the expression of emotion in man and animals-第12章

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　act　of　striking　or　fighting　with　an　enemy。

All　these　signs　of　rage　are　probably　in　large　part；　and　some　of　them　appear　to　be　wholly；　due　to　the　direct　action　of　the　excited　sensorium。　But　animals　of　all　kinds；　and　their　progenitors　before　them；　when　attacked　or　threatened　by　an　enemy；　have　exerted　their　utmost　powers　in　fighting　and　in　defending　themselves。　　Unless　an　animal　does　thus　act；　or　has　the　intention；　or　at　least　the　desire；　to　attack　its　enemy；　it　cannot　properly　be　said　to　be　enraged。　An　inherited　habit　of　muscular　exertion　will　thus　have　been　gained　in　association　with　rage；　and　this　will　directly　or　indirectly　affect　various　organs；　in　nearly　the　same　manner　as　does　great　bodily　suffering。


＇9＇　I　am　much　indebted　to　Mr。　A。　H。　Garrod　for　having　informed　me　of　M。　Lorain's　work　on　the　pulse；　in　which　a　sphygmogram　of　a　woman　in　a　rage　is　given；　and　this　shows　much　difference　in　the　rate　and　other　characters　from　that　of　the　same　woman　in　her　ordinary　state。

The　heart　no　doubt　will　likewise　be　affected　in　a　direct　manner；　but　it　will　also　in　all　probability　be　affected　through　habit；　and　all　the　more　so　from　not　being　under　the　control　of　the　will。　We　know　that　any　great　exertion　which　we　voluntarily　make；　affects　the　heart；　through　mechanical　and　other　principles　which　need　not　here　be　considered；　and　it　was　shown　in　the　first　chapter　that　nerve…force　flows　readily　through　habitually　used　channels；through　the　nerves　of　voluntary　or　involuntary　movement；　and　through　those　of　sensation。　Thus　even　a　moderate　amount　of　exertion　will　tend　to　act　on　the　heart；　and　on　the　principle　of　association；　of　which　so　many　instances　have　been　given；　we　may　feel　nearly　sure　that　any　sensation　or　emotion；　as　great　pain　or　rage；　which　has　habitually　led　to　much　muscular　action；　will　immediately　influence　the　flow　of　nerve…force　to　the　heart；　although　there　may　not　be　at　the　time　any　muscular　exertion。

The　heart；　as　I　have　said；　will　be　all　the　more　readily　affected　through　habitual　associations；　as　it　is　not　under　the　control　of　the　will。　A　man　when　moderately　angry；　or　even　when　enraged；　may　command　the　movements　of　his　body；　but　he　cannot　prevent　his　heart　from　beating　rapidly。　His　chest　will　perhaps　give　a　few　heaves；　and　his　nostrils　just　quiver；　for　the　movements　of　respiration　are　only　in　part　voluntary。　In　like　manner　those　muscles　of　the　face　which　are　least　obedient　to　the　will；　will　sometimes　alone　betray　a　slight　and　passing　emotion。　The　glands　again　are　wholly　independent　of　the　will；　and　a　man　suffering　from　grief　may　command　his　features；　but　cannot　always　prevent　the　tears　from　coming　into　his　eyes。　　A　hungry　man；　if　tempting　food　is　placed　before　him；　may　not　show　his　hunger　by　any　outward　gesture；　but　he　cannot　check　the　secretion　of　saliva。

Under　a　transport　of　Joy　or　of　vivid　Pleasure；　there　is　a　strong　tendency　to　various　purposeless　movements；　and　to　the　utterance　of　various　sounds。　We　see　this　in　our　young　children；　in　their　loud　laughter；　clapping　of　hands；　and　jumping　for　joy；　in　the　bounding　and　barking　of　a　dog　when　going　out　to　walk　with　his　master；　and　in　the　frisking　of　a　horse　when　turned　out　into　an　open　field。　　Joy　quickens　the　circulation；　and　this　stimulates　the　brain；　which　again　reacts　on　the　whole　body。　The　above　purposeless　movements　and　increased　heart…action　may　be　attributed　in　chief　part　to　the　excited　state　of　the　sensorium；＇10＇　and　to　the　consequent　undirected　overflow；　as　Mr。　Herbert　Spencer　insists；　of　nerve…force。　It　deserves　notice；　that　it　is　chiefly　the　anticipation　of　a　pleasure；　and　not　its　actual　enjoyment；　which　leads　to　purposeless　and　extravagant　movements　of　the　body；　and　to　the　utterance　of　various　sounds。　We　see　this　in　our　children　when　they　expect　any　great　pleasure　or　treat；　and　dogs；　which　have　been　bounding　about　at


