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experimental¡¡methods¡¡in¡¡the¡¡study¡¡of¡¡behavior¡£¡¡
GENERAL¡¡INTRODUCTION¡¡
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confirm¡¡¡°what¡¡you¡¡already¡¡believe¡¡is¡¡true¡±£»¡¡namely£»¡¡that¡¡members¡¡of¡¡your¡¡sex¡¡are¡¡faster¡¡reactors¡¡than¡¡those¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡opposite¡¡sex¡£¡¡You¡¡will¡¡violate¡¡a¡¡series¡¡of¡¡experimental¡¡controls¡¡to¡¡prove¡¡your¡¡point¡£¡¡The¡¡class¡¡has¡¡to¡¡
catch¡¡you¡¡in¡¡the¡¡act¡£¡¡
PROCEDURE¡¡
Materials¡¡
Reaction¡time¡¡device¡¡constructed¡¡from¡¡light¡¡cardboard¡¡£¨see¡¡template£©¡£¡¡
Instructions¡¡
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than¡¡males¡±¡¡£¨if¡¡you¡¡are¡¡female£©¡£¡¡This¡¡will¡¡usually¡¡draw¡¡protests¡¡from¡¡the¡¡hypothesized¡¡¡°slower¡±¡¡
sex¡£¡¡
2¡£¡¡Define¡¡reaction¡¡time£º¡¡the¡¡time¡¡interval¡¡between¡¡stimulus¡¡presentation¡¡and¡¡a¡¡subject¡¯s¡¡reaction¡£¡¡
Using¡¡our¡¡reaction¡¡time¡¡meter£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡converted¡¡into¡¡centimeters¡¡of¡¡distance¡¡between¡¡the¡¡signal¡¡
¡°Drop¡±¡¡and¡¡the¡¡subject¡¯s¡¡reaction¡¡of¡¡stopping¡¡the¡¡falling¡¡reaction¡¡time¡¡meter¡£¡¡
3¡¡¡£¡¡Select¡¡a¡¡student¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sex¡¡hypothesized¡¡as¡¡slower¡£¡¡Ask¡¡the¡¡student¡¡to¡¡e¡¡to¡¡the¡¡front¡¡of¡¡the¡¡room¡¡
and¡¡stand¡¡with¡¡his¡¡or¡¡her¡¡hand¡¡about¡¡even¡¡with¡¡the¡¡tip¡¡of¡¡the¡¡meter£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡thumb¡¡and¡¡forefinger¡¡
about¡¡two¡¡inches¡¡apart¡£¡¡Then£»¡¡without¡¡explanation¡¡or¡¡warning£»¡¡drop¡¡the¡¡meter¡¡between¡¡the¡¡
subject¡¯s¡¡fingers¡£¡¡The¡¡subject¡¡will¡¡probably¡¡catch¡¡it¡£¡¡Record¡¡the¡¡reading£»¡¡measuring¡¡from¡¡the¡¡top¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡thumb¡£¡¡Reaction¡¡time¡¡is¡¡measured¡¡in¡¡centimeters¡¡here¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡in¡¡seconds¡£¡¡Give¡¡only¡¡one¡¡
trial¡£¡¡Write¡¡the¡¡subject¡¯s¡¡score¡¡on¡¡the¡¡board¡£¡¡
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as¡¡possible¡¡when¡¡it¡¡is¡¡dropped¡¡after¡¡the¡¡signal¡¡¡°Drop¡±¡¡is¡¡given¡£¡¡Hold¡¡the¡¡meter¡¡so¡¡that¡¡the¡¡point¡¡is¡¡
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two¡¡inches¡¡above¡¡the¡¡student¡¯s¡¡fingers¡¡£¨instead¡¡of¡¡even¡¡with¡¡them£©¡£¡¡Give¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡two¡¡practice¡¡
trials¡¡and¡¡a¡¡verbal¡¡warning¡¡signal¡¡of¡¡¡°Ready¡£¡¡¡±¡¡Then¡¡give¡¡two¡¡test¡¡trials¡¡and¡¡record¡¡only¡¡the¡¡fastest¡¡
one¡£¡¡Then¡¡announce¡¡that¡¡the¡¡¡°obvious¡±¡¡conclusion¡¡has¡¡been¡¡confirmed¡£¡¡
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trial£©£»¡¡the¡¡second¡¡student¡¡used¡¡simple¡¡reaction¡¡time¡£¡¡
