心理学与生活-第91章
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Key Issues
How sex hormones affect gender behavior in rats； how the environment affects gender roles；
reasons for self…segregation by gender among preschool children； artificial limits imposed on
female gender roles； relationship between gender roles and depression； and how gender
stereotypes in advertisements affect behavior。
Demonstrations
Sex differences in the play behavior of baby rats。
Self…segregation by gender in a preschool。
Archival Demonstrations
Socialization differences in gender appropriate behavior and dress。
Interviews
Developmental neuroscientist Michael Meaney studies why male rats are more apt to engage
in rough…and…tumble play； while female rats are consistently less aggressive and less
physical。
Eleanor Maccoby examines why children tend to socialize with other children of the same
sex。
Jean Block examines the differences in the socialization of male and female children and its
effects on their relationships with other children of the same and opposite sex。
PROGRAM 20： CONSTRUCTING SOCIAL REALITY
Overview
The factors that contribute to our interpretation of reality and how understanding the
psychological processes that govern our behavior may help us to bee more empathetic
and independent members of society。
Key Issues
Power of cognitive control； the Pygmalion effect； how teachers’ expectations affect children’s
test scores； the development of prejudice in a grammar school classroom； and the principle of
pliance as illustrated in television ads。
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
Demonstrations
The self…fulfilling prophecy study； or the Pygmalion effect。
The principles of pliance illustrated with actual television advertisements。
Jane Elliot’s blue…eyed versus brown…eyed case study。
Students’ enhanced self…esteem and performance due to the jigsaw classroom。
New Interview
Steven Hassan looks at the ways cults use mind control methods to reshape people’s identity
and reconstruct the way they perceive reality。
Interviews
Grammar school teacher Jane Elliot divides her classroom into a superior blue…eyed group
and an inferior brown…eyed group to study the development and nature of prejudice。
Robert Rosenthal studies how teachers’ expectations can affect children’s test scores。
Elliot Aronson and Alex Gonzalez examine how cooperation rather than petition changes
the way students see themselves and their peers。
Robert Cialdini examines the principles of reciprocation； scarcity； authority； mitment；
liking； and consensus in marketing and advertising。
FILM AND VIDEOS
Candid Camera Classics for Social Psychology consists of 16 episodes that I selected； with Allen
Funt’s assistance； to dramatize many key social psychology topics； such as pliance；
conformity； obedience； social influence； authority； power； morality； and bias in field surveys。
Each of these creative gems is funny and entertaining； while teaching important messages about
human nature。 Since they vary in duration from 2 to 6 minutes； a given episode can be used to
launch a lecture as a thematic overview； to underscore a conclusion from a body of empirical
research； or to provide a source for opening a discussion of the behaviors that the class and the
instructor observed together。 The Candid Camera Classics e with an instructor’s guide （that I
prepared with Allen Funt） that will assist teachers in getting the most mileage from using them。
McGraw…Hill distributes this video （VHS） and a laser disk version。 For ordering information； call
1…800…338…3987。
Quiet Rage： The Stanford Prison Study is a 50…minute video of the experiment I conducted in
1971 （with Craig Haney and Curt Banks）； in which college students were randomly assigned to
play the roles of prisoners or guards in a mock prison。 This planned 2…week study had to be
terminated after only 6 days because of the pathology that emerged from participants chosen
precisely because they were the most normal and healthy individuals of the many that had
volunteered for the study。 The video uses some of the original archival footage filmed secretly
during the study； along with film of the surprise arrests of the volunteers by the police。 In
addition to the daily chronology of events that unfolded in this Pirandellian Prison； the film
includes post…experiment interviews with former prisoners and guards； including a powerful
testimony by the first student to have a “nervous breakdown” that influenced his entire life。 He
went on to get a Ph。D。 in clinical psychology； do an internship at San Quentin Prison； and bee
a prison psychologist in the San Francisco County Jail； where he has worked for the past 14 years。
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CHAPTER 17： SOCIAL PROCESSES AND RELATIONSHIPS
Flashback techniques and an original music score add to the impact of this AV supplement for
teaching social psychology。 It can be ordered by writing to P。O。 Box 2996； Stanford； CA 943052996；
or by calling （415） 725…2417。 If not entirely satisfied； a full refund is guaranteed。
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
Abilene Paradox （1984）。 VCFM； 27 minutes
A gently humorous exposition of social psychological concepts such as groupthink and
deindividuation。 Demonstrates how the cognitive processing of a well…intentioned； cooperating
group can go far astray from the individual views of the members。
Captive Minds： Hypnosis and Beyond （1985）。 JFMU； 55 minutes
Explains how long…term conditioning takes place； such as how the Moonies hold on to their
disciples； and how the Marine Corps generates such fierce loyalty。 The indoctrination methods of
