war of the classes(阶级斗争)-第9章
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men who prefer being beasts of prey to being beasts of work。 And the
mediocre criminal； in turn； the unfit and inefficient criminal； is
discouraged by the strong arm of the law and goes over to trampdom。
These men； the discouraged worker and the discouraged criminal；
voluntarily withdraw themselves from the struggle for work。 Industry does
not need them。 There are no factories shut down through lack of labor； no
projected railroads unbuilt for want of pick…and…shovel men。 Women are
still glad to toil for a dollar a week； and men and boys to clamor and fight
for work at the factory gates。 No one misses these discouraged men； and in
going away they have made it somewhat easier for those that remain。
So the case stands thus： There being more men than there is work for
men to do； a surplus labor army inevitably results。 The surplus labor army
is an economic necessity； without it； present society would fall to pieces。
Into the surplus labor army are herded the mediocre； the inefficient； the
unfit； and those incapable of satisfying the industrial needs of the system。
The struggle for work between the members of the surplus labor army is
sordid and savage； and at the bottom of the social pit the struggle is
vicious and beastly。 This struggle tends to discouragement； and the victims
of this discouragement are the criminal and the tramp。 The tramp is not an
economic necessity such as the surplus labor army； but he is the by…
product of an economic necessity。
The 〃road〃 is one of the safety…valves through which the waste of the
social organism is given off。 And BEING GIVEN OFF constitutes the
negative function of the tramp。 Society； as at present organized； makes
much waste of human life。 This waste must be eliminated。 Chloroform or
electrocution would be a simple； merciful solution of this problem of
elimination； but the ruling ethics； while permitting the human waste； will
not permit a humane elimination of that waste。 This paradox demonstrates
the irreconcilability of theoretical ethics and industrial need。
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And so the tramp becomes self…eliminating。 And not only self！ Since
he is manifestly unfit for things as they are； and since kind is prone to
beget kind； it is necessary that his kind cease with him； that his progeny
shall not be； that he play the eunuch's part in this twentieth century after
Christ。 And he plays it。 He does not breed。 Sterility is his portion； as it is
the portion of the woman on the street。 They might have been mates； but
society has decreed otherwise。
And； while it is not nice that these men should die； it is ordained that
they must die； and we should not quarrel with them if they cumber our
highways and kitchen stoops with their perambulating carcasses。 This is a
form of elimination we not only countenance but compel。 Therefore let us
be cheerful and honest about it。 Let us be as stringent as we please with
our police regulations； but for goodness' sake let us refrain from telling the
tramp to go to work。 Not only is it unkind； but it is untrue and hypocritical。
We know there is no work for him。 As the scapegoat to our economic and
industrial sinning； or to the plan of things； if you will； we should give him
credit。 Let us be just。 He is so made。 Society made him。 He did not make
himself。
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THE SCAB
In a competitive society； where men struggle with one another for food
and shelter； what is more natural than that generosity； when it diminishes
the food and shelter of men other than he who is generous； should be held
an accursed thing？ Wise old saws to the contrary； he who takes from a
man's purse takes from his existence。 To strike at a man's food and shelter
is to strike at his life； and in a society organized on a tooth…and…nail basis；
such an act； performed though it may be under the guise of generosity； is
none the less menacing and terrible。
It is for this reason that a laborer is so fiercely hostile to another
laborer who offers to work for less pay or longer hours。 To hold his place；
（which is to live）； he must offset this offer by another equally liberal；
which is equivalent to giving away somewhat from the food and shelter he
enjoys。 To sell his day's work for 2； instead of 2。50； means that he； his
wife； and his children will not have so good a roof over their heads； so
warm clothes on their backs； so substantial food in their stomachs。 Meat
will be bought less frequently and it will be tougher and less nutritious；
stout new shoes will go less often on the children's feet； and disease and
death will be more imminent in a cheaper house and neighborhood。
