war of the classes(阶级斗争)-第3章
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War of the Classes
workmen to fight will； as usual； largely determine the amount of their
wages or their share in the product。 。 。 But when it comes to dividing the
proceeds； there is the rub。 We can also agree that the larger the product
through the employment of labor…saving methods the better； as there will
be more to be divided； but again the question of the division。 。 。 。 A
Conciliation Committee； having the confidence of the community； and
composed of men possessing practical knowledge of industrial affairs； can
therefore aid in mitigating this antagonism； in preventing avoidable
conflicts； in bringing about a TRUCE； I use the word 'truce' because
understandings can only be temporary。〃
Here is a man who might have owned cattle on a thousand hills； been a
lumber baron or a railroad king； had he been born a few years sooner。 As it
is； he remains in his class； is secretary of the United Garment Workers of
America； and is so thoroughly saturated with the class struggle that he
speaks of the dispute between capital and labor in terms of war；workmen
FIGHT with employers； it is possible to avoid some CONFLICTS； in
certain cases TRUCES may be； for the time being； effected。
Man being man and a great deal short of the angels； the quarrel over
the division of the joint product is irreconcilable。 For the last twenty years
in the United States； there has been an average of over a thousand strikes
per year； and year by year these strikes increase in magnitude； and the
front of the labor army grows more imposing。 And it is a class struggle；
pure and simple。 Labor as a class is fighting with capital as a class。
Workingmen will continue to demand more pay； and employers will
continue to oppose them。 This is the key…note to LAISSEZ FAIRE；
everybody for himself and devil take the hindmost。 It is upon this that the
rampant individualist bases his individualism。 It is the let…alone policy； the
struggle for existence； which strengthens the strong； destroys the weak；
and makes a finer and more capable breed of men。 But the individual has
passed away and the group has come； for better or worse； and the struggle
has become； not a struggle between individuals； but a struggle between
groups。 So the query rises： Has the individualist never speculated upon the
labor group becoming strong enough to destroy the capitalist group； and
take to itself and run for itself the machinery of industry？ And； further； has
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War of the Classes
the individualist never speculated upon this being still a triumphant
expression of individualism；of group individualism；if the confusion of
terms may be permitted？
But the facts of the class struggle are deeper and more significant than
have so far been presented。 A million or so of workmen may organize for
the pursuit of interests which engender class antagonism and strife； and at
the same time be unconscious of what is engendered。 But when a million
or so of workmen show unmistakable signs of being conscious of their
class；of being； in short； class conscious；then the situation grows serious。
The uncompromising and terrible hatred of the trade…unionist for a scab is
the hatred of a class for a traitor to that class；while the hatred of a trade…
unionist for the militia is the hatred of a class for a weapon wielded by the
class with which it is fighting。 No workman can be true to his class and at
the same time be a member of the militia： this is the dictum of the labor
leaders。
In the town of the writer； the good citizens； when they get up a Fourth
of July parade and invite the labor unions to participate； are informed by
the unions that they will not march in the parade if the militia marches。
Article 8 of the constitution of the Painters' and Decorators' Union of
Schenectady provides that a member must not be a 〃militiaman； special
police officer； or deputy marshal in the employ of corporations or
individuals during strikes； lockouts； or other labor difficulties； and any
member occupying any of the above positions will be debarred from
membership。〃 Mr。 William Potter was a member of this union and a
member of the National Guard。 As a result； because he obeyed the order of
the Governor when his company was ordered out to suppress rioting； he
was expelled from his union。 Also his union demanded his employers；
Shafer & Barry； to discharge him from their service。 This they complied
with； rather than face the threatened strike。
Mr。 Robert L。 Walker； first lieutenant of the Light Guards； a New
Haven militia company； recently resigned。 His reason was； that he was a
member of the Car Builders' Union； and that the two organizations were
antagonistic to each other。 During a New Orleans street…car strike not long
ago； a whole company of militia； called out to protect non…union men；
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War of the Classes
resigned in a body。 Mr。 John Mulholland； president of the International
Association of Allied Metal Mechanics； has stated that he does not want
the members to join the militia。 The Local Trades' Assembly of Syracuse；
New York； has passed a resolution； by unanimous vote； requiring union
men who are members of the National Guard to resign； under pain of
expulsion； from the unions。 The Amalgamated Sheet Metal Workers'
Association has incorporated in its constitution an amendment excluding
from membership in its organization 〃any person a member of the regular
army； or of the State militia or naval reserve。〃 The Illinois State Federation
of Labor； at a recent convention； passed without a dissenting vote a
resolution declaring that membership in military organizations is a
violation of labor union obligations； and requesting all union men to
withdraw from the militia。 The president of the Federation； Mr。 Albert
Young； declared that the militia was a menace not only to unions； but to all
workers throughout the country。
These instances may be multiplied a thousand fold。 The union
workmen are becoming conscious of their class； and of the struggle their
class is waging with the capitalist class。 To be a member of the militia is to
be a traitor to the union； for the militia is a weapon wielded by the
employers to crush the workers in the struggle between the warring
groups。
Another interesting； and even more pregnant； phase of the class
struggle is the political aspect of it as displayed by the socialists。 Five men；
standing together； may perform prodigies； 500 men； marching as marched
the historic Five Hundred of Marseilles； may sack a palace and destroy a
king； while 500；000 men； passionately preaching the propaganda of a class
struggle； waging a class struggle along political lines； and backed by the
moral and intellectual support of 10；000；000 more men of like convictions
throughout the world； may come pretty close to realizing a class struggle
in these United States of ours。
In 1900 these men cast 150；000 votes； two years later； in 1902； they
cast 300；000 votes； and in 1904 they cast 450；000。 They have behind them
a most imposing philosophic and scientific literature； they own illustrated
magazines and reviews； high in quality； dignity； and restraint； they possess
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War of the Classes
countless daily and weekly papers which circulate throughout the land；
and single papers which have subscribers by the hundreds of thousands；
and they literally swamp the working classes in a vast sea of tracts and
pamphlets。 No political party in the United States； no church organization
nor mission effort； has as indefatigable workers as has the socialist party。
They multiply themselves； know of no effort nor sacrifice too great to
make for the Cause； and 〃Cause；〃 with them； is spelled out in capitals。
They work for it with a religious zeal； and would die for it with a
willingness similar to that of the Christian martyrs。
These men are preaching an uncompromising and deadly class
struggle。 In fact； they are organized upon the basis of a class struggle。
〃The history of society；〃 they say； 〃is a history of class struggles。 Patrician
struggled with plebeian in early Rome； the king and the burghers； with the
nobles in the Middle Ages； later on； the king and the nobles with the
bourgeoisie； and today the struggle is on between the triumphant
bourgeoisie and the rising proletariat。 By 'proletariat' is meant the class of
people without capital which sells its labor for a living。
〃That the proletariat shall conquer；〃 （mark the note of fatalism）； 〃is as
certain as the rising sun。 Just as the bourgeoisie of the eighteenth century
wanted democracy applied to politics； so the proletariat of the twentieth
century wants democracy applied to industry。 As the bourgeoisie
complained against the government being run by and for the nobles； so the
proletariat complains against the government and industry being run by
and for the bourgeoisie； and so； following in the footsteps of its
predecessor； the proletariat will possess itself of the government； apply
democracy to industry； abolish wages； which are merely legalized robbery；
and run the business of the country in its own interest。〃
〃Their aim；〃 they say； 〃is to organize the working class； and those in
sympathy with it； into a political party； with the object of conquering the
powers of gove
