list2-第16章

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！



influence　in　all　the　barbarous　and　half…civilised　countries　of



Central　and　South　America；　of　Asia　and　Africa；　in　order　that



powerful　and　civilised　governments　may　be　formed　in　them；　that



security　of　persons　and　of　property　may　be　introduced　into　them；



for　the　construction　in　them　of　roads　and　canals；　the　promotion　of



education　and　civilisation；　morality　and　industry；　and　for　rooting



out　fanaticism；　superstition；　and　idleness。　If　concurrently　with



these　endeavours　she　abolishes　her　restrictions　on　the　importation



of　provisions　and　raw　materials；　she　will　increase　her　exports　of



manufactures　immensely；　and　much　more　successfully　than　by



continually　speculating　on　the　ruin　of　the　Continental



manufactories。



　　　　If；　however；　these　operations　of　civilisation　on　the　part　of



England　are　to　be　successful　as　respects　barbarous　and



half…civilised　nations；　she　must　not　act　in　an　exclusive　manner；



she　must　not　endeavour　by　special　commercial　privileges；　such　as；



for　instance；　she　has　managed　to　procure　in　Brazil；　to　monopolise



these　markets；　and　to　shut　out　other　nations　from　them。　Such　a



policy　as　the　latter　will　always　excite　the　just　jealousy　of　other



nations；　and　give　them　a　motive　for　opposing　the　exertions　of



England。　It　is　evident　that　this　selfish　policy　is　the　cause　why



the　influence　of　the　civilised　powers　on　the　civilisation　of　such



countries　as　we　have　specified　has　been　hitherto　so　unimportant。



England　ought　therefore　to　introduce　into　the　law　of　nations　the



maxim：　that　in　all　such　countries　the　commerce　of　all　manufacturing



nations　should　have　equal　rights。　England　would　thereby　not　merely



secure　the　aid　of　all　civilised　powers　in　her　own　work　of



civilisation；　but　also　no　disadvantage　would　result　to　her　own



commerce　if　similar　experiments　of　civilisation　were　undertaken　by



other　manufacturing　nations。　On　account　of　their　superiority　in　all



branches　of　manufacture　and　commerce；　the　English　would　everywhere



always　obtain　the　greatest　share　of　the　exports　to　such　markets。



　　　　The　striving　and　ceaseless　intrigues　of　the　English　against　the



manufactures　of　other　nations　might　still　be　justified；　if　a



world…manufacturing　monopoly　were　indispensable　for　the　prosperity



of　England；　if　it　could　not　be　proved　by　evidence　that　the　nations



which　aspire；　after　the　example　of　England；　to　attain　to　a　large



manufacturing　power　can　very　well　attain　their　object　without　the



humiliation　of　England；　that　England　need　not　become　poorer　than



she　is　because　others　become　richer；　and　that　nature　offers



sufficient　means　for　the　creation　in　Germany；　France；　and　North



America　（without　detriment　to　the　prosperity　of　England）；　of　a



manufacturing　power　equal　to　that　of　the　English。



　　　　With　regard　to　this；　it　must　further　be　remarked；　that　every



nation　which　gains　entire　possession　of　its　own　home　market　for



manufactures；　gains　in　the　course　of　time；　by　its　home　production



and　consumption　of　manufactured　goods；　infinitely　more　than　the



nation　which　has　hitherto　provided　the　former　with　manufactured



goods　loses　by　being　excluded；　because　a　nation　which　manufactures



for　itself；　and　which　is　perfectly　developed　in　its　economical



conditions；　becomes　more　than　proportionately　richer　and　more



populous；　consequently　is　enabled　to　consume　infinitely　more



fabrics；　than　it　could　import　while　depending　on　a　foreign



manufacturing　nation　for　its　supply。



　　　　As　respects　the　exportation　of　manufactured　goods；　however；　the



countries　of　the　temperate　zone　（being　specially　fitted　By　nature



for　manufacturing）　have　a　special　field　for　their　efforts　in



supplying　the　consumption　of　the　countries　of　the　torrid　zone；



which　latter　provide　the　former　with　colonial　produce　in　exchange



for　their　manufactured　goods。　The　consumption　of　manufactured　goods



by　the　countries　of　the　torrid　zone；　however；　is　partly　determined



by　their　ability　to　produce　a　surplus　of　the　articles　peculiar　to



their　climate；　and　partly　according　to　the　proportion　in　which　the



countries　of　the　temperate　zone　augment　their　demand　for　the



products　of　the　torrid　zone。



　　　　If　it　can　now　be　proved；　that　in　the　course　of　time　the



countries　of　the　torrid　zone　can　produce　sugar；　rice；　cotton；



coffee；　&c。　to　an　extent　five　or　ten　times　greater　than　hitherto；



and　that　the　countries　of　the　temperate　zone　can　consume　five　or



ten　times　more　of　these　articles　than　hitherto；　it　will　be



simultaneously　proved　that　the　countries　of　the　temperate　zone　can



increase　their　exportation　of　manufactured　goods　to　the　countries



of　the　torrid　zone　by　from　five　to　ten　times　their　present　total



quantity。



　　　　The　capability　of　the　Continental　nations　to　increase　their



consumption　of　colonial　produce　thus　considerably；　is　indicated　by



the　increase　of　consumption　in　England　for　the　last　fifty　years；　in



reference　to　which　it　must　further　be　borne　in　mind；　that　that



increase　would　probably　have　become　very　much　greater　still　were　it



not　for　the　excessive　taxes　on　consumption。



　　　　Of　the　possibility　of　augmenting　the　productions　of　the　torrid



zone；　Holland　in　Sumatra　and　Java；　and　England　in　the　East　Indies；



