心理学与生活-第74章

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his　clinic　in　the　Allport　home。　He　indulged　his　strong　belief　in　the　imposition　of　discipline　and　
responsibility　at　an　early　age　by　assigning　each　of　his　sons　a　task　to　carry　out　in　the　clinic。　Mrs。　
Allport；　a　former　schoolteacher；　introduced　the　children　to　philosophy；　providing　them　with　the　
foundations　of　the　classics　and　encouraging　their　independent　inquiry　into　the　nature　of　things。　
She　was　a　religious　woman　and　stressed　the　importance　of　faith。　Allport　himself　has　described　his　
upbringing　as　one　of　“plain　Protestant　piety　and　hard　work。”　

On　pletion　of　high　school；　Allport　followed　his　brother　Floyd　to　Harvard。　His　education　was　
interrupted　briefly　when　he　served　a　short　time　in　the　armed　forces　during　World　War　I。　He　
eventually　earned　his　B。A。　in　1919。　Gordon　did　not　immediately　pursue　a　graduate　degree；　
choosing　instead　to　teach　in　Istanbul；　Turkey；　but　returned　to　Harvard　a　year　later　to　earn　his　
doctorate　in　psychology　at　the　age　of　24。　He　did　not　remain　in　the　United　States　for　long；　again　
feeling　the　need　to　travel　and　study　abroad。　This　time　Allport　spent　two　years　at　large　universities　
in　England　and　Germany。　When　he　returned；　he　secured　a　permanent　academic　position　at　
Harvard。　

Allport’s　most　significant　book；　Personality：　A　Psychological　Interpretation；　was　published　in　1937　

and　enjoyed　a　great　reception。　（The　book　was　thoroughly　revised　24　years　later　under　the　title　
Pattern　and　Growth　in　Personality。）　His　approach　to　understanding　human　personality　as　a　growing；　
changing　system　of　traits；　attitudes；　and　habits　became　well　known。　Allport　is　responsible　for　
emphasizing　the　importance　of　both　the　concept　of　attitudes　in　social　psychology　and　the　concept　
of　personality　traits。　

From　1939　to　1949；　he　was　the　Harvard　University　editor　of　the　Journal　of　Abnormal　and　Social　
Psychology　and　was　elected　president　of　the　American　Psychological　Association　in　1939。　He　cofounded　
the　Department　of　Social　Relations　at　Harvard　in　1946　and；　thereafter；　was　closely　
identified　with　the　“third　force”　in　psychology；　the　humanistic　psychologists。　Allport　received　the　
Distinguished　Scientific　Contribution　Award　in　1964　and　continued　to　pursue　his　research　and　
writing　until　his　death　in　1967。　

Hans　Jargon　Eysenck　（b。　1916）　

Hans　Eysenck；　the　grandson　of　a　medical　doctor　and　an　only　child；　was　born　in　Berlin；　Germany。　In　
order　to　gain　admission　to　the　University　of　Berlin；　Eysenck　was　required　to　join　the　Nazi　party　as　a　
member　of　the　SS。　He　tolerated　these　circumstances　for　only　a　short　time；　leaving　eventually　for　
France　and；　finally；　England。　Eysenck　studied　psychology　at　the　University　of　London；　obtaining　
his　Ph。D。　in　1940。　He　became　director　of　the　psychology　department　at　Maudsley　Hospital　in　
London　after　World　War　II；　and　has　traveled　often　to　the　United　States　as　a　visiting　professor。　

Eysenck’s　contributions　to　psychology　have　been　varied。　He　is　regarded　most　for　his　empirical　and　
theoretical　work　on　personality　and　his　contributions　to　behavior　therapy。　He　is　particularly　well　
known　for　his　personality　test　battery；　the　Eysenck　Personality　Inventory；　and　for　his　critical　review；　
in　1952；　of　the　value　and　effectiveness　of　psychotherapy；　especially　psychoanalysis；　in　the　

treatment　of　psychological　disorders。　Eysenck　founded　the　journal　Behavior　Research　and　Therapy　in　
1962；　and　is　the　author　of　more　than　350　books　and　articles；　including　the　Biological　Basis　of　
Personality　（1964）　and　Personality；　Structure　and　Measurement　（1969）。　

