list1-第12章

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mentioned；　they　have　been　greatly　surpassed　in　their　effect　by



those　which　England　derived　from　immigrations　attracted　by　her



political；　religious；　and　geographical　conditions。



　　　　As　far　back　as　the　twelfth　century　political　circumstances



induced　Flemish　woollen　weavers　to　emigrate　to　Wales。　Not　many



centuries　later　exiled　Italians　came　over　to　London　to　carry　on



business　as　money　changers　and　bankers。　That　from　Flanders　and



Brabant　entire　bodies　of　manufacturers　thronged　to　England　at



various　periods；　we　have　shown　in　Chapter　II。　From　Spain　and



Portugal　came　persecuted　Jews；　from　the　Hanse　Towns；　and　from



Venice　in　her　decline；　merchants　who　brought　with　them　their　ships；



their　knowledge　of　business；　their　capital；　and　their　spirit　of



enterprise。　Still　more　important　were　the　immigrations　of　capital



and　of　manufacturers　in　consequence　of　the　Reformation　and　the



religious　persecutions　in　Spain；　Portugal；　France；　Belgium；



Germany；　and　Italy；　as　also　of　merchants　and　manufacturers　from



Holland　in　consequence　of　the　stagnation　of　trade　and　industry　in



that　country　occasioned　by　the　Act　of　Navigation　and　the　Methuen



Treaty。　Every　political　movement；　every　war　upon　the　Continent；



brought　England　vast　accessions　of　fresh　capital　and　talents；　so



long　as　she　possessed　the　privileges　of　freedom；　the　right　of



asylum；　internal　tranquillity　and　peace；　the　protection　of　the　law；



and　general　well…being。　So　more　recently　did　the　French　Revolution



and　the　wars　of　the　Empire；　and　so　did　the　political　commotions；



the　revolutionary　and　reactionary　movements　and　the　wars　in　Spain；



in　Mexico；　and　in　South　America。　By　means　of　her　Patent　Laws；



England　long　monopolised　the　inventive　genius　of　every　nation。　It



is　no　more　than　fair　that　England；　now　that　she　has　attained　the



culminating　point　of　her　industrial　growth　and　progress；　should



restore　again　to　the　nations　of　Continental　Europe　a　portion　of



those　productive　forces　which　she　originally　derived　from　them。







NOTES：







1。　Hume；　vol。　ii；　p。　143。







2。　No　doubt　the　decrees　prohibiting　the　export　of　wool；　not　to



mention　the　restrictions　placed　on　the　trade　in　wool　in　markets



near　the　coast；　were　vexations　and　unfair；　yet　at　the　same　time　the



operated　beneficially　in　the　promotion　of　English　industry；　and　in



the　suppression　of　that　of　the　Flemings。







3。　Hume　（in　1603）。　Macpherson；　Histoire　du　Commerce　（in　1651）。







4。　See　Ustaritz；　Th閛rie　du　Commerce；　ch。　xxviii。　Thus　we　see



George　I　did　not　want　to　export　goods　and　import　nothing　but　specie



in　return；　which　is　stated　as　the　fundamental　principle　of　the



so…called　'mercantile　system'；　and　which　in　any　case　would　be



absurd。　What　he　desired　was　to　export　manufactures　and　import　raw



material。







5。　Hume；　vol。　v。　p。　39。







6。　Anderson　for　the　year　1721。







7。　Priestley；　Lectures　on　History　and　General　Policy；　Pt。　II；　p。



289。







8。　These　and　the　following　figures　relating　to　English　statistics



are　taken　from　a　paper　written　by　McQueen；　the　celebrated　English



statistician；　and　appearing　in　the　July　number　of　Tait's　Edinburgh



Magazine　for　the　year　1839。　Possibly　they　may　be　somewhat



exaggerated　for　the　moment。　But　even　if　so；　it　is　more　than



probable　that　the　figures　as　stated　will　be　reached　within　the



present　decade。







9。　Before　his　lamented　death；　the　gifted　author　of　this　remark；　in



