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第10章

the ancien regime-第10章

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power; and her right to power; over the mind and heart of man。

Rising from the long degradation of the Middle Ages; which had

really respected her only when unsexed and celibate; the French

woman had assumed; often lawlessly; always triumphantly; her just

freedom; her true place as the equal; the coadjutor; the counsellor

of man。  Of all problems connected with the education of a young

prince; that of the influence of woman was; in the France of the

Ancien Regime; the most important。  And it was just that which

Fenelon did not; perhaps dared not; try to touch; and which he most

certainly could not have solved。  Meanwhile; not only Madame de

Maintenon; but women whose names it were a shame to couple with

hers; must have smiled at; while they hated; the saint who attempted

to dispense not only with them; but with the ideal queen who should

have been the helpmeet of the ideal king。



To those who believe that the world is governed by a living God; it

may seem strange; at first sight; that this moral anarchy was

allowed to endure; that the avenging; and yet most purifying storm

of the French Revolution; inevitable from Louis XIV。's latter years;

was not allowed to burst two generations sooner than it did。  Is not

the answerthat the question always is not of destroying the world;

but of amending it?  And that amendment must always come from

within; and not from without?  That men must be taught to become

men; and mend their world themselves?  To educate men into self…

governmentthat is the purpose of the government of God; and some

of the men of the eighteenth century did not learn that lesson。  As

the century rolled on; the human mind arose out of the slough in

which Le Sage found it; into manifold and beautiful activity;

increasing hatred of shams and lies; increasing hunger after truth

and usefulness。  With mistakes and confusions innumerable they

worked:  but still they worked; planting good seed; and when the

fire of the French Revolution swept over the land; it burned up the

rotten and the withered; only to let the fresh herbage spring up

from underneath。



But that purifying fire was needed。  If we inquire why the many

attempts to reform the Ancien Regime; which the eighteenth century

witnessed; were failures one and all; why Pombal failed in Portugal;

Aranda in Spain; Joseph II。 in Austria; Ferdinand and Caroline in

Naplesfor these last; be it always remembered; began as humane and

enlightened sovereigns; patronising liberal opinions; and labouring

to ameliorate the condition of the poor; till they were driven by

the murder of Marie Antoinette into a paroxysm of rage and terror

why; above all; Louis XVI。; who attempted deeper and wiser reforms

than any other sovereign; failed more disastrously than anyis not

the answer this; that all these reforms would but have cleansed the

outside of the cup and the platter; while they left the inside full

of extortion and excess?  It was not merely institutions which

required to be reformed; but men and women。  The spirit of 〃Gil

Blas〃 had to be cast out。  The deadness; selfishness; isolation of

men's souls; their unbelief in great duties; great common causes;

great self…sacrificesin a word; their unbelief in God; and

themselves; and mankindall that had to be reformed; and till that

was done all outward reform would but have left them; at best; in

brute ease and peace; to that soulless degradation; which (as in the

Byzantine empire of old; and seeming in the Chinese empire of to…

day) hides the reality of barbarism under a varnish of civilisation。

Men had to be awakened; to be taught to think for themselves; act

for themselves; to dare and suffer side by side for their country

and for their children; in a word; to arise and become men once

more。



And; what is more; men had to punishto avenge。  Those are fearful

words。  But there is; in this God…guided universe; a law of

retribution; which will find men out; whether men choose to find it

out or not; a law of retribution; of vengeance inflicted justly;

though not necessarily by just men。  The public executioner was

seldom a very estimable personage; at least under the old Regime;

and those who have been the scourges of God have been; in general;

mere scourges; and nothing better; smiting blindly; rashly;

confusedly; confounding too often the innocent with the guilty; till

they have seemed only to punish crime by crime; and replace old sins

by new。  But; however insoluble; however saddening that puzzle be; I

must believeas long as I believe in any God at allthat such men

as Robespierre were His instruments; even in their crimes。



In the case of the French Revolution; indeed; the wickedness of

certain of its leaders was part of the retribution itself。  For the

noblesse existed surely to make men better。  It did; by certain

classes; the very opposite。  Therefore it was destroyed by wicked

men; whom it itself had made wicked。  For over and above all

political; economic; social wrongs; there were wrongs personal;

human; dramatic; which stirred not merely the springs of

covetousness or envy; or even of a just demand for the freedom of

labour and enterprise:  but the very deepest springs of rage;

contempt; and hate; wrongs which caused; as I believe; the horrors

of the Revolution。



It is notorious how many of the men most deeply implicated in those

horrors were of the artist classby which I signify not merely

painters and sculptorsas the word artist has now got; somewhat

strangely; to signify; at least in Englandbut what the French

meant by ARTISTESproducers of luxuries and amusements; play…

actors; musicians; and suchlike; down to that 〃distracted peruke…

maker with two fiery torches;〃 who; at the storm of the Bastile;

