e8东的信 _作者: 美 沃伦·巴菲特-第69章
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的薪资报酬制度(总是把股东所提供的资金当作是不用成本的),事实证明布朗鞋业这样的安排,不论在任何情况下,对于公司与经理人都绝对有利,胆敢依恃个人能力来做赌注的经理人,绝对有相当的能力来下赌。
It's discouraging to note that though we have on four occasions made major purchases of panies whose sellers were represented by prominent investment banks; we were in only one of these instances contacted by the investment bank。 In the other three cases; I myself or a friend initiated the transaction at some point after the investment bank had solicited its own list of prospects。 We would love to see an intermediary earn its fee by thinking of us … and therefore repeat here what we're looking for:
很令人失望的是虽然我们有四个主要的投资个案的卖方是透过著名的投资银行所介绍,但却只有一家是真正由投资银行主动联系我们的,其它三个案子都是在投资银行寻求其名单上的买主不成后,由我本人或是朋友促成最后的交易,我们很希望中间人在赚取其佣金收入的同时,还能够想到我们的存在,以下就是我们想要找的企业条件
(1) Large purchases (at least 10 million of after…tax earnings);
(2) Demonstrated consistent earning power (future projections are of little interest to us; nor are 〃turnaround〃 situations);
(3) Businesses earning good returns on equity while employing little or no debt;
(4) Management in place (we can't supply it);
(5) Simple businesses (if there's lots of technology; we won't understand it);
(6) An offering price (we don't want to waste our time or that of the seller by talking; even preliminarily; about a transaction when price is unknown)。
(1)巨额交易(每年税后盈余至少有一千万美元)
(2)持续稳定获利(我们对有远景或具转机的公司没兴趣)
(3)高股东报酬率(并且甚少举债)
(4)具备管理阶层(我们无法提供)
(5)简单的企业(若牵涉到太多高科技,我们弄不懂)
(6)合理的价格(在价格不确定前,我们不希望浪费自己与对方太多时间)
We will not engage in unfriendly takeovers。 We can promise plete confidentiality and a very fast answer … customarily within five minutes … as to whether we're interested。 (With Brown; we didn't even need to take five。) We prefer to buy for cash; but will consider issuing stock when we receive as much in intrinsic business value as we give。
我们不会进行敌意的购并,并承诺完全保密并尽快答复是否感兴趣(通常不超过五分钟),像是布朗鞋业这样的案子根本就不要五分钟,我们倾向采现金交易,除非我们所换得的内含价值跟我们付出的一样多,否则不考虑发行股份。
Our favorite form of purchase is one fitting the pattern through which we acquired Nebraska Furniture Mart; Fechheimer's and Borsheim's。 In cases like these; the pany's owner…managers wish to generate significant amounts of cash; sometimes for themselves; but often for their families or inactive shareholders。 At the same time; these managers wish to remain significant owners who continue to run their panies just as they have in the past。 We think we offer a particularly good fit for owners with such objectives and we invite potential sellers to check us out by contacting people with whom we have done business in the past。
我们最喜欢的交易对象之一是像B太太… Heldman家族那样,公司经营者希望能马上有一大笔现金,不管是给自己、家人或是其它股东,最好这些经营者如往常一样能够继续留在公司,我想我们可以提供具有以上想法的经营者,一个满意的方式,我们也欢迎可能的卖方与那些过去与我们合作过的对象打听。
Charlie and I frequently get approached about acquisitions that don't e close to meeting our tests: We've found that if you advertise an interest in buying collies; a lot of people will call hoping to sell you their cocker spaniels。 A line from a country song expresses our feeling about new ventures; turnarounds; or auction…like sales: 〃When the phone don't ring; you'll know it's me。〃
另一方面查理跟我也常常接到一些不符合我们条件的询问,包括新事业、转机股、拍卖案以及最常见的中介案。我们发现如果你登广告要买牧羊犬,结果却有一大堆人打电话来要卖你长耳猎犬,对于这类的事业,有首乡村歌曲其中的一句歌词最能描述我们的感觉,「若电话不响,你就知道那是我」。
