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schizophrenia though NM and SPECT analysis。 

Native American psychologist Teresa LaFramboise examines the psychological consequences 
of the clash between Native American and generic American cultures。 

PROGRAM 22: PSYCHOTHERAPY 

Overview 

The relationship among theory; research; and practice; and how treatment of psychological 
disorders has been influenced by historical; cultural; and social forces。 

Key Issues 

Psychosurgery; electroconvulsive therapy; drug therapy; genetic counseling; psychodynamic 
therapy; rational emotive therapy; behavioral modification therapy; humanistic therapy。 

314 


CHAPTER 15: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS 

Archival Demonstrations 

A therapist uses fear reduction strategy to help a young boy overe his fear of dentists。 

Another therapist trains a young girl to control her epileptic seizures。 

Actual therapy session with a girl who fears dating。 

Interviews 

Hans Strupp explains the kinds of patients most suited for psychodynamic therapy。 (10:30) 

Enrico Jones explains his problems in selecting the most effective therapy for various people 

and their various disorders。 

Cognitive therapist Albert Ellis explains how to treat patients’ irrational attributes; false 

beliefs; and expectations of failure through rational emotive therapy。 

Humanistic therapist Rollo May discusses therapy for “normal” people seeking greater 

fulfillment。 

FILMS AND VIDEOS 

Depression: The Dark Side of the Blues (1986)。 BARR; 25 minutes 

Offers an illuminating perspective of the nation’s number one mental health problem。 Clinical 
depression is a life…threatening disease that affects persons from all occupations。 People who are 
seriously depressed are profiled; and mentary reveals probable causes and available 
treatments。 Symptoms and effects of depression are detailed and hope; through early recognition 
treatment; is offered。 

Dreams So Real: Three Men’s Stories (1981)。 IFMIJ; 28 minutes 

bines the words and animated films made by three outpatients from a munity mental 
health center。 Struggling to make a transition back into the munity; these men are striking in 
their nonconformity to the stereotypes expected of mental health patients。 A great film for 
sensitizing students to the needs and pain of mental health patients。 

The Mind Depression (1988)。 NCAIARR; 24 minutes 

Profiles people with bipolar disorders; showing the grandiose delusions that often acpany 
the manic phase。 Contrasts the normal cycle of emotions with the unpredictable swings of bipolar 
disorders。 Interviews one family in which the grandmother; father; and several children all suffer 
from depression; speculates that their depression is biologically caused; and depicts the 
suspected genetic basis of bipolar disorders。 Focuses on people who perform well with the help 
of antidepressant drugs; including one young M。D。 Describes the benefits of talking therapy in 
conjunction with drug therapy。 

The Mind of a Serial Killer (1993)。 FFHS; 60 minutes 

This program goes behind the scenes to give the real story behind the FBI unit popularized in The 
Silence of the Lambs。 Using a detailed psychological profile; the unit helps the Rochester; New 
York; police department catch a notorious serial killer that targeted prostitutes。 This NOVA 
program is part of the WGBH collection。 

Neurotic Behavior: A Psychodynamic View (1973)。 CRW; 19 minutes 

Illustrates the neurotic behavior and classical defense mechanisms of Peter; a college student。 A 
psychodynamic approach to behavior is used to analyze Peter’s life as he experiences anxiety; 

315 


PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE 

repression; rationalization; displacement; and finally phobias and obsessive…pulsive neurosis 
in reaction to the psychological trauma induced by his mother during early training。 Although 
the use of the term “neurosis” is outdated according to the DSM…IV; the film provides clear 
examples of phobic and obsessive…pulsive disorders。 

One Man’s Madness (1974)。 IUTFF; 32 minutes 

Documentary of a writer who became a bipolar depressive (bipolar depression was previously 
referred to as manic…depression)。 Swinging in mood from ecstasy to severe depression; his 
symptoms of alienation and withdrawal are shown both at home and in the hospital setting。 

The Scandal of Psychiatric Hospitals: When the Goal Is Insurance Reimbursement (1993)。 
FFHS; 52 minutes 

At the same time that mentally ill patients are being discharged into the streets because their 
insurance benefits have expired; healthy Americans are being locked up in mental hospitals 
while the hospital draws their insurance。 This shocking program reveals some of these abuses。 It 
shows how one group of hospitals herded up patients and; in a cynical and sadistic way; held 
healthy Americans hostage; it also shows how bona fide psychiatrists are tempted or duped; and 
how outnumbered and outgunned law enforcement agencies are trying to restore psychiatry to 
its role as a healing profession; not a get…rich…quick business。 

Teenage Suicide: The Ultimate Dropout (1980)。 PBS; 29 minutes 

A 14…year…old girl who attempted suicide discusses her feelings of frustration and helplessness。 
Advice is given for families with problems involving suicide。 

The World of Abnormal Psychology (1991)。 Intellimation; 60 minutes 

A series built around documentary views of people experiencing a variety of behavioral 
disorders。 Case histories are acpanied by mentaries from educators; clinicians; and 
researchers who highlight and help interpret what students see。 Programs include: 

