e8东的信 _作者: 美 沃伦·巴菲特-第71章
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nowledge and experience are definitely limited and there are seldom more than two or three enterprises at any given time in which I personally feel myself entitled to put full confidence。〃
著名经济学家凯恩斯,他的投资绩效跟他的理论思想一样杰出,在1934年8月15日他曾经写了一封信给生意伙伴Scott上面写到,随着时光的流逝,我越来越相信正确的投资方式是将大部分的资金投入在自己认为了解且相信的事业之上,而不是将资金分散到自己不懂且没有特别信心的一大堆公司,每个人的知识与经验一定有其限度,就我本身而言,我很难同时有两三家以上的公司可以让我感到完全的放心。
Mistake Du Jour实时供应的错误
In the 1989 annual report I wrote about 〃Mistakes of the First 25 Years〃 and promised you an update in 2015。 My experiences in the first few years of this second 〃semester〃 indicate that my backlog of matters to be discussed will bee unmanageable if I stick to my original plan。 Therefore; I will occasionally unburden myself in these pages in the hope that public confession may deter further bumblings。 (Post…mortems prove useful for hospitals and football teams; why not for businesses and investors?)
在1989年的年报中,我曾经写过Berkshire头25所犯的错误,而且承诺在2015年还会再有更新的报告,但是第二阶段的头几年让我觉得若是坚持原来的计画的话,可能让这些记录多到难以管理,因此我决定每隔一段时间会在这里丢出一点东西,所谓自首无罪,抓到双倍,希望我公开的忏悔能够免于大家继续对我的轰炸(不管是医院的死后验尸或是足球队常常用到的事后检讨,我想应该也能够适用在企业与投资人之上)。
Typically; our most egregious mistakes fall in the omission; rather than the mission; category。 That may spare Charlie and me some embarrassment; since you don't see these errors; but their invisibility does not reduce their cost。 In this mea culpa; I am not talking about missing out on some pany that depends upon an esoteric invention (such as Xerox); high…technology (Apple); or even brilliant merchandising (Wal…Mart)。 We will never develop the petence to spot such businesses early。 Instead I refer to business situations that Charlie and I can understand and that seem clearly attractive … but in which we nevertheless end up sucking our thumbs rather than buying。
通常我们很多重大的错误不是发生在我们已经做的部份,而是在于我们没有去做的那部份,虽然因为各位看不到这些失误,所以查理跟我可以少一点难堪,但看不到不代表我们就不必付出代价,而这些我公开承认的错误,并不是指我错过了某些革命性的新发明(就像是全录像印技术)、高科技(像是苹果计算机)或是更优秀的通路零售商(像是威名百货),我们永远不可能拥有在早期发掘这些优秀公司的能力,反而我指的是那些查理跟我可以很容易就了解且很明显对我们有吸引力的公司,无奈在当时我们只是不断地咬着指甲犹豫不决,就是不能下定决心把他们买下来。
Every writer knows it helps to use striking examples; but I wish the one I now present wasn't quite so dramatic: In early 1988; we decided to buy 30 million shares (adjusted for a subsequent split) of Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae); which would have been a 350…400 million investment。 We had owned the stock some years earlier and understood the pany's business。 Furthermore; it was clear to us that David Maxwell; Fannie Mae's CEO; had dealt superbly with some problems that he had inherited and had established the pany as a financial powerhouse … with the best yet to e。 I visited David in Washington and confirmed that he would not be unfortable if we were to take a large position。
每位作者都知道,要让读者了解其意思最好的方式就是举个例子,不过希望我现在举的例子不会过于极端,回顾1988年当时我们决定以3。5亿到4亿美元之间,买进3;000万股(经过事后的分割调整)的联邦国家贷款协会,简称Fannie Mae,我们之前曾经拥有过这家公司的股份,也对其所处的产业相当了解,另外很显然的,也很清楚David Maxwell也就是Fannie Mae的总裁,有能力处理他所接下的一堆问题,同时进一步将公司建立成为一个金融巨擘,一切可说是前景看好,为此我还特地到华盛顿拜访David,确认他对于我们持有该公司一大部分的股权不会感到任何的不愉快。