Besides being interested in the purchase of businesses as described above; we are also interested in the negotiated purchase of large; but not controlling; blocks of stock parable to those we hold in Capital Cities; Salomon; Gillette; USAir; Champion; and American Express。 We are not interested; however; in receiving suggestions about purchases we might make in the general stock market。
除了以上买下整家公司的购并案外,我们也会考虑买进一大部份不具控制权的股份,就像我们在资本城、所罗门、吉列、美国航空、冠军企业与美国运通这几个Case一样的公司,不过对于一般直接从股票市场上买进股份的建议我们,则一点兴趣都没有。
Insurance Operations保险业营运
Shown below is an updated version of our usual table presenting key figures for the property…casualty insurance industry:
下表是产物意外险业的最新的几项重要指数
Yearly Change bined Ratio Yearly Change Inflation Rate in Premiums After Policyholder in Incurred Measured by
Written (%) Dividends Losses (%) GDP Deflator (%)
1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990(Revised) 1991 (Est。)
3。8 3。7 5。0 8。5 22。1 22。2 9。4 4。4 3。2 4。4 3。1
106。0 109。6 112。0 118。0 116。3 108。0 104。6 105。4 109。6 109。6 109。1
6。5 8。4 6。8 16。9 16。1 13。5 7。8 5。5 4。8 4。8 2。9
10。0 6。2 4。0 4。5 3。7 2。7 3。1 3。9 4。1 4。1 3。7
The bined ratio represents total insurance costs (losses incurred plus expenses) pared to revenue from premiums: A ratio below 100 indicates an underwriting profit; and one above 100 indicates a loss。 The higher the ratio; the worse the year。 When the investment ine that an insurer earns from holding policyholders' funds (〃the float〃) is taken into account; a bined ratio in the 107 … 111 range typically produces an overall break…even result; exclusive of earnings on the funds provided by shareholders。
综合比率代表保险的总成本(理赔损失加上费用)占保费收入的比例,比率在100以下代表有承保的损失,在100以上则代表有承保的获利综合比率代表的是保险的总成本(损失加上费用)占保费收入的比率,100以下代表会有承销利益,100以上代表会有承销损失,若把持有保费收入浮存金(扣除股东权益部份所产生的盈余)所产生的投资收益列入考量,损益两平的范围大概是在107…111之间。
For the reasons laid out in previous reports; we expect the industry's incurred losses to grow at close to 10% annually; even in periods when general inflation runs considerably lower。 (Over the last 25 years; incurred losses have in reality grown at a still faster rate; 11%。) If premium growth meanwhile materially lags that 10% rate; underwriting losses will mount。
基于前几次年报所说明的理由,即使是通货膨胀在这几年来相对温和,我们预期保险业每年损失增加的比率约在10%左右,若是保费收入成长没有到达10%以上,损失一定会增加,(事实上过去25年以来,理赔损失系以11%的速度在成长),若是保费收入还是大幅落后于10%的门槛,承保损失一定会继续增加。
However; the industry's tendency to under…reserve when business turns bad may obscure the picture for a time … and that could well describe the situation last year。 Though premiums did not e close to growing 10%; the bined ratio failed to deteriorate as I had expected but instead slightly improved。 Loss…reserve data for the industry indicate that there is reason to be skeptical of that oute; and it may turn out that 1991's ratio should have been worse than was reported。 In the long run; of course; trouble awaits managements that paper over operating problems with accounting maneuvers。 Eventually; managements of this kind achieve the same result as the seriously…ill patient who tells his doctor: 〃I can't afford the operation; but would you accept a small payment to touch up the x…rays?〃
