the altruist in politics(政坛上的利他主义者)-第1章
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〃The Altruist in Politics〃
The Altruist in Politics
by Benjamin Cardozo
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〃The Altruist in Politics〃
There comes not seldom a crisis in the life of men； of nations； and of
worlds； when the old forms seem ready to decay； and the old rules of
action have lost their binding force。 The evils of existing systems
obscure the blessings that attend them； and； where reform is needed； the
cry is raised for subversion。 The cause of such phenomena is not far to
seek。 〃It used to appear to me；〃 writes Count Tolstoi； in a significant
passage； 〃it used to appear to me that the small number of cultivated； rich
and idle men； of whom I was one； composed the whole of humanity； and
that the millions and millions of other men who had lived and are still
living were not in reality men at all。〃 It is this spirit… the spirit that sees
the whole of humanity in the few； and throws into the background the
millions and millions of other men…it is this spirit that has aroused the
antagonism of reformers； and made the decay of the old forms； the rupture
of the old restrictions； the ideal of them and of their followers。 When
wealth and poverty meet each other face to face； the one the master and
the other the dependent； the one exalted and the other debased； it is
perhaps hardly matter for surprise that the dependent and debased and
powerless faction； in envy of their opponents' supremacy； should demand；
not simple reform； but absolute community and equality of wealth。 That
cry for communism is no new one in the history of mankind。 Thousands
of years ago it was heard and acted on； and； in the lapse of centuries； its
reverberations have but swelled in volume。 Again and again； the altruist
has arisen in politics； has bidden us share with others the product of our
toil； and has proclaimed the communistic dogma as the panacea for our
social ills。 So today； amid the buried hopes and buried projects of the
past； the doctrine of communism still lives in the minds of men。 Under
stress of misfortune； or in dread of tyranny； it is still preached in modern
times as Plato preached it in the world of the Greeks。
Yet it is indeed doubtful whether； in the history of mankind； a doctrine
was ever taught more impracticable or more false to the principles it
professes than this very doctrine of communism。 In a world where self…
interest is avowedly the ruling motive； it seeks to establish at once an all…
reaching and all…controlling altruism。 In a world where every man is
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〃The Altruist in Politics〃
pushing and fighting to outstrip his fellows； it would make him toil with
like vigor for their common welfare。 In a world where a man's activity is
measured by the nearness of reward； it would hold up a prospective
recompense as an equal stimulant to labor。 〃The more bitterly we feel；〃
writes George Eliot； 〃the more bitterly we feel the folly； ignorance； neglect；
or self…seeking of those who at different times have wielded power； the
stronger is the obligation we lay on ourselves to beware lest we also； by a
too hasty wresting of measures which seem to promise immediate relief；
make a worse time of it for our own generation； and leave a bad
inheritance for our children。〃 In the future； when the remoteness of his
reward shall have weakened the laborer's zeal； we shall be able to judge
more fairly of the blessings that the communist offers。 Instead of the
present world； where some at least are well…to…do and happy； the
communist holds before us a world where all alike are poor。 For the
activity； the push； the vigor of our modern life； his substitute is a life
aimless and unbroken。 And so we have to say to communists what
George Eliot might have said： Be not blinded by the passions of the
moment； but when you prate about your own wrongs and the sufferings of
your offspring； take heed lest in the long run you make a worse time of it
for your own generation； and leave a bad inheritance for your children。
Little thought has been taken by these altruistic reformers for the
application of the doctrines they uphold。 To the question how one kind
of labor can be measured against another； how the labor of the artisan can
be measured against the labor of the artist； how the labor of the strong can
be measured against the labor of the weak； the communists can give no
answer。 Absorbed； as they are； in the principle of equality； they have still
forgotten the equality of work in the equality of pay； they have forgotten
that reward； to be really equal； must be proportionate to effort； and they
and all socialists have forgotten that we cannot make an arithmetic of
human thought and feeling； and that for all our crude attempts to balance
recompense against toil； for all our crude attempts to determine the
relative severity of different kinds of toil； for all our crude attempts to
determine the relative strain on different persons of the same kind of toil；
yet not only will the ratio； dealing； as it does； with our subjective feelings；
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〃The Altruist in Politics〃
be a blundering one； but a system based upon it will involve inequalities
greater； because more insidious； than those of the present system it would
discard。
Instances； indeed； are not wanting to substantiate the claim that
communism； by unduly exalting our altruistic impulses； proceeds upon a
false psychological basis。 Yet if an instance is to be chosen； it would be
hard to find one more suggestive than that afforded by the efforts of
Robert Owen。 The year 1824 saw the rise of Owen's little community of
New Harmony； and the year of 1828 saw the community's final disruption。
Individuals had appropriated to themselves the property designed for all；
and even Owen； who had given to the enterprise his money and his life；
was obliged to admit that men were not yet fitted for the communistic
stage； and that the moment of transition from individualism to
communism had not yet arrived。 Men trained under the old system； with
its eager rivalry； its selfish interests； could not quite yet enter into the spirit
of self… renunciation that communism demands。 And Owen； therefore；
was led to put his trust in education as the great moulder of the minds of
men。 Through this agency； he hoped； the eager rivalry； the selfish
interests； the sordid love of gain； might be lost in higher； purer； more
disinterested ends； and； animated by that hope…the hope that in the fullness
of time another New Harmony； free from contention and the
disappointments of the old one； might serve to immortalize his name…
animated by that hope； Owen passed the last thirty years of his life； and
with that hope still before his eyes he died。
But years now have passed since Owen lived； the second New
Harmony has not yet been seen； the so…called rational system of education
has not yet transformed the impulses or the aims of men； and the
communist of today； with a history of two thousand years of failure behind
him； in the same pathetic confidence still looks for the realization of his
dreams to the communism of the future。
And yet； granting that communism were practicable； granting that
Owen's hopes had some prospect of fulfillment； the doctrine still embodies
evils that must make it forever inexpedient。 The readers of Mr。 Matthew
Arnold's works must have noticed the emphasis with which he dwells on
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〃The Altruist in Politics〃
the instinct of expansion as a factor in human progress。 It is the
refutation alike of communism and socialism that they thwart the instinct
of expansion； that they substitute for individual energy the energy of the
government； that they substitute for human personality the blind；
mechanical power of the State。 The one system； as the other； marks the
end of individualism。 The one system； as the other； would make each
man the image of his neighbor。 The one system； as the other； would hold
back the progressive； and； by uniformity of reward； gain uniformity of
type。
I can look forward to no blissful prospect for a race of men that； under
the dominion of the State； at the cost of all freedom of action； at the cost；
indeed； of their own true selves； shall enjoy； if one will； a fair abundance
of the material blessings of life。 Some Matthew Arnold of the future
would inevitably say of them in phase like that applied to the Puritans of
old： 〃They entered the prison of socialism and had the key turned upon
their spirit there for hundreds of years。〃 Into that prison of socialism；
with broken enterprise and broken energy； as serfs under the mastery of
the State； while human personality is preferred to unreasoning mechanism；
mankind must hesitate to step。 When they shall once have entered within
it； when the key shall have been turned upon their spirit and have confined
them in narrower straits than even Puritanism could have done； it will be
left for them to find； in their blind obedience and passive submissi