After we bought about 7 million shares; the price began to climb。 In frustration; I stopped buying (a mistake that; thankfully; I did not repeat when Coca…Cola stock rose similarly during our purchase program)。 In an even sillier move; I surrendered to my distaste for holding small positions and sold the 7 million shares we owned。
只不过当我们开始买进不到700万股时,该公司股价就开始上涨,失望之余,我立刻停止买进(事后回想还好我没有在买进可口可乐时犯下相同的错误),更有甚者,我觉得区区700万股对我们来说实在是没有太大的意义,所以之后又把持有的700万股全部卖掉。
I wish I could give you a halfway rational explanation for my amateurish behavior vis…a…vis Fannie Mae。 But there isn't one。 What I can give you is an estimate as of yearend 1991 of the approximate gain that Berkshire didn't make because of your Chairman's mistake: about 1。4 billion。
我期盼对于我这样不具职业水准的投资行为可以给各位一个稍微合理一点的解释,不过我实在是编不出来,不过我倒是可以跟各位报告因为本人的这项错误,大概使得Berkshire在1991年少赚了14亿美元。
Fixed…Ine Securities固定收益证券
We made several significant changes in our fixed…ine portfolio during 1991。 As I noted earlier; our Gillette preferred was called for redemption; which forced us to convert to mon stock; we eliminated our holdings of an RJR Nabisco issue that was subject to an exchange offer and subsequent call; and we purchased fixed…ine securities of American Express and First Empire State Corp。; a Buffalo…based bank holding pany。 We also added to a small position in ACF Industries that we had established in late 1990。 Our largest holdings at yearend were:
1991年我们在固定收益证券这方面的投资有很大的变动,如同先前曾提到的我们的吉列可转换特别股被强制赎回,使得我们必须将之转换为普通股,另外我们也出清了RJR Nabisco的债券,因为它在被转换后赎回,在另一方面我们也买进美国运通与第一帝国…一家水牛城的银行控股公司的固定收益证券,此外还在1990年底买进了一些ACF工业的债券,以下是截至年底我们持有的主要部位:
(000s omitted) Cost of Preferreds andIssuer Amortized Value of Bonds Market
ACF Industries American Express Champion International First Empire State RJR Nabisco Salomon USAir Washington Public Power Systems
93;918(2) 300;000 300;000(2) 40;000 222;148(2) 700;000(2) 358;000(2) 158;553(2)
118;683 263;265(1)(2) 300;000(1) 50;000(1)(2) 285;683 714;000(1) 232;700(1) 203;071
(1)Fair value as determined by Charlie and me (1)公平价值是由查理跟我来判断
(2) Carrying value in our financial statements (2)是指财务报表上的帐面价值
Our 40 million of First Empire State preferred carries a 9% coupon; is non…callable until 1996 and is convertible at 78。91 per share。 Normally I would think a purchase of this size too small for Berkshire; but I have enormous respect for Bob Wilmers; CEO of First Empire; and like being his partner on any scale。
我们在第一帝国9%收益率的特别股投资了4;000万美元,在1996年前公司无法赎回,每股转换价格订为78。91美元,通常我会认为这样的规模对于Berkshire来说实在是太小了,但由于我们对于该公司总裁Bob Wilmers实在是过于崇敬,所以不管金额大小,还是希望有机会能与他一起合伙共事。
Our American Express preferred is not a normal fixed…ine security。 Rather it is a 〃Perc;〃 which carries a fixed dividend of 8。85% on our 300 million cost。 Absent one exception mentioned later; our preferred must be converted three years after issuance; into a maximum of 12;244;898 shares。 If necessary; a downward adjustment in the conversion ratio will be made in order to limit to 414 million the total value of the mon we receive。 Though there is thus a ceiling on the value of the mon stock that we will receive upon conversion; there is no floor。 The terms of the preferred; however; include a provision allowing us to extend the conversion date by one year if the mon stock is below 24。50 on the third anniversary of our purchase。