然而产业普遍存在损失准备提列不足的现象,使得企业前景不佳的情况可以获得暂时的掩饰,这正是去年度所发生的事,虽然保费收入成长不到10%,但综合比率非但没有像我所预测地那样恶化反而还有点改善,损失准备的统计资料显示这样的现象实在是相当令人怀疑,这种结果也可能导致1991年的比率将更进一步恶化,当然就长期而言,这些利用会计手法掩盖营运问题的经理人还是要面对真正的麻烦,到最后这类的经理人会变得跟许多病入膏肓的病人对医生说的一样:「我实在是承受不起另一次手术,不过你是否可以考虑把我的X光片给补一补」。
Berkshire's insurance business has changed in ways that make bined ratios; our own or the industry's; largely irrelevant to our performance。 What counts with us is the 〃cost of funds developed from insurance;〃 or in the vernacular; 〃the cost of float。〃
于是Berkshire旗下的保险事业将与公司本身或产业经营绩效越来越不相关的综合比率做了一番修正,对我们来说真正重要的是我们从保险业所得到的资金的成本,套句行话就是浮存金的成本。
Float … which we generate in exceptional amounts … is the total of loss reserves; loss adjustment expense reserves and unearned premium reserves minus agents balances; prepaid acquisition costs and deferred charges applicable to assumed reinsurance。 And the cost of float is measured by our underwriting loss。
浮存金…我们靠保险业所取得大量的资金,系指将所有的损失准备、损失费用调整准备与未赚取保费加总后,再扣除应付佣金、预付购并成本及相关再保递延费用,至于浮存金的成本则是以我们所发生的承保损失来衡量。
The table below shows our cost of float since we entered the business in 1967。
下表是我们在1967年进入保险业后,浮存金的成本统计:
(1) (2) Yearend YieldUnderwriting Approximate on Long…TermLoss Average Float Cost of Funds Govt。 Bonds
(承保损失) (平均浮存金) (平均资金成本) (长期公债殖利率)
(In Millions) (Ratio of 1 to 2)
1967 profit 17。3 less than zero 5。50% 1980 profit 237。0 less than zero 11。94%
1968 profit 19。9 less than zero 5。90% 1981 profit 228。4 less than zero 13。61%
1969 profit 23。4 less than zero 6。79% 1982 21。56 220。6 9。77% 10。64%
1970 0。37 32。4 1。14% 6。25% 1983 33。87 231。3 14。64% 11。84%
1971 profit 52。5 less than zero 5。81% 1984 48。06 253。2 18。98% 11。58%
1972 profit 69。5 less than zero 5。82% 1985 44。23 390。2 11。34% 9。34%
1973 profit 73。3 less than zero 7。27% 1986 55。84 797。5 7。00% 7。60%
1974 7。36 79。1 9。30% 8。13% 1987 55。43 1;266。7 4。38% 8。95%
1975 11。35 87。6 12。96% 8。03% 1988 11。08 1;497。7 0。74% 9。00%
1976 profit 102。6 less than zero 7。30% 1989 24。40 1;541。3 1。58% 7。97%
1977 profit 139。0 less than zero 7。97% 1990 26。65 1;637。3 1。63% 8。24%
1978 profit 190。4 less than zero 8。93% 1991 119。6 1;895。0 6。31% 7。40%
1979 profit 227。3 less than zero 10。08%
As you can see; our cost of funds in 1991 was well below the U。 S。 Government's cost on newly…issued long…term bonds。 We have in fact beat the government's rate in 20 of the 25 years we have been in the insurance business; often by a wide margin。 We have over that time also substantially increased the amount of funds we hold; which counts as a favorable development but only because the cost of funds has been satisfactory。 Our float should continue to grow; the challenge will be to garner these funds at a reasonable cost。
各位可以看到我们1991年的资金成本甚至比美国政府新发行的长期公债利率还低,事实上在过去25年的保险事业经营中,我们有20年是远胜于政府公债发行利率,而且差距的幅度通常都相当可观,同时所持有的浮存金数量也以惊人的幅度成长,当然这只有在资金成本低的情况下,才称得上是好现象,展望未来,浮存金的数量还会继续成长,对我们而言,最大的挑战是这些资金是否能有合理的成本取得。
Berkshire continues to be a very large writer … perhaps the largest in the world … of 〃super…cat〃 insurance; which is coverage that other insurance panies buy to protect themselves against major catastrophic losses。 Profits in this business are enormously volatile。 As I mentioned last year; 100 million in super…cat premiums; which is roughly our annual expectation; could deliver us anythin