second treatise of government-第25章

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n　my　pocket：　this　man　I　may　　lawfully　kill。　　To　another　I　deliver　lool。　　to　hold　only　whilst　I　　alight；　which　he　refuses　to　restore　me；　when　I　am　got　up　again；　　but　draws　his　sword　to　defend　the　possession　of　it　by　force；　if　I　　endeavour　to　retake　it。　　The　mischief　this　man　does　me　is　a　　hundred；　or　possibly　a　thousand　times　more　than　the　other　perhaps　　intended　me　（whom　I　killed　before　he　really　did　me　any）；　and　yet　　I　might　lawfully　kill　the　one；　and　cannot　so　much　as　hurt　the　　other　lawfully。　　The　reason　whereof　is　plain；　because　the　one　

using　force；　which　threatened　my　life；　I　could　not　have　time　to　　appeal　to　the　law　to　secure　it：　and　when　it　was　gone；　it　was　too　　late　to　appeal。　　The　law　could　not　restore　life　to　my　dead　　carcass：　the　loss　was　irreparable；　which　to　prevent；　the　law　of　　nature　gave　me　a　right　to　destroy　him；　who　had　put　himself　into　a　　state　of　war　with　me；　and　threatened　my　destruction。　　But　in　the　　other　case；　my　life　not　being　in　danger；　I　may　have　the　benefit　　of　appealing　to　the　law；　and　have　reparation　for　my　lool。　　that　　way。　　　　　　Sec。　208。　　Fourthly；　But　if　the　unlawful　acts　done　by　the　　magistrate　be　maintained　（by　the　power　he　has　got）；　and　the　　remedy　which　is　due　by　law；　be　by　the　same　power　obstructed；　yet　　the　right　of　resisting；　even　in　such　manifest　acts　of　tyranny；　　will　not　suddenly；　or　on　slight　occasions；　disturb　the　　government：　for　if　it　reach　no　farther　than　some　private　men's　　cases；　though　they　have　a　right　to　defend　themselves；　and　to　　recover　by　force　what　by　unlawful　force　is　taken　from　them；　yet　　the　right　to　do　so　will　not　easily　engage　them　in　a　contest；　　wherein　they　are　sure　to　perish；　it　being　as　impossible　for　one；　　or　a　few　oppressed　men　to　disturb　the　government；　where　the　body　　of　the　people　do　not　think　themselves　concerned　in　it；　as　for　a　　raving　mad…man；　or　heady　malcontent　to　overturn　a　well　settled　　state；　the　people　being　as　little　apt　to　follow　the　one；　as　the　　other。　　　　　　Sec。　209。　　But　if　either　these　illegal　acts　have　extended　to　　the　majority　of　the　people；　or　if　the　mischief　and　oppression　has　　lighted　only　on　some　few；　but　in　such　cases；　as　the　precedent；　　and　consequences　seem　to　threaten　all；　and　they　are　persuaded　in　　their　consciences；　that　their　laws；　and　with　them　their　estates；　　liberties；　and　lives　are　in　danger；　and　perhaps　their　religion　　too；　how　they　will　be　hindered　from　resisting　illegal　force；　used　　against　them；　I　cannot　tell。　　This　is　an　inconvenience；　I　　confess；　that　attends　all　governments　whatsoever；　when　the　　governors　have　brought　it　to　this　pass；　to　be　generally　suspected　　of　their　people；　the　most　dangerous　state　which　they　can　possibly　　put　themselves　in。　　wherein　they　are　the　less　to　be　pitied；　　because　it　is　so　easy　to　be　avoided；　it　being　as　impossible　for　a　　governor；　if　he　really　means　the　good　of　his　people；　and　the　　preservation　of　them；　and　their　laws　together；　not　to　make　them　　see　and　feel　it；　as　it　is　for　the　father　of　a　family；　not　to　let　　his　children　see　he　loves；　and　takes　care　of　them。　　　　　　Sec。　210。　　But　if　all　the　world　shall　observe　pretences　of　　one　kind；　and　actions　of　another；　arts　used　to　elude　the　law；　and　　the　trust　of　prerogative　（which　is　an　arbitrary　power　in　some　　things　left　in　the　prince's　hand　to　do　good；　not　harm　to　the　　people）　employed　contrary　to　the　end　for　which　it　was　given：　if　　the　people　shall　find　the　ministers　and　subordinate　magistrates　　chosen　suitable　to　such　ends；　and　favoured；　or　laid　by；　　proportionably　as　they　promote　or　oppose　them：　if　they　see　　several　experiments　made　of　arbitrary　power；　and　that　religion　　underhand　favoured；　（tho'　publicly　proclaimed　against）　which　is　　readiest　to　introduce　it；　and　the　operators　in　it　supported；　as　　much　as　may　be；　and　when　that　cannot　be　done；　yet　approved　still；　　and　liked　the　better：　if　a　long　train　of　actions　shew　the　　councils　all　tending　that　way；　how　can　a　man　any　more　hinder　　himself　from　being　persuaded　in　his　own　mind；　which　way　things　　are　going；　or　from　casting　about　how　to　save　himself；　than　he　　could　from　believing　the　captain　of　the　ship　he　was　in；　was　　carrying　him；　and　the　rest　of　the　company；　to　Algiers；　when　he　　found　him　always　steering　that　course；　though　cross　winds；　leaks　　in　his　ship；　and　want　of　men　and　provisions　did　often　force　him　　to　turn　his　course　another　way　for　some　time；　which　he　steadily　　returned　to　again；　as　soon　as　the　wind；　weather；　and　other　　circumstances　would　let　him？




