心理学与生活-第22章
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1953 James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA。
1957 The Russian satellite Sputnik was launched。
1960–
1980
The Leakeys； Louis and Mary； and their sons Richard； Jonathon； and Philip discovered the
fossilized remains of prehumans and the earliest humans near Lake Turkana in Kenya。
1978 Louise Brown； the world’s first “test…tube baby” is born in England。
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READINGS
Adelman； G。 （Ed。）。 （1987）。 Encyclopedia of Neuroscience。 （Vols。 1 & 2）。 Boston： Birkauser。 Provides brief essays on a
wide range of topics by leading neuroscientists。
Bloom； F。 F。； & Lazerson； A。 （1988）。 Brain； Mind； and Behavior。 （2nd ed。）。 New York： Freeman。 Built around the PBS
eight…part television series； “The Brain。” Includes excellent color illustrations。
Carlson； N。 R。 （1998）。 Physiology of Behavior （6th ed。）。 Boston： Allyn and Bacon。
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
Damasio； A。 R。 （1994）。 Descartes’ Error。 Emotion； Reason； and the Human Brain。 New York： Putnam。
Edwards； A。 J。 （1994）。 When Memory Fails： Helping the Alzheimer’s and Dementia Patient。 New York： Plenum Press。
Offers an excellent overview of the disease processes involved in these illnesses and of how to care for both the
patient and the caregiver in easily prehensible terms。
Gazzaniga； M。 S。 （1998）。 The Mind’s Past。 Berkeley； CA： University of California Press。
Helfer； M。 E。； & Kempe； R。 S。 （1997）。 The Battered Child。 （5th ed。）。 Chicago： University of Chicago Press。
Plomin； R。； & McClearn； G。 E。 （Eds。）。 （1993）。 Nature—Nurture and Psychology。 Hyattsville； MD： APA Press。 Leading
environmentalists and geneticists explore the gap between nature and nurture and contend that the concept may
indeed be linked。
Sacks； O。 W。 （1985）。 The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat and Other Clinical Tales。 New York： Harper & Row。
Offers fascinating accounts of work with individuals with various neurological and neuropsychological
problems。
Sacks； O。 W。 （1995）。 An Anthropologist on Mars： Seven Paradoxical Tales。 New York： Knopf
Sapolsky； R。 M。 （1994）。 Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers： A Guide to Stress； Stress Related Diseases； and Coping。 New
York： Freeman。
Sapolsky； R。 M。 （1997）。 The Trouble with Testosterone： And Other Essays on the Biology of the Human Predicament。
New York： Scribner。
DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY
PROGRAM 3： THE BEHAVING BRAIN
Overview
The structure and position of the brain： how neurons function； how information is collected and transmitted；
and how chemical reactions determine every thought； feeling； and action。
Key Issues
The biology of the brain； how the brain processes information； the electroencephalogram （EEG）； neurometric
evaluation； the effects of drugs on the functions of the brain； the brain’s own manufactured chemicals； and
neurotransplantation。
Demonstrations
Multiple brain wave recording to reveal various types of brain malfunction。
Effects of chemicals on learning and memory in rats。
New Interviews
John Gabrieli illustrates how the brain stores and retrieves information。
PROGRAM 4： THE RESPONSIVE BRAIN
Overview
How the brain controls behavior and； conversely； how behavior and environment influence the brain’s structure
and functioning。
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CHAPTER3： THE BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR
Key Issues
The effect of human touch on the growth of premature babies； the effect of the mother’s touch on the growth of
rats； psychosocial dwarfism； the effect of stress on memory and learning in rats； how behavior modifies the
physiology of the African Cichlid fish； and the effects of social status on the health of baboons
Archival Demonstrations
Effects of change in social status on sexual reactions and growth of fish。
Effects of social status on hormones and behavior in wild baboons。
Demonstrations
Effects of physical stimulation on growth of brain； body and health of rats。
Relationship between early stimulation and adult resistance to stress…induced decline in memory of
rats。
Interviews
Tiffany Field explains the benefits of touch on the cognitive and motor development of premature babies。
Saul Shanberg underscores the importance of contact by the mother in the process of growth and development
in rats。
Michael Meaney examines the effects of stress on memory and learning in rats。
R。 Fernald examines the effects of behavior on the physiology of the brain and the effects of the brain on
behavior in African Cichlid fish。
Robert Salopsky discusses the direct effects of social status on the health of wild baboons。
FILMS AND VIDEOS
The Brain （1993）。 Encyclopedia Britannica Educational Co。； 50 minutes
This program describes the structure and function of the brain。 Using a variety of video techniques； the
viewer is shown the major anatomical structures of the brain； and the function of each of these is discussed。
The Brain； Mind； and Behavior Series （1984）。 IU （FI）； 60 minutes
A PBS series that examines the mysteries and intricacies of the human brain。 Because the role of the brain is
the focus of each program； any of these can be a helpful supplement to your coverage of brain structure and
function。 An excellent series。
Program 1： The Enlightened Machine
A general introduction to the brain’s functions。 Uses models； graphics； animation； and real…life action。 Examines
the mysteries of consciousness。
Program 2： Vision and Movement
Explains how people perceive the world and how the brain coordinates vision and movement。 Includes
