心理学与生活-第107章

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Trained　observers　will　record　all　interactions　that　occur　during　meals；　sports；　recreation；　and　at　other　times。　

Subjects：　60　lower…socioeconomic　status　children　whose　parents　agree　to　send　them　to　this　experimental　
summer　camp　for　two　weeks。　There　will　be　no　fees　at　all　for　transportation；　food；　tuition；　etc。；　in　return　for　
the　use　of　the　children　as　subjects。　The　children　will　not　be　informed　of　the　experimental　nature　of　the　camp；　
but　parents　will　sign　an　informal　consent　form　（submitted　to　this　mittee　separately）。　All　parents　will　
receive　a　report　of　the　study　in　which　children’s　identity　will　be　confidential。　There　will　be　adequate　
medical　and　health　supervision　at　all　times　during　this　study。　

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Remarks：　It　is　expected　that　we　will　learn　some　important　principles　to　help　in　the　design　of　environments　to　
promote　cooperation　and　minimize　petition。　Such　“social　engineering”　may　remove　conflicts　not　only　
in　gangs　but　also　between　ethnic　and　racial　groups　and　be　of　value　even　at　the　political…international　level　
（witness　cooperation　among　oil…deprived　nations）。　

PROPOSAL　2　

Title：　Low…Pressure　Determinants　of　pliance　

Department：　Psychology　

Proposal：　Research　done　in　the　mid…1960s　by　Freedman　and　Fraser　demonstrated　that　pliance　with　a　
small　request　greatly　increased　the　probability　of　future　pliance　with　a　large　request；　even　when　the　
large　request　was　made　two　weeks　after　the　small　request。　The　large　request　made　in　this　research　required　
the　subjects　to　allow　their　home　property　to　be　used　in　specific　ways。　It　was　thus　a　request　for　acquiescence。　

Our　study　will　replicate　the　Freedman　and　Fraser　investigation；　except　that　the　large　request　will　call　on　
subjects　to　actively　carry　out　a　rather　time…consuming　task。　

Subjects：　The　subjects　will　be　householders　in　a　suburban　middle…class　munity。　They　will　be　contacted　
in　their　homes；　in　person；　and　treated　in　one　of　three　ways：　（a）　informed　about　a　new　effort　to　persuade　the　
city　council　to　enact　an　ordinance　prohibiting　research　and　development　of　antipersonnel　weapons　in　the　
city　limits　（FAMILIARIZATION　CONDITION）；　（b）　asked　to　sign　a　petition　to　the　city　council　advocating　
such　an　ordinance　（SMALL　REQUEST　CONDITION）；　（c）　agree　to　sign　a　petition　when　approached　to　do　so　
later　（AGREEMENT　CONDITION）—Half　the　subjects　in　each　of　these　three　conditions　will　later　be　
approached　and　asked　to　invite　their　neighbors　to　a　coffee　meeting　in　their　homes　to　generate　support　and　
raise　funds　for　this　effort。　The　other　half　will　be　approached　and　asked　to　hold　a　similar　meeting　to　generate　
support　and　raise　funds　for　an　effort　to　enact　new　pollution　control　ordinances。　

The　study　therefore　includes　a　control　group　that　is　merely　contacted；　a　group　that　agrees　to　a　small　request；　
and　a　group　that　actually　carries　out　the　small　request。　Subjects　from　all　three　groups　are　then　asked　to　carry　
out　major　requests　that　are　either　related　or　unrelated　to　their　previous　experience。　

Remarks：　Events　of　the　past　few　years　have　caused　great　concern　among　Americans　about　political　
manipulation　and　mercial　exploitation　of　the　public。　In　politics；　“dirty　tricks”　has　bee　a　household　
phrase。　Advertising　through　the　media　is　widely　believed　to　influence　consumer　preferences。　We　believe　
that　understanding　of　the　subtle　tactics　political　organizers　and　salespeople　attempt　to　use　can　enable　
private　individuals　to　behave　in　a　more　independent　fashion。　Our　interest　focuses　on　low…pressure　
techniques　precisely　because　many　people　are　sensitized　to　high…pressure　tactics　and　can　presumably　
defend　themselves　against　those　tactics　to　some　extent。　Low…pressure　tactics；　on　the　other　hand；　may　go　
unrecognized　by　the　target　population　and　thus　render　them　more　susceptible　to　insidious　influence　
attempts。　