his　Letters　on　England；　read　the　nobles　of　his　native　country　a



lesson　in　this　respect　which　they　would　do　well　to　lay　to　heart。







10。　England's　national　debt　would　not　be　so　great　an　evil　as　it　now



appears　to　us；　if　England's　aristocracy　would　concede　that　this



burden　should　be　borne　by　the　class　who　were　benefited　by　the　cost



of　wars；　namely；　by　the　rich。　McQueen　estimates　the　capitalised



value　of　property　in　the　three　kingdoms　at　4；000　million　pounds



sterling；　and　Martin　estimates　the　capital　invested　in　the　colonies



at　about　2；600　millions　sterling。　Hence　we　see　that　one…ninth　part



of　Englishmen's　private　property　would　suffice　to　cover　the　entire



national　debt。　Nothing　could　be　more　just　than　such　an



appropriation；　or　at　least　than　the　payment　of　the　interest　on　the



national　debt　out　of　the　proceeds　of　an　income　tax。　The　English



aristocracy；　however；　deem　it　more　convenient　to　provide　for　this



charge　by　the　imposition　of　taxes　upon　articles　of　consumption；　by



which　the　existence　of　the　working　classes　is　embittered　beyond　the



point　of　endurance。







11。　See　Appendix　A。











Chapter　5







The　Spaniards　and　Portuguese







　　　　Whilst　the　English　were　busied　for　centuries　in　raising　the



structure　of　their　national　prosperity　upon　the　most　solid



foundations；　the　Spaniards　and　the　Portuguese　made　a　fortune



rapidly　by　means　of　their　discoveries　and　attained　to　great　wealth



in　a　very　short　space　of　time。　But　it　was　only　the　wealth　of　a



spendthrift　who　had　won　the　first　prize　in　a　lottery；　whereas　the



wealth　of　the　English　may　be　likened　to　the　fortune　accumulated　by



the　diligent　and　saving　head　of　a　family。　The　former　may　for　a　time



appear　more　to　be　envied　than　the　latter　on　account　of　his　lavish



expenditure　and　luxury；　but　wealth　in　his　case　is　only　a　means　for



prodigality　and　momentary　enjoyment；　whereas　the　latter　will　regard



wealth　chiefly　as　a　means　of　laying　a　foundation　for　the　moral　and



material　well…being　of　his　latest　posterity。



　　　　The　Spaniards　possessed　flocks　of　well…bred　sheep　at　so　early



a　period　that　Henry　I　of　England　was　moved　to　prohibit　the



importation　of　Spanish　wool　in　1172；　and　that　as　far　back　as　the



tenth　and　eleventh　centuries　Italian　woollen　manufacturers　used　to



import　the　greater　portion　of　their　wool　supplies　from　Spain。　Two



hundred　years　before　that　time　the　dwellers　on　the　shores　of　the



Bay　of　Biscay　had　already　distinguished　themselves　in　the



manufacture　of　iron；　in　navigation；　and　in　fisheries。　They　were　the



first　to　carry　on　the　whale　fishery；　and　even　in　the　year　1619　they



still　so　far　excelled　the　English　in　that　business　that　they　were



asked　to　send　fishermen　to　England　to　instruct　the　English　in　this



particular　branch　of　the　fishing　trade。（1*）



　　　　Already　in　the　tenth　century；　under　Abdulrahman　III　（912　to



950）；　the　Moors　had　established　in　the　fertile　plains　around



Valencia　extensive　plantations　of　cotton；　sugar；　and　rice；　and



carried　on　silk　cultivation。　Cordova；　Seville；　and　Granada



contained　at　the　time　of　the　Moors　important　cotton　and　silk



manufactories。（2*）　Valencia；　Segovia；　Toledo；　and　several　other



cities　in　Castile　were　celebrated　for　their　woollen　manufactures。



Seville　alone　at　an　early　period　of　history　contained　as　many　as



16；000　looms；　while　the　woollen　manufactories　of　Segovia　in　the



year　1552　were　employing　13；000　operatives。　Other　branches　of