have　given　us　during　the　last　five　years　irrefragable　proofs。



England　has　quadrupled　her　importation　of　sugar　from　the　East



Indies　from　1835　to　1839；　her　importation　of　coffee　has　increased



even　in　a　still　larger　proportion；　while　the　importation　of　East



India　cotton　is　also　greatly　increasing。　In　one　word；　the　latest



English　papers　（February；　1840）　announced　with　great　rejoicing　that



the　capability　of　the　East　Indies　for　the　production　of　these



articles　is　unlimited；　and　that　the　time　is　not　far　distant　when



England　will　make　herself　independent　of　the　importation　of　these



articles　from　America　and　the　West　Indies。　Holland　on　her　part　is



already　embarrassed　for　means　of　sale　of　her　colonial　products；　and



seeks　actively　for　new　markets。　Let　us　further　remember　that　North



America　continues　to　augment　her　cotton　production　　that　in　Texas



a　State　has　risen　up　which　without　doubt　will　become　possessed　of



the　whole　of　Mexico；　and　will　make　out　of　that　fertile　country　a



territory　such　as　the　Southern　States　of　the　North　American　Union



now　are。　We　may　well　imagine　that　order　and　law；　industry　and



intelligence；　will　extend　themselves　gradually　over　the　South



American　States　from　Panama　to　Cape　Horn；　then　over　the　whole　of



Africa　and　Asia；　and　augment　everywhere　production　and　a　surplus　of



products；　and　we　may　then　comprehend　without　difficulty　that　here



there　is　room　enough　for　more　than　one　nation　for　the　sale　of



manufactured　goods。



　　　　By　calculating　the　area　of　the　land　which　has　up　to　this　time



been　actually　used　for　the　production　of　colonial　produce；　and



comparing　it　with　the　entire　area　which　is　fitted　By　nature　for



such　production；　we　shall　find　that　at　present　scarcely　the



fiftieth　part　of　the　land　fitted　for　this　production　is　actually



used。



　　　　How；　then；　could　England　be　able　to　monopolise　the



manufacturing　markets　of　all　countries　which　yield　colonial



produce；　if　she　is　able　to　supply　her　own　entire　requirements　of



such　produce　by　means　of　importation　from　the　East　Indies　alone？



How　can　England　indulge　the　hope　of　selling　manufactured　goods　to



countries　whose　colonial　products　she　cannot　take　in　exchange？　Or



how　can　a　great　demand　for　colonial　produce　spring　up　in　the



continent　of　Europe；　if　the　Continent　is　not　enabled　by　its



manufacturing　production　to　pay　for；　and　thus　to　consume；　these



goods？



　　　　It　is　therefore　evident；　that　keeping　down　the　manufacturing



industry　of　the　Continent；　though　it　certainly　hinders　the　progress



of　the　Continental　nations；　does　not　in　the　least　further　the



prosperity　of　England。



　　　　It　is　further　clear；　that；　at　present；　as　well　as　for　some　long



time　to　come；　the　countries　of　the　torrid　zone　will　offer　to　all



nations　which　are　fitted　for　manufacturing　production　abundant



materials　for　exchange。



　　　　Lastly；　it　is　evident　that　a　world…manufacturing　monopoly　such



as　is　at　present　established　by　the　free　competition　of　English



manufactured　goods　on　the　European　and　American　continents　is　not



in　the　least　more　conducive　to　the　welfare　of　the　human　race　than



the　system　of　protection；　which　aims　at　developing　the



manufacturing　power　of　the　whole　temperate　zone；　for　the　benefit　of



the　agriculture　of　the　whole　torrid　zone。



　　　　The　advance　which　England　has　made　in　manufactures；　navigation；



and　commerce；　need　therefore　not　discourage　any　other　nation　which



is　fitted　for　manufacturing　production；　by　the　possession　of



suitable　territory；　of　national　power　and　intelligence；　from



entering　into　the　lists　with　England's　manufacturing　supremacy。　A



future　is　approaching　for　manufactures；　commerce；　and　navigation



which　will　surpass　the　present　as　much　as　the　present　surpasses　the



past。　Let　us　only　have　the　courage　to　believe　in　a　great　national



future；　and　in　that　belief　to　march　onward。　But　above　all　things　we



must　have　enough　national　spirit　at　once　to　plant　and　protect　the



tree；　which　will　yield　its　first　richest　fruits　only　to　future



generations。　We　must　first　gain　possession　of　the　home　market　of



our　own　nation；　at　least　as　respects　articles　of　general　necessity；



and　try　to　procure　the　products　of　tropical　countries　direct　from



those　countries　which　allow　us　to　pay　for　them　with　our　own



manufactured　goods。　This　is　especially　the　task　which　the　German



commercial　union　has　to　solve；　if　the　German　nation　is　not　to



remain　far　behind　the　French　and　North　Americans；　nay；　far　behind



even　the　Russians。







NOTES：











1。　Vide　Wealth　of　Nations；　Book　IV。　chap。　ii。　（TR。）







Chapter　16







Popular　and　State　Financial　Administration；　Political　and　National



Economy







　　　　That　which　has　reference　to　the　raising；　the　expending；　and　the



administration　of　the　material　means　of　government　of　a　community



（the　financial　economy　of　the　State）；　must　necessarily　be



distinguished　everywhere　from　those　institutions；　regulations；



laws；　and　conditions　on　which　the　economy　of　the　individual



subjects　of　a　State　is　dependent；　and　by　which　it　is　regulated；



i。e。　from　the　economy　of　the　people。　The　necessity　for　this



distinction　is　apparent　in　reference　to　all　political　communities；



whet