PROPOSAL　3　

Title：　Obedience　in　Response　to　Authority　

Department：　Educational　Psychology　

Proposal：　This　study　will　replicate　and　extend　research　by　Milgram　and　by　Sheridan　and　King　on　the　
conditions　under　which　adults　will　administer　painful　or　potentially　lethal　punishment　to　a　victim　in　
obedience　to　the　instructions　of　an　authority　figure。　Male　and　female　subjects　will　be　asked　to　serve　as　the　
“teacher”　in　a　study　of　the　effects　of　punishment　on　learning。　A　fluffy；　attractive　puppy　in　a　cage　with　an　
electrifiable　grid　floor　will　be　presented　as　the　learner　attempting　to　learn　to　discriminate　steady　lights　from　

lights　flickering　at　rates　near　the　critical　fusion　frequency　for　dogs。　The　subject’s　task　is　to　administer　a　series　
of　increasingly　intense　shocks　to　the　puppy；　increasing　the　shock　level　after　each　error。　The　panel　of　

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switches　on　the　shock　generator　will　be　marked　to　indicate　a　range　of　15　to　450　volts；　increasing　in　15…volt　
steps。　

In　fact；　the　shocks　the　puppy　experiences　will　be　restricted　to　levels　insufficiently　intense　to　produce　tissue　
damage。　For　half　the　subjects　of　each　sex；　a　small　amount　of　anesthetic　gas　will　be　introduced　into　the　dog’s　
cage　so　that　the　animal　appears　to　slump　into　unresponsiveness　because　of　the　shocks。　

Dependent　measures　in　this　study　will　include：　（a）　the　maximum　shock　administered　by　the　subject；　（b）　the　
duration　of　shocks　administered；　（c）　subject’s　verbal　and　expressive　behavior　during　the　experiment。　

Remarks：　History　is　tragically　rich　in　examples　of　atrocities　carried　out　by　people　whose　principal　
motivation　is　responsiveness　to　instructions　issued　by　an　authority　figure。　Thus；　ordinary　German　citizens　
participated　in　the　torture　and　massacre　of　Jews；　American　aviators　dropped　atomic　bombs　on　Japanese　
cities；　and　flesh…shredding　antipersonnel　weapons　are　currently　being　used　in　Indochina　by　technicians　
whose　remote　control　devices　prevent　them　from　even　seeing　the　results　of　their　actions。　

It　is　vital　that　we　understand　the　conditions　under　which　people　will　and　will　not　carry　out　instructions　
leading　to　inhumane　acts　so　that　adequate　legal　and　social　safeguards　against　the　abuse　of　authority　may　
be　instituted　without　delay。　The　subversion　of　the　American　political　process　revealed　through　the　
Watergate　investigations　only　highlights　the　urgency　of　research　in　this　area。　

The　puppy　victims　will　experience　some　distress　in　the　course　of　each　session。　While　the　investigators　do　
not　consider　an　animal’s　suffering　something　to　be　treated　casually；　it　is　felt　that　this　research　design　is　
patible　with　the　traditional　requirement　that　animal　suffering　be　justified　by　the　human　benefits　of　the　
resulting　knowledge。　Variations　on　the　design　will　include　creating　a　“pliance　hierarchy；”　with　a　series　
of　subjects　passing　orders　down　the　line　to　the　final　executor。　

PROPOSAL　4　

Title：　Interpersonal　Dynamics　in　a　Simulated　Prison　

Department：　Sociology　

Proposal：　The　institution　of　prison　is　of　special　interest　for　social　scientists　because　of　the　unique　character　of　
the　social　relations　and　interactions　that　occur　there。　Several　years　ago；　research　by　Zimbardo　and　his　
colleagues　demonstrated　that　prison　behavior　could　be　scientifically　studied　under　the　control　conditions　of　
a　“simulated”　laboratory　environment。　They　found　that　behavioral　syndromes　associated　with　prison　life　
（for　example；　guard　brutality；　prisoner　disintegration）　could　be　reliably　elicited　in　an　experimental　milieu；　
with　little　loss　in　the　authenticity　of　reactions　and　within　a　relatively　convenient　time。　