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previous¡¡biases¡¡£¨by¡¡essentially¡¡following¡¡the¡¡procedure¡¡for¡¡the¡¡second¡¡subject£©£»¡¡you¡¡can¡¡still¡¡easily¡¡
bias¡¡the¡¡results£º¡¡
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7¡£¡¡Using¡¡any¡¡of¡¡the¡¡above¡¡£¨or¡¡in¡¡bination£©£»¡¡your¡¡hypothesis¡¡will¡¡again¡¡be¡¡¡°proven¡±¡£¡¡Have¡¡the¡¡
students¡¡list¡¡the¡¡biases¡¡in¡¡this¡¡test¡£¡¡Repeat£»¡¡using¡¡more¡¡subtle¡¡differences¡¡each¡¡time¡£¡¡
DISCUSSION¡¡
The¡¡discussion¡¡should¡¡lead¡¡to¡¡the¡¡notion¡¡of¡¡relevant¡¡versus¡¡irrelevant¡¡variables¡¡in¡¡an¡¡experimental¡¡
situation¡£¡¡Relevant¡¡variables¡¡are¡¡those¡¡likely¡¡to¡¡affect¡¡the¡¡dependent¡¡measure¡¡£¨reaction¡¡time£©£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡those¡¡
used¡¡to¡¡bias¡¡this¡¡experiment¡£¡¡Irrelevant¡¡variables¡¡are¡¡those¡¡unlikely¡¡to¡¡affect¡¡the¡¡results£»¡¡such¡¡as£»¡¡in¡¡this¡¡case£»¡¡
barometric¡¡pressure£»¡¡hair¡¡color£»¡¡socioeconomic¡¡level£»¡¡etc¡£¡¡This¡¡should¡¡lead¡¡to¡¡discussion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡need¡¡for¡¡
experimental¡¡control¡¡procedures¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡identify¡¡and¡¡control¡¡relevant¡¡variables¡¡so¡¡that¡¡both¡¡
experimental¡¡conditions¡¡are¡¡the¡¡same¡¡in¡¡every¡¡regard¡¡except¡¡the¡¡independent¡¡variable¡£¡¡Then£»¡¡any¡¡differences¡¡
in¡¡results¡¡can¡¡be¡¡attributed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡independent¡¡variable¡£¡¡
ADDITIONAL¡¡RESOURCES¡¡
Stanovich£»¡¡K¡£E¡£¡¡£¨1992£©¡£¡¡How¡¡to¡¡Think¡¡Straight¡¡About¡¡Psychology¡£¡¡3rd¡¡Ed¡£¡¡New¡¡York£º¡¡Harper¡¡Collins¡£¡¡
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REACTION¡¡TIME¡¡
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SALIVATING¡¡FOR¡¡PAVLOV¡¡
OBJECTIVES¡¡
1¡£¡¡To¡¡have¡¡students¡¡personally¡¡experience¡¡what¡¡it¡¡means¡¡to¡¡be¡¡conditioned¡¡to¡¡elicit¡¡a¡¡classical¡¡salivary¡¡
response¡£¡¡
2¡£¡¡To¡¡perform¡¡a¡¡simple¡¡but¡¡effective¡¡demonstration¡¡of¡¡Pavlovian¡¡conditioning¡¡on¡¡the¡¡entire¡¡class¡£¡¡
3¡£¡¡To¡¡collect¡¡conditioned¡¡response¡¡data¡¡on¡¡acquisition¡¡and¡¡extinction¡¡that¡¡will¡¡provide¡¡the¡¡impetus¡¡for¡¡
discussing¡¡applications¡¡and¡¡extensions¡¡of¡¡conditioning¡¡principles¡¡in¡¡everyday¡¡life¡£¡¡
OVERVIEW¡¡
Many¡¡students¡¡find¡¡the¡¡usual¡¡discussion¡¡of¡¡Pavlov¡¯s¡¡discovery¡¡of¡¡the¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡conditioning¡¡
uninteresting¡¡and¡¡without¡¡any¡¡personal¡¡relevance¡£¡¡Having¡¡them¡¡salivate¨Cas¡¡did¡¡Pavlov¡¯s¡¡experimental¡¡
dogs¨Cmay¡¡ring¡¡a¡¡bell¡¡for¡¡them£¡¡¡
1¡£¡¡Do¡¡not¡¡begin¡¡by¡¡stating¡¡the¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡conditioning£»¡¡but¡¡request¡¡that¡¡the¡¡students¡¡read¡¡Psychology¡¡