appearances by champion diver Greg Louganis and Nobel Prize winners Hubel and Weisel。
Program 3： Rhythms and Drives
Uses examples from both the animal world and human society to explain instinctive； unconscious rhythms and
drives； and the working of the primitive portion of the human brain。 Shows the behavioral changes that result
from injury to the hypothalamus and shows the effects of seasonal and circadian rhythms on some people。
Program 4： Stress and Emotion
Explains the interrelationship of pain； anxiety； behavior； and the brain。 Uses two case studies； one about a man
who suffered an accidental frontal lobotomy； the other about a stress…ridden professional； to tell the story。
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
Program 5： Learning and Memory
Discusses how humans remember； and why they forget。 Focuses on brain organization； activity at the synapse；
and workings of the hippocampus to explain memory。
Program 6： The Two Brains
Explores the cortical hemispheres； the relation of thought and language； and sex differences of the human brain。
Illustrates lateral specialization through the research conducted with split…brain patients。
Program 7： Madness
Explores the lives of schizophrenics and their families to explain how much brain researchers know and what they
have yet to acplish to understand schizophrenia fully。
Program 8： States of Mind
Surveys the current state of our knowledge about the brain and what lies in the future。 Examines how this
knowledge will be applied in the ing years to the fields of medicine and artificial intelligence。
Decision （1985）。 IU （FFHS）； 27 minutes
Demonstrates how the brain organizes input and output to make simple but life…saving decisions。 Explains
how the cortex assesses ining information； sends outgoing messages to the muscles； and stores maps of
the world and the body。 Shows how circuits of nerve cells operate in the brain and how individual nerve
cells function。
Odyssey： Lucy and the First Family （1980）。 PBS； 59 minutes
The study of 3。5 million…year…old Lucy； one of the most plete human skeletons that has been discovered；
has led to a controversy regarding evolution。 This videotape provided a link between the field of
anthropology and the social sciences。
Our Talented Brain （1985）。 IU （FFHS）； 27 minutes
Explores the physiological brain capacity of human beings； their use of memory； and their use of symbols。
Explains how these capacities relate to the neural structure of the brain。
The Infinite Voyage： Fires of the Mind （1988）。 WQED and the National Academy of Sciences； 58 minutes
Covers the development of human intelligence； and how cells； electric signals； and chemicals make up the
creative mind of man。 Features a study of the cells of Einstein’s brain。
The Nervous System： Nerves at Work （1982）。 Salubris Productions （PBS）； 26 minutes
The electrochemical nature of neural transmission and neural action in reflexive behaviors is examined in
this film。
CASE STUDY LECTURE LAUNCHER
Five…and…a…half weeks before her twins were due； Christine felt the first sharp pains of labor。 Her husband
drove her to the hospital where； for 16 hours； the two of them followed the breathing instructions given to
them during their natural childbirth class。 Then a fetal monitor showed that the heartbeat of one of the
babies was weakening。 Doctors quickly performed a Cesarean section。 Within minutes； 4…pound Nicole and
3…pound 14…ounce Alexis entered the world。
Immediately after birth； Nicole and Alexis joined half a dozen other babies in the Neonatal Intensive Care
Unit。 For two…and…a…half weeks； electronic devices monitored their vital signs。 Experienced nurses tended to
their physical needs and held them frequently。 Christine spent a good part of each day with her babies；
holding and rocking them and feeding them her breast milk from bottles； awaiting the day when she could
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CHAPTER3： THE BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR
actually breast feed them。 Wearing diapers barely the size of cocktail napkins； the twins looked fragile and
unfinished。 With no layers of baby fat； every little rib showed。
Had Nicole and Alexis been born 20 years earlier； their first few weeks of life would have been quite
different。 Until the late 1970s； premature infants were touched as little as possible。 Parents and medical
personnel feared that any unnecessary contact with the outside world might harm the babies。 Fortunately
for Nicole and Alexis； we now know better。
Research with infant rats and humans has led scientists to conclude that brain functioning can be altered
by touch； and that； for newborns； touch is essential for normal growth and development。 Biologist Saul
Schanberg found that when rat pups were removed from their mothers； the levels of an enzyme important
for growth decreased dramatically。 The longer they were deprived of maternal contact； the less responsive
the pups became。 The effects of maternal deprivation could be reversed in only two ways： by returning them
to their mother； who immediately started to lick them； or by having a researcher vigorously stroke them with
a small paintbrush。 Shanberg concluded that； “the need for a mother’s touch is really brain based。 It is not
just nice to have it。 It’s a requirement for the normal development and growth of the baby。”
Psychologist Tiffany Field； who had collaborated with Schanberg； conducted similar stimulation studies of
premature human infants。 Her research team randomly selected 20 preemies to receive periodic massages
throughout the day； while 20