In　our　modest　proposal；　we　will　attempt　to　extend　this　early　research　in　several　crucial　directions。　
Generalization　from　the　Zimbardo　study　to　social　behavior　in　real　prisons　is　limited　by　the　fact　that　it　
employed　normal；　healthy；　middle…class　college　students—precisely　the　kind　of　people　least　likely　to　enter　a　
real　prison。　In　our　study　we　propose　to　utilize　a　subject　population　of　lower　class；　preferably　minority；　
persons　as　prisoners；　and　a　group　of　working…class　white　males　as　guard　personnel。　In　this　way　we　will　be　
better　able　to　draw　inferences　about　the　parameters　which　control　the　behavior　in　actual　prison　
populations。　In　addition；　our　study　will　employ　much　larger　groups　of　prisoners　and　guards　than　the　20　
used　in　the　original　study；　since　it　is　only　in　this　way　that　statistically　reliable　results　may　be　obtained　and　
valid　conclusions　drawn　about　prison　behavior。　Finally；　we　propose　increasing　the　length　of　the　study　to　
several　months　（depending　on　budgetary　constraints）　in　order　to　investigate　the　more　important　effects　of　
long…term　imprisonment；　rather　than　simply　short…term　adjustment。　We　will　also　study；　in　a　second　phase　of　
the　research；　whether　female　guards　and　prisoners　act　as　the　males　do；　and　whether　different　types　of　
training　of　the　guards　yield　more　“positive”　outes。　

Because　our　simulated　prison　environment　will　be　designed　to　maximize　experimenter　surveillance　and　
data　collection；　we　are　confident　that　all　deleterious　effects　will　be　carefully　monitored　and　recorded。　

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Administrative　Panel　for　Human　Subjects　PROTOCOL　_____________　
in　Behavioral　Science　Research　（Leave　blank）　
Request　for　Institutional　Review/Approval　
Regular　Review　__　Expedited　Review　__　Date__________　
Principal　Investigator（s）　Faculty______　Student______　（check　one　
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sponsor：　________________　
Department____________________________　
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（Faculty　Sponsor　Signature）　
Title　of　Research　Proposal__________________　

For　Sponsored　Projects　（Funding　by　outside　agency）：　

Circle　one：　
New　peting　Project　is　under　For　Unsponsored　Projects：　
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Funding　Agency___________________________　Proposed　start　date：　

Grant/Contract　No。_____________________________________

　（Include　P。I。　name　if　other　than　one　given　above）　

Proposed　Start　Date_______________________　

Approval　certification　（HHS　Form　596）　to　be　sent　

to：　_____________________________________　
（Name　&　Agency　if　available）　

For　Renewal　of　Approval　（whether　sponsored　or　unsponsored）
（Please　submit　at　least　30　days　PRIOR　to　expiration　date　of　previous　approval）
Date　of　previous　approval_______________　Protocol　No。　（if　known）_______________
In　addition　to　a　copy　of　original　protocol　please　provide　a　brief　progress　report　of　the　previous　year’s


activity　which　includes：


1。　Number　of　subjects　involved　
2。　Problems　or　plications　（if　any）　
3。　Description　of　results　to　date　
4。　Any　changes　or　modifications　since　original　approval　was　given　
5。　Project　plans　for　the　ing　year　（for　which　approval　is　being　requested）　
6。　A　copy　of　the　consent　form　you　are　using　for　this　study　
Name　and　address　to　which　human　subject　approval　memo　should　be　sent　（if　other　than　investigator　and
department　indicated　above）：
*Give　paragraph　#　which　qualifies　protocol　for　expedited　review　（see　reverse　side）


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INSTRUCTIONS　

A　short　（1—3　pages）　summary　of　the　project　is　needed　for　review　by　the　Human　Subjects　Panel；　this　should　
include　a　description　of　the　purpose　of　the　study；　the　procedures　which　will　involve　human　subjects；　the　
l