　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　CHAP。　　XIX。

　　　　　　　　　　　Of　the　Dissolution　of　Government。

　　　　　Sec。　211。　　HE　that　will　with　any　clearness　speak　of　the　　dissolution　of　government；　ought　in　the　first　place　to　　distinguish　between　the　dissolution　of　the　society　and　the　　dissolution　of　the　government。　　　That　which　makes　the　community；　　and　brings　men　out　of　the　loose　state　of　nature；　into　one　politic　　society；　is　the　agreement　which　every　one　has　with　the　rest　to　　incorporate；　and　act　as　one　body；　and　so　be　one　distinct　common…　wealth。　　The　usual；　and　almost　only　way　whereby　this　union　is　　dissolved；　is　the　inroad　of　foreign　force　mak　ing　a　conquest　upon　them：　for　in　that　case；　（not　being　able　to　　maintain　and　support　themselves；　as　one　intire　and　independent　　body）　the　union　belonging　to　that　body　which　consisted　therein；　　must　necessarily　cease；　and　so　every　one　return　to　the　state　he　　was　in　before；　with　a　liberty　to　shift　for　himself；　and　provide　　for　his　own　safety；　as　he　thinks　fit；　in　some　other　society。　　　Whenever　the　society　is　dissolved；　it　is　certain　the　government　　of　that　society　cannot　remain。　　Thus　conquerors　swords　often　cut　　up　governments　by　the　roots；　and　mangle　societies　to　pieces；　　separating　the　subdued　or　scattered　multitude　from　the　protection　　of；　and　dependence　on；　that　society　which　ought　to　have　preserved　　them　from　violence。　　The　world　is　too　well　instructed　in；　and　too　　forward　to　allow　of；　this　way　of　dissolving　of　governments；　to　　need　any　more　to　be　said　of　it；　and　there　wants　not　much　argument　　to　prove；　that　where　the　society　is　dissolved；　the　government　　cannot　remain；　that　being　as　impossible；　as　for　the　frame　of　an　　house　to　subsist　when　the　materials　of　it　are　scattered　and　　dissipated　by　a　whirl…wind；　or　jumbled　into　a　confused　heap　by　an　　earthquake。　　　　　　Sec。　212。　　Besides　this　over…turning　from　without；　　governments　are　dissolved　from　within；　　　　　　First；　When　the　legislative　is　altered。　　Civil　society　being　　a　state　of　peace；　amongst　those　who　are　of　it；　from　whom　the　　state　of　war　is　excluded　by　the　umpirage；　which　they　have　　provided　in　their　legislative；　for　the　ending　all　differences　　that　may　arise　amongst　any　of　them；　it　is　in　their　legislative；　　that　the　members　of　a　commonwealth　are　united；　and　combined　　together　into　one　coherent　living　body。　　This　is　the　soul　that　　gives　form；　life；　and　unity；　to　the　common…wealth：　from　hence　the　　several　members　have　their　mutual　influence；　sympathy；　and　　connexion：　and　therefore；　when　the　legislative　is　broken；　or　　dissolved；　dissolution　and　death　follows：　for　the　essence　and　　union　of　the　society　consisting　in　having　one　will；　the　　legislative；　when　once　established　by　the　majority；　has　the　　declaring；　and　as　it　were　keeping　of　that　will。　　The　constitution　　of　the　legislative　is　the　first　and　fundamental　act　of　society；　　whereby　provision　is　made　for　the　continuation　of　their　union；　　under　the　direction　of　persons；　and　bonds　of　laws；　made　by　　persons　authorized　thereunto；　by　the　consent　and　appointment　of　　the　people；　without　which　no　one　man；　or　number　of　men；　amongst　　them；　can　have　authority　of　making　laws　that　shall　be　binding　to　　the　rest。　　　When　any　one；　or　more；　shall　take　upon　them　to　make　　laws；　whom　the　people　have　not　appointed　so　to　do；　they　make　laws　　without　authority；　which　the　people　are　not　therefore　bound　to　　obey；　by　which　means　they　come　again　to　be　out　of　subjection；　and　　may　constitute　to　themselves　a　new　legislative；　as　they　think　　best；　being　in　full　liberty　to　resist　the　force　of　those；　who　　without　authority　would　impose　any　thing　upon　them。　　Every　one　is　　at　the　disposure　of　his　own　will；　when　those　who　had；　by　the　　delegation　of　the　society；　the　declaring　of　the　public　will；　are　　excluded　from　it；　and　others　usurp　the　place；　who　have　no　such　　authority　or　delegation。