＇10＇　How　powerfully　intense　joy　excites　the　brain；　and　how　the　brain　reacts　on　the　body；　is　well　shown　in　the　rare　cases　of　Psychical　Intoxication。　　Dr。　J。　Crichton　Browne　（‘Medical　Mirror；'　1865）　records　the　case　of　a　young　man　of　strongly　nervous　temperament；　who；　on　hearing　by　a　telegram　that　a　fortune　had　been　bequeathed　him；　first　became　pale；　then　exhilarated；　and　soon　in　the　highest　spirits；　but　flushed　and　very　restless。　　He　then　took　a　walk　with　a　friend　for　the　sake　of　tranquillising　himself；　but　returned　staggering　in　his　gait；　uproariously　laughing；　yet　irritable　in　temper；　incessantly　talking；　and　singing　loudly　in　the　public　streets。　It　was　positively　ascertained　that　he　had　not　touched　any　spirituous　liquor；　though　every　one　thought　that　he　was　intoxicated。　Vomiting　after　a　time　came　on；　and　the　half…digested　contents　of　his　stomach　were　examined；　but　no　odour　of　alcohol　could　be　detected。　He　then　slept　heavily；　and　on　awaking　was　well；　except　that　he　suffered　from　headache；　nausea；　and　prostration　of　strength。　the　sight　of　a　plate　of　food；　when　they　get　it　do　not　show　their　delight　by　any　outward　sign；　not　even　by　wagging　their　tails。　Now　with　animals　of　all　kinds；　the　acquirement　of　almost　all　their　pleasures；　with　the　exception　of　those　of　warmth　and　rest；　are　associated；　and　have　long　been　associated　with　active　movements；　as　in　the　hunting　or　search　for　food；　and　in　their　courtship。　Moreover；　the　mere　exertion　of　the　muscles　after　long　rest　or　confinement　is　in　itself　a　pleasure；　as　we　ourselves　feel；　and　as　we　see　in　the　play　of　young　animals。　　Therefore　on　this　latter　principle　alone　we　might　perhaps　expect；　that　vivid　pleasure　would　be　apt　to　show　itself　conversely　in　muscular　movements。

With　all　or　almost　all　animals；　even　with　birds；　Terror　causes　the　body　to　tremble。　　The　skin　becomes　pale；　sweat　breaks　out；　and　the　hair　bristles。　The　secretions　of　the　alimentary　canal　and　of　the　kidneys　are　increased；　and　they　are　involuntarily　voided；　owing　to　the　relaxation　of　the　sphincter　muscles；　as　is　known　to　be　the　case　with　man；　and　as　I　have　seen　with　cattle；　dogs；　cats；　and　monkeys。　　The　breathing　is　hurried。　The　heart　beats　quickly；　wildly；　and　violently；　but　whether　it　pumps　the　blood　more　efficiently　through　the　body　may　be　doubted；　for　the　surface　seems　bloodless　and　the　strength　of　the　muscles　soon　fails。　In　a　frightened　horse　I　have　felt　through　the　saddle　the　beating　of　the　heart　so　plainly　that　I　could　have　counted　the　beats。　The　mental　faculties　are　much　disturbed。　　Utter　prostration　soon　follows；　and　even　fainting。　　A　terrified　canary…bird　has　been　seen　not　only　to　tremble　and　to　turn　white　about　the　base　of　the　bill；　but　to　faint；＇11＇　and　I　once　caught　a　robin　in　a　room；　which　fainted　so　completely；　that　for　a　time　I　thought　it　dead。


＇11＇　Dr。　Darwin；　‘Zoonomia；'　1794；　vol。　　i。　　p。　　148。

Most　of　these　symptoms　are　probably　the　direct　result；　independently　of　habit；　of　the　disturbed　state　of　the　sensorium；　but　it　is　doubtful　whether　they　ought　to　be　wholly　thus　accounted　for。　When　an　animal　is　alarmed　it　almost　always　stands　motionless　for　a　moment；　in　order　to　collect　its　senses　and　to　ascertain　the　source　of　danger；　and　sometimes　for　the　sake　of　escaping　detection。　　But　headlong　flight　soon　follows；　with　no　husbanding　of　the　strength　as　in　fighting；　and　the　animal　continues　to　fly　as　long　as　the　danger　lasts；　until　utter　prostration；　with　failing　respiration　and　circulation；　with　all　the　muscles　quivering　and　profuse　sweating；　renders　further　flight　impossible。　　Hence　it　does　not　seem　improbable　that　the　principle　of　associated　habit　may　in　part　account　for；　or　at　least　augment；　some　of　the　above…named　characteristic　symptoms　of　extreme　terror。