Thus the generous laborer； giving more of a day's work for less return；
（measured in terms of food and shelter）； threatens the life of his less
generous brother laborer； and at the best； if he does not destroy that life； he
diminishes it。 Whereupon the less generous laborer looks upon him as an
enemy； and； as men are inclined to do in a tooth…and…nail society； he tries
to kill the man who is trying to kill him。
When a striker kills with a brick the man who has taken his place； he
has no sense of wrong…doing。 In the deepest holds of his being； though he
does not reason the impulse； he has an ethical sanction。 He feels dimly that
he has justification； just as the home…defending Boer felt； though more
sharply； with each bullet he fired at the invading English。 Behind every
brick thrown by a striker is the selfish will 〃to live〃 of himself； and the
slightly altruistic will 〃to live〃 of his family。 The family group came into
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the world before the State group； and society； being still on the primitive
basis of tooth and nail； the will 〃to live〃 of the State is not so compelling
to the striker as is the will 〃to live〃 of his family and himself。
In addition to the use of bricks； clubs； and bullets； the selfish laborer
finds it necessary to express his feelings in speech。 Just as the peaceful
country…dweller calls the sea…rover a 〃pirate；〃 and the stout burgher calls
the man who breaks into his strong…box a 〃robber；〃 so the selfish laborer
applies the opprobrious epithet a 〃scab〃 to the laborer who takes from him
food and shelter by being more generous in the disposal of his labor power。
The sentimental connotation of 〃scab〃 is as terrific as that of 〃traitor〃 or
〃Judas；〃 and a sentimental definition would be as deep and varied as the
human heart。 It is far easier to arrive at what may be called a technical
definition； worded in commercial terms； as； for instance； that A SCAB IS
ONE WHO GIVES MORE VALUE FOR THE SAME PRICE THAN
ANOTHER。
The laborer who gives more time or strength or skill for the same wage
than another； or equal time or strength or skill for a less wage； is a scab。
This generousness on his part is hurtful to his fellow…laborers； for it
compels them to an equal generousness which is not to their liking； and
which gives them less of food and shelter。 But a word may be said for the
scab。 Just as his act makes his rivals compulsorily generous； so do they； by
fortune of birth and training； make compulsory his act of generousness。 He
does not scab because he wants to scab。 No whim of the spirit； no
burgeoning of the heart； leads him to give more of his labor power than
they for a certain sum。
It is because he cannot get work on the same terms as they that he is a
scab。 There is less work than there are men to do work。 This is patent； else
the scab would not loom so large on the labor…market horizon。 Because
they are stronger than he； or more skilled； or more energetic； it is
impossible for him to take their places at the same wage。 To take their
places he must give more value； must work longer hours or receive a
smaller wage。 He does so； and he cannot help it； for his will 〃to live〃 is
driving him on as well as they are being driven on by their will 〃to live〃；
and to live he must win food and shelter； which he can do only by
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receiving permission to work from some man who owns a bit of land or a
piece of machinery。 And to receive permission from this man； he must
make the transaction profitable for him。
Viewed in this light； the scab； who gives more labor power for a
certain price than his fellows； is not so generous after all。 He is no more
generous with his energy than the chattel slave and the convict laborer；
who； by the way； are the almost perfect scabs。 They give their labor power
for about the minimum possible price。 But； within limits； they may loaf
and malinger； and； as scabs； are exceeded by the machine； which never
loafs and malingers and which is the ideally perfect scab。
It is not nice to be a scab。 Not only is it not in good social taste and
comradeship； but； from the standpoint of food and shelter； it is bad
business policy。 Nobody desires to scab； to give most for least。 The
ambition of every individual is quite the opposite； to give least for most；
and； as a result； living in a tooth…and…nail society； battle royal is waged by
the ambitious individuals。 But in its most salient aspect； that of the
struggle over the division of the joint product； it is no longer a battle
between individuals； but between groups of individuals。 Capital and labor
apply themselves to raw material； make something useful out of it； add to
its value； and then proceed to quarrel over the division of the added value。
