industrial biography-第33章

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mile　distant　from　the　blowing…engine；　which　was　found　not　to　work　so

well　as　others　which　were　situated　close　to　it。　　The　circumstances　of

the　case　led　Mr。　Neilson　to　form　the　opinion　that；　as　air　increases

in　volume　according　to　temperature；　if　he　were　to　heat　it　by　passing

it　through　a　red…hot　vessel；　its　volume　would　be　increased；　according

to　the　well…known　law；　and　the　blast　might　thus　be　enabled　to　do　more

duty　in　the　distant　furnace。　　He　proceeded　to　make　a　series　of

experiments　at　the　Gas…works；　trying　the　effect　of　heated　air　on　the

illuminating　power　of　gas；　by　bringing　up　a　stream　of　it　in　a　tube　so

as　to　surround　the　gas…burner。　　He　found　that　by　this　means　the

combustion　of　the　gas　was　rendered　more　intense；　and　its　illuminating

power　greatly　increased。　　He　proceeded　to　try　a　similar　experiment　on

a　common　smith's　fire；　by　blowing　the　fire　with　heated　air；　and　the

effect　was　the　same；　the　fire　was　much　more　brilliant；　and

accompanied　by　an　unusually　intense　degree　of　heat。



Having　obtained　such　marked　results　by　these　small　experiments；　it

naturally　occurred　to　him　that　a　similar　increase　in　intensity　of

combustion　and　temperature　would　attend　the　application　of　the

process　to　the　blast…furnace　on　a　large　scale；　but　being　only　a

gas…maker；　he　had　the　greatest　difficulty　in　persuading　any

ironmaster　to　permit　him　to　make　the　necessary　experiment's　with

blast…furnaces　actually　at　work。　　Besides；　his　theory　was　altogether

at　variance　with　the　established　practice；　which　was　to　supply　air　as

cold　as　possible；　the　prevailing　idea　being　that　the　coldness　of　the

air　in　winter　was　the　cause　of　the　best　iron　being　then　produced。

Acting　on　these　views；　the　efforts　of　the　ironmasters　had　always　been

directed　to　the　cooling　of　the　blast；　and　various　expedients　were

devised　for　the　purpose。　　Thus　the　regulator　was　painted　white；　as

being　the　coolest　colour；　the　air　was　passed　over　cold　water；　and　in

some　cases　the　air　pipes　were　even　surrounded　by　ice；　all　with　the

object　of　keeping　the　blast　cold。　　When；　therefore；　Mr。　Neilson

proposed　entirely　to　reverse　the　process；　and　to　employ　hot　instead

of　cold　blast；　the　incredulity　of　the　ironmasters　may　well　be

imagined。　　What！　　Neilson；　a　mere　maker　of　gas；　undertake　to　instruct

practical　men　in　the　manufacture　of　iron！　　And　to　suppose　that　heated

air　can　be　used　for　the　purpose！　　It　was　presumption　in　the　extreme；

or　at　best　the　mere　visionary　idea　of　a　person　altogether

unacquainted　with　the　subject！



At　length；　however；　Mr。　Neilson　succeeded　in　inducing　Mr。　Charles

Macintosh　of　Crossbasket；　and　Mr。　Colin　Dunlop　of　the　Clyde　Iron

Works；　to　allow　him　to　make　a　trial　of　the　hot　air　process。　　In　the

first　imperfect　attempts　the　air　was　heated　to　little　more　than　80

degrees　Fahrenheit；　yet　the　results　were　satisfactory；　and　the

scoriae　from　the　furnace　evidently　contained　less　iron。　　He　was

therefore　desirous　of　trying　his　plan　upon　a　more　extensive　scale；

with　the　object；　if　possible；　of　thoroughly　establishing　the

soundness　of　his　principle。　　In　this　he　was　a　good　deal　hampered　even

by　those　ironmasters　who　were　his　friends；　and　had　promised　him　the

requisite　opportunities　for　making　a　fair　trial　of　the　new　process。

They　strongly　objected　to　his　making　the　necessary　alterations　in　the

furnaces；　and　he　seemed　to　be　as　far　from　a　satisfactory　experiment

as　ever。　　In　one　instance；　where　he　had　so　far　succeeded　as　to　be

allowed　to　heat　the　blast…main；　he　asked　permission　to　introduce

deflecting　plates　in　the　main　or　to　put　a　bend　in　the　pipe；　so　as　to

