list2-第8章

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is　clear　that　its　labour　and　its　land　cannot　be　nearly　so



productive　as　if　every　separate　district　were　devoted　mainly　to



those　branches　of　production　for　which　it　is　specially　adapted　by



nature；　and　as　if　it　exchanged　the　surplus　of　its　own　special



products　for　the　surplus　produce　of　those　provinces　which　in　the



production　of　other　necessaries　of　life　and　raw　materials　possess



a　natural　advantage　equally　peculiar　to　themselves。　This　division



of　commercial　operations；　this　confederation　of　the　productive



forces　occupied　in　agriculture；　can　only　take　place　in　a　country



which　has　attained　the　greatest　development　of　all　branches　of



manufacturing　industry；　for　in　such　a　country　only　can　a　great



demand　for　the　greatest　variety　of　products　exist；　or　the　demand



for　the　surplus　of　agricultural　productions　be　so　certain　and



considerable　that　the　producer　can　feel　certain　of　disposing　of　any



quantity　of　his　surplus　produce　during　this　or　at　least　during　next



year　at　suitable　prices；　in　such　a　country　only　can　considerable



capital　be　devoted　to　speculation　in　the　produce　of　the　country　and



holding　stocks　of　it；　or　great　improvements　in　transport；　such　as



canals　and　railway　systems；　lines　of　steamers；　improved　roads；　be



carried　out　profitably；　and　only　by　means　of　thoroughly　good　means



of　transport　can　every　district　or　province　convey　the　surplus　of



its　peculiar　products　to　all　other　provinces；　even　to　the　most



distant　ones；　and　procure　in　return　supplies　of　the　peculiar



products　of　the　latter。　Where　everybody　supplies　himself　with　what



he　requires；　there　is　but　little　opportunity　for　exchange；　and



therefore　no　need　for　costly　facilities　of　transport。



　　　　We　may　notice　how　the　augmentation　of　the　powers　of　production



in　consequence　of　the　separation　of　occupations　and　the



co…operation　of　the　powers　of　individuals　begins　in　the　separate



manufactory　and　extends　to　the　united　nation。　The　manufactory



prospers　so　much　the　more　in　proportion　as　the　commercial



operations　are　divided；　the　more　closely　the　workmen　are　united；



and　the　more　the　co…operation　of　each　person　is　insured　for　the



whole。　The　productive　powers　of　every　separate　manufactory　are　also



increased　in　proportion　as　the　whole　manufacturing　power　of　the



country　is　developed　in　all　its　branches；　and　the　more　intimately



it　is　united　with　all　other　branches　of　industry。　The　agricultural



power　of　production　is　so　much　greater　the　more　intimately　a



manufacturing　power　developed　in　all　its　branches　is　united



locally；　commercially；　and　politically　with　agriculture。　In



proportion　as　the　manufacturing　power　is　thus　developed　will　the



division　of　the　commercial　operations　and　the　co…operation　of　the



productive　powers　in　agriculture　also　develop　themselves　and　be



raised　to　the　highest　stage　of　perfection。　That　nation　will



therefore　possess　most　productive　power；　and　will　consequently　be



the　richest；　which　has　cultivated　manufacturing　industry　in　all



branches　within　its　territory　to　the　highest　perfection；　and　whose



territory　and　agricultural　production　is　large　enough　to　supply　its



manufacturing　population　with　the　largest　part　of　the　necessaries



of　life　and　raw　materials　which　they　require。



　　　　Let　us　now　consider　the　opposite　side　of　this　argument。　A



nation　which　possesses　merely　agriculture；　and　merely　the　most



indispensable　industries；　is　in　want　of　the　first　and　most



necessary　division　of　commercial　operations　among　its　inhabitants；



and　of　the　most　important　half　of　its　productive　powers；　indeed　it



is　in　want　of　a　useful　division　of　commercial　operations　even　in



the　separate　branches　of　agriculture　itself。　A　nation　thus



imperfect　will　not　only　be　merely　half　as　productive　as　a　perfect



nation；　but　with　an　equal　or　even　with　a　much　larger　territory；



with　an　equal　or　a　much　larger　population；　it　will　perhaps　scarcely



obtain　a　fifth；　probably　scarcely　a　tenth；　part　of　that　material



wealth　which　a　perfect　nation　is　able　to　procure；　and　this　for　the



same　reason　owing　to　which　in　a　very　complicated　manufactory　ten



persons　produce　not　merely　ten　times　more；　but　perhaps　thirty　times



more；　than　one　person；　or　a　man　with　one　arm　cannot　merely　work



half　as　little；　but　infinitely　less；　than　a　man　with　two　arms。　This



loss　in　productive　power　will　be　so　much　greater；　the　more　that　the



manufacturing　operations　can　be　furthered　by　machinery；　and　the



less　that　machinery　can　be　applied　in　agriculture。　A　part　of　the



productive　power　which　the　agricultural　nation　thus　loses；　will



fall　to　the　lot　of　that　nation　which　exchanges　its　manufactured



goods　for　agricultural　products。　This　will；　however；　be　a　positive



loss　only　in　case　the　agricultural　nation　has　already　reached　that



stage　of　civilisation　and　political　development　which　is　necessary



for　the　establishment　of　a　manufacturing　power。　If　it　has　not　yet



attained　that　stage；　and　still　remains　in　a　barbarous　or



half…civilised　state；　if　its　agricultural　power　of　production　has



not　yet　developed　itself　even　from　the　most　primitive　condition；　if



by　the　importation　of　foreign　fabrics　and　the　exportation　of　raw