disparate institutions are surprisingly similar。 Recruits are isolated in unfamiliar environments；
kept busy to the point of exhaustion； confused； frightened； and their sense of identity weakened。
Over time； they bee vulnerable to suggestion。 They then readily submit to a strong
authoritarian leader。 Reminds us that we are all vulnerable to psychological manipulations； some
of which have social and political consequences。
Conformity （1989）。 Insight Media； 30 minutes
This program examines the pros and cons of conforming behavior； looking at its dangers as well
as its utility in group decision making； classroom activities； and military regimentation。 It
introduces reasons for conformity and investigates some of the variables that predict who is
likely to conform。
Conformity and Independence （1975）。 ITJ （MTI）； 23 minutes
Uses field and laboratory settings to look at social psychology’s main findings and principles in
the area of conformity and independence。 Includes Sherif’s experiments on norm formation；
Asch’s experiments on group pressure； and Crutchfield’s variation； Milgram’s experiment on
action conformity； Kelman’s three processes of pliance； and Moscovici’s theoretical views。
Prejudice： Causes； Consequences； Cures （1974）。 CFM； 23 minutes
Explores several forms of prejudice： racial； sexual； educational； and economic。 Offers examples of
the problems of double standards； overgeneralized observations； territorial and economic group
conflicts； severe and punitive upbringing； conformity； and socialization。
Prejudice （1989）。 Insight Media； 30 minutes
Showing four scenarios of prejudiced behavior； this program explores stereotypes and emotions
underlying prejudice。 It discusses possible methods for reducing discrimination。
Productivity and the Self…fulfilling Prophecy： The Pygmalion Effect （1976）。 MCGFY； 28
minutes
This film illustrates self…fulfilling prophecies in several settings； including social science and
industrial management experiments。 Illustrations include placebo effects and bank runs during
the depression。
Reflections on 100 Years of Social Psychology。 （Available from California State University；
Fresno； Department of Psychology； 5310 N。 Campus Drive； Fresno； CA 93740…0011。）
An edited video of presentations by Elliot Aronson； Leonard Berkowitz； Morton Deutsch； Harold
Gerard； Harold Kelley； Albert Pepitone； Bertram Raven； Robert Zajonc； and Philip Zimbardo to
acpany a text memorating 100 years of experimental social psychology。
Social Psychology （1990）。 Insight Media； 30 minutes
Social psychology attempts to understand the myriad of social forces that influence our attitudes
and actions。 This program discusses several research studies and findings on stereotyping and
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CHAPTER 17： SOCIAL PROCESSES AND RELATIONSHIPS
prejudice； attribution theory； and the power of social roles。 Philip G。 Zimbardo’s prison
experiments are described and analyzed。
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
War and Violence （1986）。 FFHS； 52 minutes
Demonstrates that poverty and violence go hand in hand。 Depicts inner…city Boston and a lesson
on walking away from a fight。 Includes an interview with a young Hispanic in Oakland who
talks about the machismo that underlies gang violence。 Explains that around the world violence
is fueled by religion； nationalism； or race and made worse by politicians’ rhetoric。 Looks at the
possibility of warfare today and the repercussion it has on the whole human race。 From the
Human Animal Series； hosted by Phil Donahue。
The Wave （1981）。 44 minutes
Observes as teacher Burt Ross reenacts a 1967 social experiment in which a movement similar in
philosophy to that of the Nazi Third Reich is created。 Shows how the ideas of power； discipline；
and superiority were drilled into his students and how willingly most of them adopted these
ideas。
Illustrates the attitudes that allow people to deny responsibility for…and even knowledge of…the
injustices occurring around them。
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CHAPTER 17： SOCIAL PROCESSES AND RELATIONSHIPS
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CHAPTER 18
Social Psychology； Society； and Culture
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
On pletion of this chapter； students should be able to：
1。 Display knowledge of the social determinants of behavior
2。 Describe Milgram’s obedience to authority experiments and ment on their
significance
3。 Explain the significance of Sherif’s Robber’s Cave experiment in terms of petition；
group dynamics； and motives for prosocial behavior
4。 Identify the significance of social psychological work on group dynamics and leadership
5。 Describe “the bystander effect” and suggest some ways to counteract it
6。 Discuss how interpersonal attraction relates to prejudice
7。 Demonstrate knowledge of the tenets of environmental psychology
8。 Discuss the concept of “stereotype threat” and explain how it relates to both prejudice
and performance by minority group members
9。 Suggest several measures that could be implemented to reduce prejudice
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I。 Altruism and Prosocial Behavior
A。 The Roots of Altruism
1。 Prosocial behaviors are behaviors that are carried out with the goal of
helping other people
2。 Altruism： refers to the prosocial behaviors a person carries out
without considering his or her own safety or interests
3。 Reciprocal altruism suggests that people perform altruistic behaviors
because they； in some sense； expect that others will perform altruistic
beha