and¡¡Life£»¡¡chapter¡¡9¡¡before¡¡this¡¡demonstration¡£¡¡
2¡£¡¡Do¡¡assess¡¡the¡¡students¡¯¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡meaning¡¡of¡¡US¡UR£»¡¡CS¡CR£»¡¡acquisition¡¡and¡¡extinction¡£¡¡
3¡£¡¡Perform¡¡the¡¡following¡¡demonstration£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡developed¡¡by¡¡Dennis¡¡and¡¡Rosemary¡¡Cogan¡¡
£¨Texas¡¡Tech¡¡University£©¡¡and¡¡described¡¡in¡¡detail¡¡in¡¡their¡¡article¡¡in¡¡Teaching¡¡of¡¡Psychology£»¡¡1984£»¡¡Vol¡£¡¡
11£»¡¡pp¡£¡¡170¡171¡£¡¡
GENERAL¡¡INTRODUCTION¡¡
Although¡¡conditioning¡¡represents¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡important¡¡discoveries¡¡in¡¡psychology£»¡¡students¡¡fail¡¡to¡¡
appreciate¡¡its¡¡significance¡£¡¡In¡¡part£»¡¡this¡¡is¡¡due¡¡to¡¡the¡¡description¡¡in¡¡terms¡¡of¡¡dogs¡¡salivating¡¡to¡¡bells£»¡¡hardly¡¡
of¡¡apparent¡¡personal¡¡relevance¡¡to¡¡students¡£¡¡By¡¡making¡¡the¡¡students¡¡salivate¡¡to¡¡an¡¡arbitrary¡¡signal¡¡£¨CS£©¡¡¨Cthe¡¡
name¡¡¡°Pavlov¡±¡¡¨Cthey¡¡will¡¡be¡¡in¡¡a¡¡better¡¡position¡¡to¡¡appreciate¡¡how¡¡virtually¡¡any¡¡neutral¡¡stimulus¡¡can¡¡e¡¡
to¡¡have¡¡the¡¡power¡¡to¡¡elicit¡¡powerful¡¡biological¡¡responses¡£¡¡
Following¡¡the¡¡demonstration£»¡¡you¡¡should¡¡be¡¡sure¡¡that¡¡the¡¡class¡¡understands¡¡the¡¡significance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡research¡¡
on¡¡conditioning¡¡of¡¡drug¡¡responses¨Cand¡¡lethal¡¡overdoses¨Cas¡¡one¡¡¡°real¡world¡±¡¡consequence¡£¡¡
PROCEDURE¡¡
Materials¡¡
¡£¡¡One¡¡can¡¡of¡¡sweetened¡¡lemonade¡¡powder¡¡£¨such¡¡as¡¡Minute¡¡Maid£©¡£¡¡
¡£¡¡Small¡¡paper¡¡cups£»¡¡one¡¡per¡¡student£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡kind¡¡used¡¡for¡¡ketchup¡¡and¡¡mustard¡¡in¡¡some¡¡cafeterias¡£¡¡
¡£¡¡Pour¡¡enough¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lemonade¡¡powder¡¡in¡¡each¡¡cup¡¡so¡¡that¡¡a¡¡student¡¡can¡¡taste¡¡some¡¡on¡¡each¡¡of¡¡about¡¡
70¡¡conditioning¡¡trials¡£¡¡£¨Try¡¡it¡¡first¡¡yourself¡¡to¡¡determine¡¡the¡¡approximate¡¡amount¡££©¡¡
Method¡¡
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instructor¡¡to¡¡signal¡¡them¡¡to¡¡¡°Dip¡£¡±
2¡£¡¡At¡¡the¡¡visual¡¡cue¡¡of¡¡the¡¡instructor¡¡pointing¡¡down£»¡¡students¡¡dip¡¡their¡¡moistened¡¡fingers¡¡in¡¡the¡¡
lemonade¡¡powder¡¡and¡¡put¡¡a¡¡small¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡it¡¡on¡¡their¡¡tongues¡£¡¡
3¡£¡¡The¡¡CS¡¡is¡¡the¡¡spoken¡¡name¡¡¡°Pavlov¡±¡¡said¡¡between¡¡£¨0¡£5¡¡and¡¡1¡£5¡¡seconds£©¡¡prior¡¡to¡¡the¡¡¡°Dip¡±¡¡signal¡£¡¡
4¡£¡¡These¡¡conditioning¡¡trials¡¡are¡¡spaced¡¡at¡¡intervals¡¡of¡¡10¡¡to¡¡15¡¡seconds¡£¡¡
393¡¡
5¡£¡¡Test¡¡trials¡¡are¡¡given¡¡after¡¡8¡¡to¡¡12¡¡conditioning¡¡trials¡£¡¡In¡¡a¡¡test¡¡trial£»¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡°Dip¡±¡¡signal£»¡¡the¡¡