industry；　notably　the　manufacture　of　arms　and　of　paper；　had　become



developed　on　a　similar　scale。　In　Colbert's　day　the　French　were



still　in　the　habit　of　procuring　supplies　of　cloth　from　Spain。（3*）



The　Spanish　seaport　towns　were　the　seat　of　an　extensive　trade　and



of　important　fisheries；　and　up　to　the　time　of　Philip　II　Spain



possessed　a　most　powerful　navy。　In　a　word；　Spain　possessed　all　the



elements　of　greatness　and　prosperity；　when　bigotry；　in　alliance



with　despotism；　set　to　work　to　stifle　the　high　spirit　of　the



nation。　The　first　commencement　of　this　work　of　darkness　was　the



expulsion　of　the　Jews；　and　its　crowning　act　the　expulsion　of　the



Moors；　whereby　two　millions　of　the　most　industrious　and　well…to…do



inhabitants　were　driven　out　of　Spain　with　their　capital。



　　　　While　the　Inquisition　was　thus　occupied　in　driving　native



industry　into　exile；　it　at　the　same　time　effectually　prevented



foreign　manufacturers　from　settling　down　in　the　country。　The



discovery　of　America　and　of　the　route　round　the　Cape　only　increased



the　wealth　of　both　kingdoms　after　a　specious　and　ephemeral　fashion



　indeed；　by　these　events　a　death…blow　was　first　given　to　their



national　industry　and　to　their　power。　For　then；　instead　of



exchanging　the　produce　of　the　East　and　West　Indies　against　home



manufactures；　as　the　Dutch　and　the　English　subsequently　did；　the



Spaniards　and　Portuguese　purchased　manufactured　goods　from　foreign



nations　with　the　gold　and　the　silver　which　they　had　wrung　from



their　colonies。（4*）　They　transformed　their　useful　and　industrious



citizens　into　slave…dealers　and　colonial　tyrants：　thus　they



promoted　the　industry；　the　trade；　and　the　maritime　power　of　the



Dutch　and　English；　in　whom　they　raised　up　rivals　who　soon　grew



strong　enough　to　destroy　their　fleets　and　rob　them　of　the　sources



of　their　wealth。　In　vain　the　kings　of　Spain　enacted　laws　against



the　exportation　of　specie　and　the　importation　of　manufactured



goods。　The　spirit　of　enterprise；　industry；　and　commerce　can　only



strike　root　in　the　soil　of　religious　and　political　liberty；　gold



and　silver　will　only　abide　where　industry　knows　how　to　attract　and



employ　them。



　　　　Portugal；　however；　under　the　auspices　of　an　enlightened　and



powerful　minister；　did　make　an　attempt　to　develop　her　manufacturing



industry；　the　first　results　of　which　strike　us　with　astonishment。



That　country　like　Spain；　had　possessed　from　time　immemorial　fine



flocks　of　sheep。　Strabo　tells　us　that　a　fine　breed　of　sheep　had



been　introduced　into　Portugal　from　Asia；　the　cost　of　which　amounted



to　one　talent　per　head。　When　the　Count　of　Ereceira　became　minister



in　1681；　he　conceived　the　design　of　establishing　cloth



manufactories；　and　of　thus　working　up　the　native　raw　material　in



order　to　supply　the　mother　country　and　the　colonies　with



home…manufactured　goods。　With　that　view　cloth　workers　were　invited



from　England；　and　so　speedily　did　the　native　cloth　manufactories



flourish　in　consequence　of　the　protection　secured　to　them；　that



three　years　later　（in　1684）　it　became　practicable　to　prohibit　the



importation　of　foreign　cloths。　From　that　period　Portugal　supplied



herself　and　her　colonies　with　native　goods　manufactured　of



home…grown　raw　material；　and　prospered　exceedingly　in　so　doing　for



a　period　of　nineteen　years；　as　attested　by　the　evidence　of　English



writers　themselves。（5*）



　　　　It　is　true　that　even　in　those　days　the　English　gave　proof　of



that　ability　which　at　subsequent　times　they　have　managed　to