〃was for burning the saltpetres of the Arsenal; had not a woman run

screaming; had not a patriot; with some tincture of natural

philosophy; instantly struck the wind out of him; with butt of

musket on pit of stomach; overturned the barrels; and stayed the

devouring element。〃  The distracted peruke…maker may have had his

wrongsperhaps such a one as that of poor Triboulet the fool; in

〃Le Roi s'amuse〃and his own sound reasons for blowing down the

Bastile; and the system which kept it up。



For these very ministers of luxurythen miscalled artfrom the

periwig…maker to the play…actorwho like them had seen the

frivolity; the baseness; the profligacy; of the rulers to whose

vices they pandered; whom they despised while they adored!  Figaro

himself may have looked up to his master the Marquis as a superior

being as long as the law enabled the Marquis to send him to the

Bastile by a lettre de cachet; yet Figaro may have known and seen

enough to excuse him; when lettres de cachet were abolished; for

handing the Marquis over to a Comite de Salut Public。  Disappointed

play…actors; like Collet d'Herbois; disappointed poets; like Fabre

d'Olivet; were; they say; especially ferocious。  Why not?

Ingenious; sensitive spirits; used as lap…dogs and singing…birds by

men and women whom they felt to be their own flesh and blood; they

had; it may be; a juster appreciation of the actual worth of their

patrons than had our own Pitt and Burke。  They had played the valet:

and no man was a hero to them。  They had seen the nobleman expose

himself before his own helots:  they would try if the helot was not

as good as the nobleman。  The nobleman had played the mountebank:

why should not the mountebank; for once; play the nobleman?  The

nobleman's God had been his five senses; with (to use Mr。 Carlyle's

phrase) the sixth sense of vanity:  why should not the mountebank

worship the same God; like Carriere at Nantes; and see what grace

and gifts he too might obtain at that altar?



But why so cruel?  Because; with many of these men; I more than

suspect; there were wrongs to be avenged deeper than any wrongs done

to the sixth sense of vanity。  Wrongs common to them; and to a great

portion of the respectable middle class; and much of the lower

class:  but wrongs to which they and their families; being most in

contact with the noblesse; would be especially exposed; namely;

wrongs to women。



Everyone who knows the literature of that time; must know what I

mean:  what had gone on for more than a century; it may be more than

two; in France; in Italy; andI am sorry to have to say itGermany

likewise。  All historians know what I mean; and how enormous was the

evil。  I only wonder that they have so much overlooked that item in

the causes of the Revolution。  It seems to me to have been more

patent and potent in the sight of men; as it surely was in the sight

of Almighty God; than all the political and economic wrongs put

together。  They might have issued in a change of dynasty or of laws。

That; issued in the blood of the offenders。  Not a girl was enticed

into Louis XV。's Petit Trianon; or other den of aristocratic

iniquity; but left behind her; parents nursing shame and sullen

indignation; even while they fingered the ill…gotten price of their

daughter's honour; and left behind also; perhaps; some unhappy boy

of her own class; in whom disappointment and jealousy were

transformedand who will blame him?into righteous indignation;

and a very sword of God; all the more indignant; and all the more

righteous; if education helped him to see; that the maiden's

acquiescence; her pride in her own shame; was the ugliest feature in

the whole crime; and the most potent reason for putting an end;

however fearful; to a state of things in which such a fate was

thought an honour and a gain; and not a disgrace and a ruin; in

which the most gifted daughters of the lower classes had learnt to

think it more noble to becomethat which they becamethan the

wives of honest men。



If you will read fairly the literature of the Ancien Regime; whether

in France or elsewhere; you will see that my facts are true。  If you

have human hearts in you; you will see in them; it seems to me; an

explanation of many a guillotinade and fusillade; as yet explained

only on the ground of madnessan hypothesis which (as we do not yet

in the least understand what madness is) is no explanation at all。



An age of decay; incoherence; and makeshift; varnish and gilding

upon worm…eaten furniture; and mouldering wainscot; was that same

Ancien Regime。  And for that very reason a picturesque age; like one

of its own landscapes。  A picturesque bit of uncultivated mountain;

swarming with the prince's game; a picturesque old robber schloss

above; now in ruins; and below; perhaps; the picturesque new

schloss; with its French fountains and gardens; French nymphs of

marble; and of flesh and blood likewise; which the prince has

partially paid for; by selling a few hundred young men to the

English to fight the Yankees。  The river; too; is picturesque; for

the old bridge has not been repaired since it was blown up in the

Seven Years'

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