instructor¡¡holds¡¡up¡¡a¡¡card¡¡with¡¡the¡¡word¡¡¡°Experience£¿¡±¡¡Students¡¡are¡¡not¡¡to¡¡taste¡¡the¡¡lemonade¡¡
powder¡¡£¨US£©¡¡but¡¡are¡¡to¡¡experience¡¡if¡¡they¡¡salivated¡¡after¡¡¡°Pavlov¡±¡¡and¡¡without¡¡the¡¡US¡£¡¡Get¡¡a¡¡show¡¡
of¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡those¡¡who¡¡did¡¡salivate¡¡and¡¡record¡¡it¡¡as¡¡a¡¡percentage¡¡of¡¡the¡¡class¡¡giving¡¡a¡¡conditioned¡¡
response¡£¡¡
6¡£¡¡The¡¡same¡¡results¡¡are¡¡obtained¡¡with¡¡eyes¡¡opened¡¡or¡¡closed¡¡during¡¡test¡¡trials¡£¡¡
7¡£¡¡After¡¡most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡class¡¡shows¡¡acquisition¡¡£¨80¡¡to¡¡100¡¡percent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡class£©£»¡¡start¡¡extinction¡¡training¡¡by¡¡
withholding¡¡the¡¡¡°Dip¡±¡¡lemonade¡¡tasting¡¡procedure£»¡¡instead£»¡¡all¡¡trials¡¡are¡¡test¡¡trials¡¡¡°Pavlov¡±¡ª¡¡
Experience£¿¡¡
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conditioning¡¡trials¡¡was¡¡pared¡¡to¡¡the¡¡lemonade¡¡trials¡£¡¡Also£»¡¡inquire¡¡about¡¡the¡¡taste¡¡sensation£»¡¡
physical¡¡response¡¡£¨¡°puckering¡±£©£»¡¡and¡¡any¡¡cognitive¡¡responses¡¡£¨e¡£g¡££»¡¡actively¡¡trying¡¡not¡¡to¡¡be¡¡
conditioned¡¡by¡¡thinking¡¡of¡¡something¡¡else£©¡£¡¡
DATA¡¡ANALYSIS¡¡
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2¡£¡¡Add¡¡water¡¡and¡¡ice¡¡to¡¡remaining¡¡crystals¡¡and¡¡pause¡¡for¡¡refreshment¡£¡¡
ADDITIONAL¡¡RESOURCES¡¡
Gibbs£»¡¡G¡£¡¡D¡£¡¡£¨1983£©¡£¡¡Making¡¡Classical¡¡Conditioning¡¡Understandable¡¡through¡¡Demonstration¡¡Technique¡£¡¡Teaching¡¡of¡¡
Psychology£»¡¡10£»¡¡112¡113¡£¡¡
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OBJECTIVES¡¡
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2¡£¡¡To¡¡consider¡¡how¡¡memory¡¡can¡¡be¡¡systematically¡¡distorted¡£¡¡
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OVERVIEW¡¡
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test¡¡performance¡¡between¡¡students¡¡a¡¡function¡¡of¡¡difference¡¡in¡¡their¡¡memory¡¡capacity£¿¡¡To¡¡what¡¡extent¡¡can¡¡
this¡¡capacity¡¡be¡¡expanded£¿¡¡In¡¡this¡¡section¡¡we¡¡will£º¡¡
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memory£¿¡¡
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they¡¡are¡¡being¡¡used£©¡£¡¡Ask¡¡those¡¡students¡¡who¡¡remembered¡¡to¡¡bring¡¡in¡¡the¡¡item¡¡what¡¡devices¡¡they¡¡
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memory¡¡failed¡£¡¡
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GENERAL¡¡INTRODUCTION¡¡
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distinguishes¡¡memory¡¡from¡¡other¡¡mental¡¡processes¡¡£¨perception£»¡¡imagination£»¡¡reasoning£»¡¡etc¡££©¡¡is¡¡the¡¡belief¡¡
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