美国宪政历程:影响美国的25个司法大案 作者:任东来陈伟-第61章
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因此，我们，集合在大陆会议下的美利坚联合邦的代表，为我们各项正当意图，吁请全世界最崇高的正义：以各殖民地善良人民的名义并经他们授权，我们极为庄严地宣布，这些联合一致的殖民地从此成为而且是名正言顺地成为自由和独立的国家；它们解除效忠英国王室的一切义务，它们和大不列颠国家之间的一切政治关系从此全部断绝，而且必须断绝；作为自由独立的国家，它们完全有权宣战、媾和、结盟、通商和采取独立国家理应采取和处理的一切行动和事宜。
为了强化这篇宣言，我们怀着深信神明保佑的信念，谨以我们的生命、财富和神圣的荣誉，相互保证，共同宣誓。
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（任东来按：受李道揆教授文章＇李道揆：“美国《独立宣言》中文本译文的问题及改进建议”，《美国研究》，2001年第2期＇的提示，结合自己目前进行的研究，笔者不揣冒昧，在《美国历史文献选集》的译文＇中国翻译出版公司翻译，美国驻华大使馆新闻文化处出版，1985年＇和《1765——1917年的美国》的译文＇谢德风等选译，北京三联书店，1957年＇基础上，试着重译《独立宣言》。现拿出来，供各位学者专家批评指正。 ）
美国《独立宣言》英文原文
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
July 4， 1776
In Congress， July 4， 1776，
THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
When in the Course of human events， it bees necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another，and to assume among the Powers of the earth， the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them， a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation。
We hold these truths to be self…evident， that all men are created equal，that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights，that among these are Life， Liberty， and the pursuit of Happiness。
That to secure these rights， Governments are instituted among Men，deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed。
That whenever any Form of Government bees destructive of these ends，it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it， and to institute new Government， laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form， as to the m shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness。 Prudence， indeed， will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes； and accordingly all experience hath shown， that mankind are more disposed to suffer， while evils are sufferable， than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed。 But when a long train of abuses and usurpations， pursuing invariably the same Object，evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Des potism， it is their right， it is their duty， to throw off such Government， and to provide new Guards for their future security。
Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies； and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government。 The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations， all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States。 To prove this， let Facts be submitted to a candid world。
He has refused his Assent to Laws， the most wholesome and necessary for the public good。
He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance， unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained； and when so suspended， he has utterly neglected to attend to them。
He has refused to pass other Laws for the acmodation of large districts of people， unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature， a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only。
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual，unfortable， and distant from the depository of their public Records，for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into pliance with his measures。
He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly， for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people。
He has refused for a long time， after such dissolutions， to cause others to be elected； whereby the Legislative powers， incapable of Annihilation，have returned to the People at large for their exercise； the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without， and convulsions within。
He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States； for that purpose obstructing the Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners； refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither， and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands 。
He has obstructed the Administration of Justice， by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers。
He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone， for the tenure of their offices， and the amount and payment of their salaries。
He has erected a multitude of New Offices， and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our People， and eat out their substance。
He has kept among us， in times of peace， Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures。
He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power。
He has bined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution， and unacknowledged by our laws； giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation：
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us：
For protecting them， by a mock Trial， from Punishment for any Murders which they should mit on the Inhabitants of these States：
For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world：
For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent：
For depriving us in many cases， of the benefits of Trial by Jury：
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences：
For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province， establishing therein an Arbitrary government， and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into t hese Colonies：
For taking away our Charters， abolishing our most valuable Laws， and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments：
For suspending our own Legislatures， and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever。
He has abdicated Government here， by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us。
He has plundered our seas， ravaged our Coasts， burnt our towns， and destroyed the Lives of our people。
He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to pleat the works of death， desolation and tyranny， already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages， and totally unworthy the H ead of a civilized nation。
He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country， to bee the executioners of their friends and Brethren， or to fall themselves by their Hands。
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us， and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers， the merciless Indian Savages，whose known rule of warfare， is an undistinguished destruction of all ages， sexes and conditions。
In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms： Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury。 A Prince， whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant， is unfit to be the ruler of a free people。
Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren。 We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us。 We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and sett lement here。 We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity， and we have conjured them by the ties of our mon kindred to disavow these usurpations， which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence。 They too have been deaf t o the voice of justice and of consanguinity。 We must，therefore， acquiesce in the necessity， which denounces our Separation， and hold them， as we hold the rest of mankind， Enemies in War， in Peace Friends。
We， therefore， the Representatives of the united States of America， in General Congress， Assembled， appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions， do， in the Name， and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies， solemnly publish and declare， That these United Colonies are， and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States； that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown，and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Bri tain， is and ought to be totally dissolved； and that as Free and Independent States， they have full Power to levy War， conclude Peace，contract Alliances， establish merce， and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do。 An d for the support of this Declaration， with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence， we mutually pledge to each other our Lives， our Fortunes and our sacred Honor。
JOHN HANCOCK， President
Attested， CHARLES THOMSON， Secretary
New Hampshire： JOSIAH BARTLETT， WILLIAM WHIPPLE， MATTHEW THORNTON
Massachusetts…Bay： SAMUEL ADAMS， JOHN ADAMS， ROBERT TREAT PAINE， ELBRIDGE GERRY
Rhode Island： STEPHEN HOPKINS， WILLIAM ELLERY
Connecticut： ROGER SHERMAN， SAMUEL HUNTINGTON， WILLIAM WILLIAMS， OLIVER WOLCOTT
Georgia： BUTTON GWINNETT， LYMAN HALL， GEO。 WALTON
Maryland： SAMUEL CHASE， WILLIAM PACA， THOMAS STONE， CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON
Virginia： GEORGE WYTHE， RICHARD HENRY LEE， THOMAS JEFFERSON， BENJAMIN HARRISON， THOMAS NELSON， JR。， FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE， CARTER BRAXTON。
New York： WILLIAM FLOYD， PHILIP LIVINGSTON， FRANCIS LEWIS， LEWIS MORRIS
Pennsylvania： ROBERT MORRIS， BENJAMIN RUSH， BENJAMIN FRANKLIN， JOHN MORTON， GEORGE CLYMER， JAMES SMITH， GEORGE TAYLOR， JAMES WILSON， GEORGE ROSS
Delaware： CAESAR RODNEY， GEORGE READ， THOMAS M'KEAN
North Carolina： WILLIAM HOOPER， JOSEPH HEWES， JOHN PENN
South Carolina： EDWARD RUTLEDGE， THOMAS HEYWARD， JR。， THOMAS LYNCH， JR。，ARTHUR MIDDLETON
New Jersey： RICHARD STOCKTON， JOHN WITHERSPOON， FRANCIS HOPKINS， JOHN HART， ABRAHAM CLARK
Prepared by Gerald Murphy （The Cleveland Free…Net … aa300）
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