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PSYCHOLOGY　AND　LIFE　

Sigmund　Freud　（1856–1939）　

Sigmund　Freud　was　born　in　Pribor；　Czechoslovakia；　in　1856。　Although　Freud　was　a　gifted　student；　
it　took　him　eight　years　to　finish　his　medical　degree　at　the　University　of　Vienna；　partly　because　he　
was　interested　in　so　many　topics。　Freud　first　pursued　a　career　as　a　neurologist；　but　financial　
concerns　forced　him　into　general　medical　practice。　In　cooperation　with　his　friend　Joseph　Breuer；　
Freud　began　to　treat　hysterical　women。　This　is　unusual；　because　at　the　time　there　was　no　known　
cure　for　hysteria；　which　is　now　known　as　a　conversion　disorder。　Through　trial　and　error　and　
feedback　from　clients；　Breuer　and　Freud　developed　the　technique　known　as　psychoanalysis。　

The　fundamental　rule　of　psychoanalysis　is　honesty；　clients　must　relay　all　thoughts　and　feelings　
uncensored　to　the　analyst。　Clients　then　follow　their　stream　of　thought　wherever　it　may　lead；　a　
process　known　as　free　association。　In　the　course　of　free　association；　clients　often　uncover　traumatic　
events　in　the　past；　and；　upon　reliving　these　events；　often　experience　relief　from　their　symptoms。　

Freud’s　first　major　work；　The　Interpretation　of　Dreams　（1900）；　detailed　the　process　of　dream　
interpretation；　which　he　felt　was　the　“royal　road　to　the　unconscious。”　Although　it　took　six　years　to　
sell　the　first　600　copies　printed；　this　work　would　go　through　eight　additional　printings　during　
Freud’s　lifetime。　

Although　the　technique　of　psychoanalysis　is　perhaps　Freud’s　most　important　legacy；　he　made　
many　other　substantial　contributions　to　psychology。　These　include　the　recognition　of　the　
importance　of　sexuality　and　unconscious　processes；　a　fully　developed　system　of　personality；　and　
an　appreciation　for　the　conflict　between　individual　desires　and　the　constraints　of　society。　His　work　
has　influenced　so　many　aspects　of　our　thinking　that　he　is　often　not　given　full　credit　for　the　
development　of　his　ideas。　Freud’s　many　detractors　are　quick　to　point　out　that　his　theories　are　not　
based　on　empirical　research。　While　this　is　certainly　true；　just　because　they　lack　empirical　evidence　
does　not　mean　that　they　are　wrong。　It　just　means　that　they　are　less　likely　to　be　right。　Because　of　the　

breadth　of　his　intellectual　contributions；　he　remains　the　most　cited　psychologist　in　Psychology　and　
Life　and　most　parable　texts。　

Carl　Gustav　Jung　（1875–1961）　

Carl　Jung　was　born　in　Kesswil；　Switzerland；　the　son　of　a　pastor。　From　childhood；　Jung　was　

fascinated　by　the　problems　of　religion　and　spiritualism。　He　received　his　M。D。　from　the　University　of　
Basel　in　1901；　with　an　emphasis　in　psychiatry。　Having　read　Freud’s　The　Interpretation　of　Dreams；　he　
sought　the　master　out　and　soon　became　Freud’s　most　famous　disciple。　An　eventual　split　between　
Freud　and　Jung　occurred；　prompted　by　Jung’s　belief　that　the　psychosexual　theory　of　development　
was　too　restrictive。　

Jung　advanced　his　own　brand　of　psychology；　known　as　analytic　psychology；　introducing　the　
concepts　of　the　collective　unconscious　and　archetypes。　Like　Freud；　Jung　developed　a　large　
following　of　loyal　adherents。　In　his　later　writings；　Jung　returned　often　to　an　analysis　of　religion　and　
mysticism；　addressing　themes　that　had　fascinated　him　from　his　youth。　

Neal　Miller　（b。　1909）　

Neal　Miller　has　been　in　the　vanguard　of　American　psychology　for　more　than　30　years。　He　sees　
himself　as　a　“builder　of　bridges　between　disciplines”　and；　indeed；　his　contributions　run　the　gamut　
from　social…learning　theory　and　frustration…aggression　hypotheses；　to　physiological　research　into　
brain　stimulation　and　control　of　autonomic　responses　through　biofeedback。　

Miller　received　his　undergraduate　training　at　the　University　of　Washington　and　his　master’s　degree　
at　Stanford　University。　In　1935；　he　earned　his　doctorate　at　Yale；　the　school　with　which　he　would　be　
associated　for　the　next　30　years。　In　light　of　the　strongly　behavioristic　approach　his　research　has　
taken；　it　is　interesting　to　note　that　he　received　considerable　formal　training　in　psychoanalytic　theory　