1。 Looking at abnormal behavior 
2。 The nature of stress 
3。 The anxiety disorders 
4。 Psychological factors and physical illness 
5。 Personality disorders 
6。 Substance abuse disorders 
7。 Sexual disorders 
8。 Mood disorders 
9。 The schizophrenias 
10。 Organic mental disorders 
11。 Behavior disorders of children 
12。 Psychotherapies 
13。 An ounce of prevention 
316 


CHAPTER 16 
Therapies for Personal Change 

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 

On pletion of this chapter; students should be able to: 

1。 Identify the overall goals of therapeutic interventions 
2。 Explain how modern forms of therapy developed 
3。 Discuss the differences in types of therapists 
4。 Describe the historical and cultural aspects of treatment of the mentally ill 
5。 Discuss the differences in the major theoretical models of mental illness 
6。 Explain what happens when an individual receives therapy 
7。 Describe the differences and advantages in drug and psychotherapy treatments 
8。 ment on the general effectiveness of the different types of treatment for mental 
illness 
CHAPTER OUTLINE 

I。 The Therapeutic Context 
A。 Goals and Major Therapies 
1。 The Therapeutic Process Involves Four Primary Goals: 
a) Reaching a diagnosis and classifying the disorder 
b) Proposing a probable etiology 
c) Making a prognosis 
d) Prescribing and carrying out some mode of treatment 
2。 Major Therapeutic Models 
a) Biomedical therapies attempt alteration of brain functioning 
through chemical or physical interventions 

b) Psychotherapy focuses on changing learned; maladaptive 
behaviors。 There are four major types of psychotherapy 

(i) Psychodynamic approach views neurotic suffering as 
the outer symptom of inner; unresolved trauma and 
conflict 
(ii) Behavior therapy treats the behaviors themselves as 
disturbances that must be modified 
(iii) Cognitive therapy attempts restructuring of the 
individual’s thoughts away from distorted self…
thoughts 
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CHAPTER 16: THERAPIES FOR PERSONAL CHANGE 

(iv) Existential…humanistic therapies emphasize 
patient/client values; directing energies toward self…
actualization 
B。 Therapists and Therapeutic Settings 
1。 Counseling psychologists provide guidance in areas such as vocation 
selection; school problems; drug abuse; and marital conflict 
2。 Clinical social workers are mental health professionals who consider 
the social contexts of people’s problems 
3。 Pastoral counselors are members of a religious order; specializing in 
the treatment of psychological disorders 
4。 Clinical psychologists have a Ph。D。 and concentrated their graduate 
training in the assessment and treatment of psychological problems; 
followed by a supervised internship in a clinical setting 
5。 Psychiatrists have pleted medical school; earned an M。D。; and 
pleted postdoctoral training in mental and emotional disorders; 
their training is slanted toward the biomedical basis of psychological 
problems; and they are the only therapists who can prescribe 
medical or drug…based interventions 
6。 Psychoanalysts have either an M。D。 or Ph。D。 and have pleted 
specialized postgraduate training in the Freudian approach to 
understanding and treating mental disorders 
C。 Historical and Cultural Contexts 
1。 History of Western Treatment 
a) 1403: London’s St。 Mary of Bethlehem Hospital admitted its 
first patient with psychological problems; For the next 300 
years the hospital’s mental patients were chained; tortured; 
and exhibited to an admission…paying public。 Through 
mispronunciation of Bethlehem; the hospital became known 
as Bedlam; or chaos; due to the confusion that reigned and 
the dehumanized treatment of its patients。 

b) Late 1700s: French physician Philippe Pinel described 
psychological problems as mental illness 

c) Mid…1800s: Psychology was gaining credence as a field of 
study in the U。S。; and a “cult of curability” emerged 

d) 1900s: Clifford Beers spurred on the mental hygiene 
movement; with confinement of the mentally ill taking on a 
rehabilitative goal; and the asylum became a fixture of the 
emerging sociopolitical movement 

2。 Cultural Symbols and Rituals of Curing 
a) Western views and practices emphasize the individual’s 
uniqueness; independence; and personal responsibility for 
success and failure; consistent with both the disease model 
and demonology。 Mental disorder is viewed as the failure of 
the individual。 

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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE 

b) Cultural anthropology analyzes explanations and treatments 
for psychological disorders across various cultures 

(i) Shamanism personalizes the forces of fate or chance 
that intervene in one’s life; creating problems。 
Personalization permits action to be taken against 
presumed evildoers and directs help to be sought 
from assumed divine healers。 
(ii) Ritual healing ceremonies infuse emotional intensity 
and meaning into the process of healing。 
II。Psychodynamic Therapies 
A。 Freudian Psychoanalysis 
1。 Psychoanalytic therapy is an intensive; prolonged technique for 
exploration of the neurotic and anxiety…ridden individual’s 
unconscious motivations and conflicts 
2。 The goal is establishment of intrapsychic harmony and 
understanding of the patient’s use of repression to handle conflicts 
3。 Psychodynamic therapy is often called insight therapy 
4。 The “talking cure” began with Joseph Breuer in 1880; as treatment for 
hysterical conversion resulting from psychogenic causes 
5。 Free Association and Catharsis 
a) Free association involves allowing the mind to 

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