至于美国运通的投资则不是一般的固定收益证券,它算是一种Perc…每年可以为我们3亿美元的投资贡献8。85%的股利收入,除了接下来会提到的一个特点,那就是我们的特别股在发行后的三年可以转换成最多12;244;898股的普通股,若有必要我们可转换的股份可能会向下调整,以确定我们所收到的股份总值不能够超过4。14亿美元,虽然对于可能取得的普通股价值有其上限,但相对地却没有下限,不过这样的特别条款还包含若是三年期限到时公司股价低于24。5美元时,可以有权请求延长转换期限一年。
Overall; our fixed…ine investments have treated us well; both over the long term and recently。 We have realized large capital gains from these holdings; including about 152 million in 1991。 Additionally; our after…tax yields have considerably exceeded those earned by most fixed…ine portfolios。
总的来说,不管最近或是是长期而言,我们在固定收益证券上的投资表现还算不错,靠着这样的投资我们赚取大量的资本利得,在1991年这个数字大约在1。52亿美元左右,此外我们的税后投资报酬率也远高于一般的固定收益证券。
Nevertheless; we have had some surprises; none greater than the need for me to involve myself personally and intensely in the Salomon situation。 As I write this letter; I am also writing a letter for inclusion in Salomon's annual report and I refer you to that report for an update on the pany。 (Write to: Corporate Secretary; Salomon Inc; Seven World Trade Center; New York; NY 10048) Despite the pany's travails; Charlie and I believe our Salomon preferred stock increased slightly in value during 1991。 Lower interest rates and a higher price for Salomon's mon produced this result。
不过在这期间也发生一些小意外,当然没有像所罗门事件那样让我本人都跳进去,当我在撰写这封信时,我也同时写了一封信要放在所罗门的年度报告之内,我顺便提出来算是对于该公司近况的一份报告,(写给纽约第七世贸大楼所罗门公司),虽然公司遭逢不幸,但查理跟我都相信,目前低利率的环境加上所罗门普通股的股价回升,使我们在所罗门的特别股价值已略见增加。
Last year I told you that our USAir investment 〃should work out all right unless the industry is decimated during the next few years。〃 Unfortunately 1991 was a decimating period for the industry; as Midway; Pan Am and America West all entered bankruptcy。 (Stretch the period to 14 months and you can add Continental and TWA。)
去年我曾告诉各位除非航空业的经营环境在未来几年内加速恶化,否则我们在美国航空的投资应该可以有不错的结果,不过很不幸的随着中美、泛美与美西航空相继倒闭,1991年正是航空业加速恶化的一年,(若是把时间延长为14个月,则还要包括大陆航空与TWA两家航空公司)。
The low valuation that we have given USAir in our table reflects the risk that the industry will remain unprofitable for virtually all participants in it; a risk that is far from negligible。 The risk is heightened by the fact that the courts have been encouraging bankrupt carriers to continue operating。 These carriers can temporarily charge fares that are below the industry's costs because the bankrupts don't incur the capital costs faced by their solvent brethren and because they can fund their losses … and thereby stave off shutdown … by selling off assets。 This burn…the…furniture…to…provide…firewood approach to fare…setting by bankrupt carriers contributes to the toppling of previously…marginal carriers; creating a domino effect that is perfectly designed to bring the industry to its knees。
表上我们对于在美国航空投资的评价之所以如此的低,反应出整个产业目前所面临到的获利前景不佳的风险,这个风险又因为法院鼓励已经宣布破产的航空公司继续营运而更加提高,这些同业得以用比一般成本还低的价格,因为它们完全可以不必在乎其它还咽咽一息的同业所需负担的资金成本,因为为了避免营运停摆,它们可以靠着变卖资产来弥补所发生的损失,这种拆家具拿来当材火烧的做法,有可能进一步危及其它营运还算正常的同业,然后引发骨牌效应,使得整个产业一败涂地。
Seth Schofield; who became C