That　the　principle　of　associated　habit　has　played　an　important　part　in　causing　the　movements　expressive　of　the　foregoing　several　strong　emotions　and　sensations；　we　may；　I　think；　conclude　from　considering　firstly；　some　other　strong　emotions　which　do　not　ordinarily　require　for　their　relief　or　gratification　any　voluntary　movement；　and　secondly　the　contrast　in　nature　between　the　so…called　exciting　and　depressing　states　of　the　mind。　No　emotion　is　stronger　than　maternal　love；　but　a　mother　may　feel　the　deepest　love　for　her　helpless　infant；　and　yet　not　show　it　by　any　outward　sign；　or　only　by　slight　caressing　movements；　with　a　gentle　smile　and　tender　eyes。　But　let　any　one　intentionally　injure　her　infant；　and　see　what　a　change！　how　she　starts　up　with　threatening　aspect；　how　her　eyes　sparkle　and　her　face　reddens；　how　her　bosom　heaves；　nostrils　dilate；　and　heart　beats；　for　anger；　and　not　maternal　love；　has　habitually　led　to　action。　The　love　between　the　opposite　sexes　is　widely　different　from　maternal　love；　and　when　lovers　meet；　we　know　that　their　hearts　beat　quickly；　their　breathing　is　hurried；　and　their　faces　flush；　for　this　love　is　not　inactive　like　that　of　a　mother　for　her　infant。

A　man　may　have　his　mind　filled　with　the　blackest　hatred　or　suspicion；　or　be　corroded　with　envy　or　jealousy；　but　as　these　feelings　do　not　at　once　lead　to　action；　and　as　they　commonly　last　for　some　time；　they　are　not　shown　by　any　outward　sign；　excepting　that　a　man　in　this　state　assuredly　does　not　appear　cheerful　or　good…tempered。　If　indeed　these　feelings　break　out　into　overt　acts；　rage　takes　their　place；　and　will　be　plainly　exhibited。　Painters　can　hardly　portray　suspicion；　jealousy；　envy；　&c。；　except　by　the　aid　of　accessories　which　tell　the　tale；　and　poets　use　such　vague　and　fanciful　expressions　as　〃green…eyed　jealousy。〃　　Spenser　describes　suspicion　as　〃Foul；　ill…favoured；　and　grim；　under　his　eyebrows　looking　still　askance；〃　&c。；　Shakespeare　speaks　of　envy　〃as　lean…faced　in　her　loathsome　case；〃　and　in　another　place　he　says；　〃no　black　envy　shall　make　my　grave；〃　and　again　as　〃above　pale　envy's　threatening　reach。〃

Emotions　and　sensations　have　often　been　classed　as　exciting　or　depressing。　When　all　the　organs　of　the　body　and　mind；those　of　voluntary　and　involuntary　movement；　of　perception；　sensation；　thought；　&c。；perform　their　functions　more　energetically　and　rapidly　than　usual；　a　man　or　animal　may　be　said　to　be　excited；　and；　under　an　opposite　state；　to　be　depressed。　Anger　and　joy　are　from　the　first　exciting　emotions；　and　they　naturally　lead；　more　especially　the　former；　to　energetic　movements；　which　react　on　the　heart　and　this　again　on　the　brain。　　A　physician　once　remarked　to　me　as　a　proof　of　the　exciting　nature　of　anger；　that　a　man　when　excessively　jaded　will　sometimes　invent　imaginary　offences　and　put　himself　into　a　passion；　unconsciously　for　the　sake　of　reinvigorating　himself；　and　since　hearing　this　remark；　I　have　occasionally　recognized　its　full　truth。

Several　other　states　of　mind　appear　to　be　at　first　exciting；　but　soon　become　depressing　to　an　extreme　degree。　　When　a　mother　suddenly　loses　her　child；　sometimes　she　is　frantic　with　grief；　and　must　be　considered　to　be　in　an　excited　state；　she　walks　wildly　about；　tears　her　hair　or　clothes；　and　wrings　her　hands。　This　latter　action　is　perhaps　due　to　the　principle　of　antithesis；　betraying　an　inward　sense　of　helplessness　and　that　nothing　can　be　done。　The　other　wild　and　violent　movements　may　be　in　part　explained　by　the　relief　experienced　through　muscular　exertion；　and　in　part　by　the　undirected　overflow　of　nerve…force　from　the　excited　sensorium。　But　under　the　sudden　loss　of　a　beloved　person；　one　of　the　first　and　commonest　thoughts　which　occurs；　is　that　somet