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CHAPTER　14：　UNDERSTANDING　HUMAN　PERSONALITY　

and　practice。　Perhaps　his　participation　at　the　Institute　of　Human　Relations　at　Yale；　where　he　was　in　
contact　with　anthropologists　and　sociologists　primarily　concerned　with　the　influence　of　the　social　
milieu　on　the　individual；　impressed　him　with　the　limitations　of　analysis。　

With　the　publication　of　two　landmark　books；　Social　Learning　and　Imitation　in　1941　and　Personality　
and　Psychotherapy　in　1950；　he　and　his　colleague；　John　Dollard；　created　a　sensation。　These　works　
demonstrated　that　social　learning；　psychoanalytic　treatment；　and　the　origins　of　neurosis　could　be　
understood　in　terms　of　classical　learning　theory。　The　intelligent；　innovative　nature　of　Miller’s　
acplishment　brought　him　a　Newb…Cleveland　Prize　in　1951　and　a　Warren　Medal　in　1954。　

In　the　same　year　that　Personality　and　Psychotherapy　was　published；　Miller　applied　his　theories　of　
behavior　modification　to　victims　of　bat　neurosis　with　a　high　degree　of　success；　essentially　
abandoning　the　psychoanalytic　approach　to　therapy。　True　to　his　self…portrait　as　a　“bridge…builder；”　
he　translated　the　implications　of　his　research　and　therapeutic　techniques　to　a　more　physiologically　
based　line　of　inquiry；　investigation　into　the　physiology　of　learned　responses。　He　used　electrical　
stimulation　of　parts　of　the　brains　of　animal　participants　to　elicit　motivational　sensations　such　as　
fear；　pain；　and　pleasure；　and　demonstrated　that　an　electrical　or　chemical　stimulation　of　the　brain　
may　bring　about　sensations　of　hunger。　Following　the　example　of　Pavlov；　he　continues　to　explore　a　
wide　range　of　learned　visceral　responses。　In　accord　with　what　he　has　already　discovered　about　
learned　visceral　responses；　he　designed　a　lightweight　electromechanical　instrument　that　alerts　
children　with　scoliosis　whenever　they　lapse　into　incorrect　posture。　The　results　of　this　treatment　
have　been　encouraging。　

Although　he　is　now　an　emeritus　professor；　Miller　remains　active　in　his　research　and　conceptual　
contributions　to　the　field　of　behavioral　medicine。　Miller　served　as　president　of　the　American　
Psychological　Association　in　1961；　was　awarded　the　National　Medal　of　Science；　and　has　been　
elected　to　the　National　Academy　of　Sciences。　

Carl　Rogers　（1902–1987）　

Carl　Rogers；　the　founder　of　client…centered　therapy　and　one　of　the　best…known　figures　in　humanistic　
psychology；　is　often　described　by　friends　as　the　“man　who　gave　people　permission　to　be　
themselves。”　A　firm　believer　in　the　basic　goodness　of　human　beings；　Rogers　based　his　approach　to　
therapy　and　education　on　the　assumption　that　individuals；　when　given　the　proper　opportunity　and　
encouragement；　can　decide　for　themselves　the　best　course　to　follow。　This　doctrine　placed　the　mild…
mannered　Rogers　squarely　in　the　face　of　controversy　throughout　his　career；　as　he　attempted　to　go　
beyond　the　mere　formulation　of　pleasant…sounding　philosophies；　to　implement　his　notions　in　the　
context　of　social　institutions。　

A　student　of　agriculture；　Rogers　made　an　abrupt　change　of　plans　after　traveling　to　China　with　a　
student　religious　group。　He　began　to　see　that　he　would　only　truly　satisfy　his　needs　and　interests　in　
a　milieu　that　encouraged　munication　and　offered　him　an　opportunity　to　help　others。　He　
enrolled　in　a　theological　seminary；　but　soon　found　the　emphasis　on　dogma　and　hierarchy　to　be　
contradictory　to　his　highly　personal　approach。　He　switched　to　the　study　of　psychology；　a　discipline　
in　which　he　felt　he　would　be　better　able　to　develop　and　act　on　his　ideas。　He　received　his　bachelor’s　
degree　from　the　U