products　its　prosperity　nevertheless　increases　considerably　from



year　to　year；　and　its　mental　and　social　powers　continue　to　be



awakened　and　increased；　if　such　commerce　as　it　can　thus　carry　on　is



not　interrupted　by　foreign　prohibition　of　importation　of　raw



products；　or　by　wars；　or　if　the　territory　of　the　agricultural



nation　is　situated　in　a　tropical　climate；　the　gain　on　both　sides



will　then　be　equal　and　in　conformity　with　the　laws　of　nature；



because　under　the　influence　of　such　an　exchange　of　the　native



products　for　foreign　fabrics；　a　nation　so　situated　will　attain　to



civilisation　and　development　of　its　productive　powers　more　quickly



and　safely　than　when　it　has　to　develop　them　entirely　out　of　its



resources。　If；　however；　the　agricultural　nation　has　already　reached



the　culminating　point　of　its　agricultural　development；　as　far　as



that　can　be　attained　by　the　influence　of　foreign　commerce；　or　if



the　manufacturing　nation　refuses　to　take　the　products　of　the



agricultural　nation　in　exchange　for　its　manufactured　goods；　and　if



nevertheless；　owing　to　the　successful　competition　of　the



manufacturing　nation　in　the　markets　of　the　agricultural　nation；　no



manufactures　can　spring　up　in　the　latter；　in　such　a　case　the



agricultural　productive　power　of　the　agricultural　nation　is　exposed



to　the　danger　of　being　crippled。



　　　　By　a　crippled　state　of　agriculture　we　mean　that　state　of　things



in　which；　from　want　of　a　powerful　and　steadily　developing



manufacturing　industry；　the　entire　increase　of　population　tends　to



throw　itself　on　agriculture　for　employment；　consumes　all　the



surplus　agricultural　production　of　the　country；　and　as　soon　as　it



has　considerably　increased　either　has　to　emigrate　or　share　with　the



agriculturists　already　in　existence　the　land　immediately　at　hand；



till　the　landed　property　of　every　family　has　become　so　small　that



it　produces　only　the　most　elementary　and　necessary　portion　of　that



family's　requirements　of　food　and　raw　materials；　but　no



considerable　surplus　which　it　might　exchange　with　the　manufacturers



for　the　manufactured　products　which　it　requires。　Under　a　normal



development　of　the　productive　powers　of　the　State；　the　greater　part



of　the　increase　of　population　of　an　agricultural　nation　（as　soon　as



it　has　attained　a　certain　degree　of　culture）　should　transfer　itself



to　manufacturing　industry；　and　the　excess　of　the　agricultural



products　should　partly　serve　for　supplying　the　manufacturing



population　with　provisions　and　raw　materials；　and　partly　for



procuring　for　the　agriculturists　the　manufactured　goods；　machines；



and　utensils　which　they　require　for　their　consumption；　and　for　the



increase　of　their　own　production。



　　　　If　this　state　of　things　sets　in　at　the　proper　time；



agricultural　and　industrial　productive　power　will　increase



reciprocally；　and　indeed　ad　infinitum。　The　demand　for　agricultural



products　on　the　part　of　the　industrial　population　will　be　so　great；



that　no　greater　number　of　labourers　will　be　diverted　to



agriculture；　nor　any　greater　division　of　the　existing　land　be　made；



than　is　necessary　to　obtain　the　greatest　possible　surplus　produce



from　it。　In　proportion　to　this　surplus　produce　the　population



occupied　in　agriculture　will　be　enabled　to　consume　the　products　of



the　workmen　employed　in　manufacturing。　A　continuous　increase　of　the



agricultural　surplus　produce　will　occasion　a　continuous　increase　of



the　demand　for　manufacturing　workmen。　The　excess　of　the



agricultural　population　will　therefore　continually　find　work　in　the



manufactories；　and　the　manufacturing　population　will　at　length　not



only　equal　the　agricultural　population　in　numbers；　but　will　far



exceed　it。　This　latter　is　the　condition　of　England；　that　which　we



formerly　described　is　that　of　part　of　France　and　Germany。　England



was　principally　brought　to　this　natural　division　of　industrial



pursuits　between　the　two　great　branches　of　industry；　by　means　of



her　flocks　of　sheep　and　woollen　manufactures；　which　existed　there



on　a　large　scale　much　sooner　than　in　other　countries。　In　other



countries　agriculture　was　crippled　mainly　by　the　influence　of



feudalism　and　arbitrary　power。　The　possession　of　land　gave



influence　and　power；　merely　because　by　it　a　certain　number　of



retainers　could　be　maintained　which　the　feudal　proprietor　could



make　use　of　in　his　feuds。　The　more　vassals　he　possessed；　so　many



more　warriors　he　could　muster。　It　was　besides　impossible；　owing　to



the　rudeness　of　those　times；　for　the　landed　proprietor　to　consume



his　income　in　any　other　manner　than　by　keeping　a　large　number　of



servants；　and　he　could　not　pay　these　better　and　attach　them　to　his



own　person　more　surely　than　by　giving　them　a　bit　of　land　to



cultivate　under　the　condition　of　rendering　him　personal　service　and



of　paying　a　smaller　tax　in　produce。　Thus　the　foundation　for



excessive　division　of　the　soil　was　laid　in　an　artificial　manner；



and　if　in　the　present　day　the　Government　seeks　by　artificial　means



to　alter　that　system；　in　so　doing　it　is　merely　restoring　the



original　state　of　things。



　　　　In　order　to　restrain　the　continued　depreciation　of　the



agricultural　power　of　a　nation；　and　gradually　to　apply　a　remedy　to



that　evil　in　so　far　as　it　is　the　result　of　previous　institutio