bring　the　blast　more　closely　against　the　heated　sides　of　the　pipe；

and　also　increase　the　area　of　heating　surface；　in　order　to　raise　the

temperature　to　a　higher　point；　but　this　was　refused；　and　it　was　said

that　if　even　a　bend　were　put　in　the　pipe　the　furnace　would　stop

working。　　These　prejudices　proved　a　serious　difficulty　in　the　way　of

our　inventor；　and　several　more　years　passed　before　he　was　allowed　to

put　a　bend　in　the　blast…main。　　After　many　years　of　perseverance；　he

was；　however；　at　length　enabled　to　work　out　his　plan　into　a　definite

shape　at　the　Clyde　Iron　Works；　and　its　practical　value　was　at　once

admitted。　　At　the　meeting　of　the　Mechanical　Engineers'　Society　held　in

May；　1859；　Mr。　Neilson　explained　that　his　invention　consisted　solely

in　the　principle　of　heating　the　blast　between　the　engine　and　the

furnace；　and　was　not　associated　with　any　particular　construction　of

the　intermediate　heating　apparatus。　　This；　he　said；　was　the　cause　of

its　success；　and　in　some　respects　it　resembled　the　invention　of　his

countryman；　James　Watt；　who；　in　connection　with　the　steam…engine；

invented　the　plan　of　condensing　the　steam　in　a　separate　vessel；　and

was　successful　in　maintaining　his　invention　by　not　limiting　it　to　any

particular　construction　of　the　condenser。　　On　the　same　occasion　he

took　the　opportunity　of　acknowledging　the　firmness　with　which　the

English　ironmasters　had　stood　by　him　when　attempts　were　made　to

deprive　him　of　the　benefits　of　his　invention；　and　to　them　he

acknowledged　he　was　mainly　indebted　for　the　successful　issue　of　the

severe　contests　he　had　to　undergo。　　For　there　were；　of　course；　certain

of　the　ironmasters；　both　English　and　Scotch；　supporters　of　the　cause

of　free　trade　in　others'　inventions；　who　sought　to　resist　the　patent；

after　it　had　come　into　general　use；　and　had　been　recognised　as　one　of

the　most　valuable　improvements　of　modem　times。*

　＇footnote。。。

Mr。　Mushet　described　it　as　〃a　wonderful　discovery；〃　and　one　of　the

〃most　novel　and　beautiful　improvements　in　his　time。〃　　Professor

Gregory　of　Aberdeen　characterized　it　as　〃the　greatest　improvement

with　which　he　was　acquainted。〃　　Mr。　Jessop；　an　extensive　English　iron

manufacturer；　declared　it　to　be　〃of　as　great　advantage　in　the　iron

trade　as　Arkwright's　machinery　was　in　the　cotton…spinning　trade；　and

Mr。　Fairbairn；　in　his　contribution　on　〃Iron〃　in　the　Encyclopaedia

Britannica；　says　that　it　〃has　effected　an　entire　revolution　in　the

iron　industry　of　Great　Britain；　and　forms　the　last　era　in　the　history

of　this　material。〃

　。。。＇



The　patent　was　secured　in　1828　for　a　term　of　fourteen　years；　but；　as

Mr。　Neilson　did　not　himself　possess　the　requisite　capital　to　enable

him　to　perfect　the　invention；　or　to　defend　it　if　attacked；　he　found

it　necessary　to　invite　other　gentlemen；　able　to　support　him　in　these

respects；　to　share　its　profits；　retaining　for　himself　only

three…tenths　of　the　whole。　　His　partners　were　Mr。　Charles　Macintosh；

Mr。　Colin　Dunlop；　and　Mr。John　Wilson　of　Dundyvan。　　The　charge　made　by

them　was　only　a　shilling　a　ton　for　all　iron　produced　by　the　new

process；　this　low　rate　being　fixed　in　order　to　ensure　the

introduction　of　the　patent　into　general　use；　as　well　as　to　reduce　to

a　minimum　the　temptations　of　the　ironmasters　to　infringe　it。



The　first　trials　of　the　process　were　made　at　the　blast…furnaces　of

Clyde　and　Calder；　from　whence　the　use　of　the　hot　blast　gradually

extended　to　the　other　iron…mining　districts。　　In　the　course　of　a　few

years　every　furnace　in　Scotland；　with　one　exception　（that　at　Carron）；

had　adopted　the　improvement；　while　it　was　also　employed　in　half　the

furnaces　of　England　and　Wales；　and　in　many　of　the　furnaces　on　the

