。因此,想要研究人们的心理因素和思维方式如何在市场中形成合力,进而影响价格的走势,就必须考察人们的思维方式的相似性从何而来。处于相同时期的人们会作出相似的判断,部分原因是由于他们是在对相同的信息(大家都能获知这一消息)作出反应。但是,我们将在这一章看到,人们的思维方式存在着相似性,这并不一定是由于他们对公共信息作出了理性的反应。而且,公共信息也总是得不到适当的运用或合理解手为。社会影响与信息备受推崇的寉心理学家所罗门?阿什(Solomon Asch

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