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profits¡¡and¡¡dividends¡¡has¡¡averaged¡¡15¡¡per¡¡cent¡¡over¡¡the¡¡past¡¡few¡¡years¡£¡¡The¡¡
cost¡¡of¡¡equity¡¡for¡¡XYZ¡¡plc¡¡can¡¡be¡¡calculated¡¡as£º¡¡
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the¡¡risk¡­free¡¡rate¡¡of¡¡return¡£¡¡The¡¡formula¡¡to¡¡calculate¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡equity¡¡capital¡¡
using¡¡CAPM¡¡is£º¡¡
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portfolio¡¡is¡¡12¡¡per¡¡cent£»¡¡then¡¡for¡¡a¡¡pany¡¡with¡¡a¡¡beta¡¡of¡¡0¡£7¡¡for¡¡its¡¡ordinary¡¡
shares¡¡calculate¡¡its¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡equity¡£¡¡
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the¡¡la¡£¡£er¡¡CAPM¡¡method¡¡is¡¡the¡¡more¡¡scientific¡£¡¡Ideally£»¡¡the¡¡risk¡­free¡¡and¡¡
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are¡¡used¡¡as¡¡substitutes¡£¡¡Beta¡¡factors¡¡measure¡¡how¡¡sensitive¡¡each¡¡pany¡¯s¡¡
share¡¡price¡¡movements¡¡are¡¡relative¡¡to¡¡market¡¡movements¡¡over¡¡a¡¡period¡¡of¡¡
a¡¡few¡¡years¡£¡¡
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that¡¡of¡¡any¡¡other¡¡long¡­term¡¡source¡¡of¡¡finance¡¡such¡¡as¡¡hire¡¡purchase¡¡or¡¡mortgages£©£»¡¡
we¡¡need¡¡to¡¡bine¡¡them¡¡into¡¡one¡¡overall¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡capital¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡
primarily¡¡for¡¡use¡¡in¡¡project¡¡appraisals¡¡as¡¡justification¡¡of¡¡those¡¡that¡¡yield¡¡a¡¡
return¡¡in¡¡excess¡¡of¡¡their¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡capital¡£
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debt¡¡capital¡¡have¡¡very¡¡different¡¡costs£»¡¡we¡¡would¡¡make¡¡illogical¡¡decisions¡¡and¡¡
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time¡¡round¡¡when¡¡it¡¡was¡¡financed¡¡by¡¡equity¡¡capital¡£¡¡Generally¡¡businesses¡¡
take¡¡the¡¡view¡¡that¡¡all¡¡projects¡¡have¡¡been¡¡financed¡¡from¡¡a¡¡mon¡¡pool¡¡
of¡¡money¡¡except¡¡for¡¡the¡¡relatively¡¡rare¡¡case¡¡when¡¡project¡­specific¡¡finance¡¡
is¡¡raised¡£¡¡The¡¡weightings¡¡used¡¡in¡¡the¡¡calculations¡¡should¡¡be¡¡based¡¡on¡¡
the¡¡market¡¡value¡¡of¡¡the¡¡securities¡¡and¡¡not¡¡on¡¡their¡¡book¡¡or¡¡balance¡¡sheet¡¡
values¡£¡¡
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to¡¡equity¡¡in¡¡the¡¡proportion¡¡of¡¡20¡¡£º¡¡80¡£¡¡The¡¡nominal¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡new¡¡capital¡¡
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respectively¡¡and¡¡corporation¡¡tax¡¡is¡¡30¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡The¡¡calculation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡overall¡¡
weighted¡¡average¡¡cost¡¡is¡¡as¡¡follows£º¡¡
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10£¥¡¡loan¡¡capital¡¡0¡£20¡¡7¡£0£¥¡¡1¡£4£¥¡¡
Equity¡¡0¡£80¡¡15¡£0£¥¡¡12¡£0£¥¡¡
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average¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡capital¡¡is¡¡13¡£4¡¡per¡¡cent¡¡then¡¡taking¡¡on¡¡any¡¡new¡¡activity¡¡that¡¡
makes¡¡a¡¡lower¡¡profit¡¡ratio¡¡will¡¡be¡¡lowering¡¡the¡¡performance£»¡¡hardly¡¡an¡¡
MBA¡¡type¡¡of¡¡activity¡£¡¡
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for¡¡years£»¡¡perhaps¡¡even¡¡decades£»¡¡fall¡¡into¡¡a¡¡number¡¡of¡¡categories£º
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and¡¡enhancing¡¡an¡¡existing¡¡operation¡£¡¡For¡¡example£»¡¡if¡¡part¡¡of¡¡a¡¡production¡¡
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