Continent　and　in　America。　　In　course　of　time；　and　with　increasing

experience；　various　improvements　were　introduced　in　the　process；　more

particularly　in　the　shape　of　the　air…heating　vessels；　the　last　form

adopted　being　that　of　a　congeries　of　tubes；　similar　to　the　tubular

arrangement　in　the　boiler　of　the　locomotive；　by　which　the　greatest

extent　of　heating　surface　was　provided　for　the　thorough　heating　of

the　air。　　By　these　modifications　the　temperature　of　the　air　introduced

into　the　furnace　has　been　raised　from　240　degrees　to　600　degrees；　or

the　temperature　of　melting　lead。　　To　protect　the　nozzle　of　the

air…pipe　as　it　entered　the　furnace　against　the　action　of　the　intense

heat　to　which　it　was　subjected；　a　spiral　pipe　for　a　stream　of　cold

water　constantly　to　play　in　has　been　introduced　within　the　sides　of

the　iron　tuyere　through　which　the　nozzle　passes；　by　which　means　the

tuyere　is　kept　comparatively　cool；　while　the　nozzle　of　the　air…pipe

is　effectually　protected。*

　＇footnote。。。

The　invention　of　the　tubular　air…vessels　and　the　water…tuyere

belongs；　we　believe；　to　Mr。　John　Condie；　sometime　manager　of　the

Blair　Iron　Works。

　。。。＇



This　valuable　invention　did　not　escape　the　usual　fate　of　successful

patents；　and　it　was　on　several　occasions　the　subject　of　protracted

litigation。　　The　first　action　occurred　in　1832；　but　the　objectors

shortly　gave　in；　and　renewed　their　licence。　　In　1839；　when　the　process

had　become　generally　adopted　throughout　Scotland；　and；　indeed；　was

found　absolutely　essential　for　smelting　the　peculiar　ores　of　that

countrymore　especially　Mushet's　Black　Banda　powerful　combination

was　formed　amongst　the　ironmasters　to　resist　the　patent。　　The

litigation　which　ensued　extended　over　five　years；　during　which　period

some　twenty　actions　were　proceeding　in　Scotland；　and　several　in

England。　　Three　juries　sat　upon　the　subject　at　different　times；　and　on

three　occasions　appeals　were　carried　to　the　House　of　Lords。　　One　jury

trial　occupied　ten　days；　during　which　a　hundred　and　two　witnesses

were　examined；　the　law　costs　on　both　sides　amounting；　it　is　supposed；

to　at　least　40；000L。　　The　result　was；　that　the　novelty　and　merit　of

Mr。　Neilson's　invention　were　finally　established；　and　he　was　secured

in　the　enjoyment　of　the　patent　right。



We　are　gratified　to　add；　that；　though　Mr。　Neilson　had　to　part　with

two…thirds　of　the　profits　of　the　invention　to　secure　the　capital　and

influence　necessary　to　bring　it　into　general　use；　he　realized

sufficient　to　enable　him　to　enjoy　the　evening　of　his　life　in　peace

and　comfort。　　He　retired　from　active　business　to　an　estate　which　he

purchased　in　1851　in　the　Stewartry　of　Kirkcudbright；　where　he　is

found　ready　to　lend　a　hand　in　every　good　workwhether　in

agricultural　improvement；　railway　extension；　or　the　moral　and　social

good　of　those　about　him。　　Mindful　of　the　success　of　his　Workmen's

Institution　at　the　Glasgow　Gas…Works；　he　has；　almost　at　his　own　door；

erected　a　similar　Institution　for　the　use　of　the　parish　in　which　his

property　is　situated；　the　beneficial　effects　of　which　have　been　very

marked　in　the　district。　　We　may　add　that　Mr。　Neilson's　merits　have

been　recognised　by　many　eminent　bodiesby　the　Institution　of　Civil

Engineers；　the　Chemical　Society；　and　othersthe　last　honour

conferred　on　him　being　his　election　as　a　Member　of　the　Royal　Society

in　1846。



The　invention　of　the　hot　blast；　in　conjunction　with　the　discovery　of

the　Black　Band　ironstone；　has　had　an　extra　ordinary　effect　upon　the

development　of　the　iron…manufacture　of　Scotland。　　The　coals　of　that

country　are　generally　unfit　for　coking；　and　lose　as　much　as　55　per

cent。　　in　the　process