　　　　　Sec。　213。　　This　being　usually　brought　about　by　such　in　the　　commonwealth　who　misuse　the　power　they　have；　it　is　hard　to　　consider　it　aright；　and　know　at　whose　door　to　lay　it；　without　　knowing　the　form　of　government　in　which　it　happens。　　Let　us　　suppose　then　the　legislative　placed　in　the　concurrence　of　three　　distinct　persons。　　　　　　1。　　A　single　hereditary　person；　having　the　constant；　　supreme；　executive　power；　and　with　it　the　power　of　convoking　and　　dissolving　the　other　two　within　certain　periods　of　time。　　　　　　2。　　An　assembly　of　hereditary　nobility。　　　　　　3。　　An　assembly　of　representatives　chosen；　pro　tempore；　by　　the　people。　　Such　a　form　of　government　supposed；　it　is　evident；　　　　　　Sec。　214。　　First；　That　when　such　a　single　person；　or　prince；　　sets　up　his　own　arbitrary　will　in　place　of　the　laws；　which　are　　the　will　of　the　society；　declarad　by　the　legislative；　then　the　　legislative　is　changed：　for　that　being　in　effect　the　legislative；　　whose　rules　and　laws　are　put　in　execution；　and　required　to　be　　obeyed；　when　other　laws　are　set　up；　and　other　rules　pretended；　　and　inforced；　than　what　the　legislative；　constituted　by　the　　society；　have　enacted；　it　is　plain　that　the　legislative　is　　changed。　　Whoever　introduces　new　laws；　not　being　thereunto　　authorized　by　the　fundamental　appointment　of　the　society；　or　　subverts　the　old；　disowns　and　overturns　the　power　by　which　they　　were　made；　and　so　sets　up　a　new　legislative。　　　　　　Sec。　215。　　Secondly；　When　the　prince　hinders　the　legislative　　from　assembling　in　its　due　time；　or　from　acting　freely；　pursuant　　to　those　ends　for　which　it　was　constituted；　the　legislative　is　　altered：　for　it　is　not　a　certain　number　of　men；　no；　nor　their　　meeting；　unless　they　have　also　freedom　of　debating；　and　leisure　　of　perfecting；　what　is　for　the　good　of　the　society；　wherein　the　　legislative　consists：　when　these　are　taken　away　or　altered；　so　as　　to　deprive　the　society　of　the　due　exercise　of　their　power；　the　　legislative　is　truly　altered；　for　it　is　not　names　that　constitute　　governments；　but　the　use　and　exercise　of　those　powers　that　were　　intended　to　accompany　them；　so　that　he；　who　takes　away　the　　freedom；　or　hinders　the　acting　of　the　legislative　in　its　due　　seasons；　in　effect　takes　away　the　legislative；　and　puts　an　end　to　　the　government；　　　　　　Sec。　216。　　Thirdly；　When；　by　the　arbitrary　power　of　the　　prince；　the　electors；　or　ways　of　election；　are　altered；　without　　the　consent；　and　contrary　to　the　common　interest　of　the　people；　　there　also　the　legislative　is　altered：　for；　if　others　than　those　　whom　the　society　hath　authorized　thereunto；　do　chuse；　or　in　　another　way　than　what　the　society　hath　prescribed；　those　chosen　　are　not　the　legislative　appointed　by　the　people。　　　　　　Sec。　217。　　Fourthly；　The　delivery　also　of　the　people　into　　the　subjection　of　a　foreign　power；　either　by　the　prince；　or　by　　the　legislative；　is　certainly　a　change　of　the　legislative；　and　so　　a　dissolution　of　the　government：　for　the　end　why　people　entered　　into　society　being　to　be　preserved　one　intir