°®°®Ð¡ËµÍø > ÆäËûµç×ÓÊé > the expression of emotion in man and animals >

µÚ19ÕÂ

the expression of emotion in man and animals-µÚ19ÕÂ

С˵£º the expression of emotion in man and animals ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ3500×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



ate£»¡¡like¡¡rubbing¡¡against¡¡their¡¡masters¡¡and¡¡being¡¡rubbed¡¡or¡¡patted¡¡by¡¡them£»¡¡for¡¡from¡¡the¡¡nursing¡¡of¡¡their¡¡puppies£»¡¡contact¡¡with¡¡a¡¡beloved¡¡object¡¡has¡¡become¡¡firmly¡¡associated¡¡in¡¡their¡¡minds¡¡with¡¡the¡¡emotion¡¡of¡¡love¡£¡¡The¡¡feeling¡¡of¡¡affection¡¡of¡¡a¡¡dog¡¡towards¡¡his¡¡master¡¡is¡¡combined¡¡with¡¡a¡¡strong¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡submission£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡akin¡¡to¡¡fear¡£¡¡Hence¡¡dogs¡¡not¡¡only¡¡lower¡¡their¡¡bodies¡¡and¡¡crouch¡¡a¡¡little¡¡as¡¡they¡¡approach¡¡their¡¡masters£»¡¡but¡¡sometimes¡¡throw¡¡themselves¡¡on¡¡the¡¡ground¡¡with¡¡their¡¡bellies¡¡upwards¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡is¡¡a¡¡movement¡¡as¡¡completely¡¡opposite¡¡as¡¡is¡¡possible¡¡to¡¡any¡¡show¡¡of¡¡resistance¡£¡¡I¡¡formerly¡¡possessed¡¡a¡¡large¡¡dog¡¡who¡¡was¡¡not¡¡at¡¡all¡¡afraid¡¡to¡¡fight¡¡with¡¡other¡¡dogs£»¡¡but¡¡a¡¡wolf¡­like¡¡shepherd¡­dog¡¡in¡¡the¡¡neighbourhood£»¡¡though¡¡not¡¡ferocious¡¡and¡¡not¡¡so¡¡powerful¡¡as¡¡my¡¡dog£»¡¡had¡¡a¡¡strange¡¡influence¡¡over¡¡him¡£¡¡When¡¡they¡¡met¡¡on¡¡the¡¡road£»¡¡my¡¡dog¡¡used¡¡to¡¡run¡¡to¡¡meet¡¡him£»¡¡with¡¡his¡¡tail¡¡partly¡¡tucked¡¡in¡¡between¡¡his¡¡legs¡¡and¡¡hair¡¡not¡¡erected£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡be¡¡would¡¡throw¡¡himself¡¡on¡¡the¡¡ground£»¡¡belly¡¡upwards¡£¡¡By¡¡this¡¡action¡¡he¡¡seemed¡¡to¡¡say¡¡more¡¡plainly¡¡than¡¡by¡¡words£»¡¡¡¨Behold£»¡¡I¡¡am¡¡your¡¡slave¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡A¡¡pleasurable¡¡and¡¡excited¡¡state¡¡of¡¡mind£»¡¡associated¡¡with¡¡affection£»¡¡is¡¡exhibited¡¡by¡¡some¡¡dogs¡¡in¡¡a¡¡very¡¡peculiar¡¡manner£»¡¡namely£»¡¡by¡¡grinning¡£¡¡This¡¡was¡¡noticed¡¡long¡¡ago¡¡by¡¡Somerville£»¡¡who¡¡says£»¡¡And¡¡with¡¡a¡¡courtly¡¡grin£»¡¡the¡¡fawning¡¡bound¡¡Salutes¡¡thee¡¡cow'ring£»¡¡his¡¡wide¡¡op'ning¡¡nose¡¡Upward¡¡he¡¡curls£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡large¡¡sloe¡­back¡¡eyes¡¡Melt¡¡in¡¡soft¡¡blandishments£»¡¡and¡¡humble¡¡joy¡£'¡¡_The¡¡Chase_£»¡¡book¡¡i¡£Sir¡¡W¡£¡¡Scott's¡¡famous¡¡Scotch¡¡greyhound£»¡¡Maida£»¡¡had¡¡this¡¡habit£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡common¡¡with¡¡terriers¡£¡¡I¡¡have¡¡also¡¡seen¡¡it¡¡in¡¡a¡¡Spitz¡¡and¡¡in¡¡a¡¡sheep¡­dog¡£¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Riviere£»¡¡who¡¡has¡¡particularly¡¡attended¡¡to¡¡this¡¡expression£»¡¡informs¡¡me¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡rarely¡¡displayed¡¡in¡¡a¡¡perfect¡¡manner£»¡¡but¡¡is¡¡quite¡¡common¡¡in¡¡a¡¡lesser¡¡degree¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡upper¡¡lip¡¡during¡¡the¡¡act¡¡of¡¡grinning¡¡is¡¡retracted£»¡¡as¡¡in¡¡snarling£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡the¡¡canines¡¡are¡¡exposed£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡ears¡¡are¡¡drawn¡¡backwards£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡general¡¡appearance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡animal¡¡clearly¡¡shows¡¡that¡¡anger¡¡is¡¡not¡¡felt¡£¡¡Sir¡¡C¡£¡¡Bell£§3£§¡¡remarks¡¡¡¨Dogs£»¡¡in¡¡their¡¡expression¡¡of¡¡fondness£»¡¡have¡¡a¡¡slight¡¡eversion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lips£»¡¡and¡¡grin¡¡and¡¡sniff¡¡amidst¡¡their¡¡gambols£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡way¡¡that¡¡resembles¡¡laughter¡£¡¨¡¡Some¡¡persons¡¡speak¡¡of¡¡the¡¡grin¡¡as¡¡a¡¡smile£»¡¡but¡¡if¡¡it¡¡had¡¡been¡¡really¡¡a¡¡smile£»¡¡we¡¡should¡¡see¡¡a¡¡similar£»¡¡though¡¡more¡¡pronounced£»¡¡movement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lips¡¡and¡¡ears£»¡¡when¡¡dogs¡¡utter¡¡their¡¡bark¡¡of¡¡joy£»¡¡but¡¡this¡¡is¡¡not¡¡the¡¡case£»¡¡although¡¡a¡¡bark¡¡of¡¡joy¡¡often¡¡follows¡¡a¡¡grin¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡dogs£»¡¡when¡¡playing¡¡with¡¡their¡¡comrades¡¡or¡¡masters£»¡¡almost¡¡always¡¡pretend¡¡to¡¡bite¡¡each¡¡other£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡then¡¡retract£»¡¡though¡¡not¡¡energetically£»¡¡their¡¡lips¡¡and¡¡ears¡£¡¡Hence¡¡I¡¡suspect¡¡that¡¡there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡tendency¡¡in¡¡some¡¡dogs£»¡¡whenever¡¡they¡¡feel¡¡lively¡¡pleasure¡¡combined¡¡with¡¡affection£»¡¡to¡¡act¡¡through¡¡habit¡¡and¡¡association¡¡on¡¡the¡¡same¡¡muscles£»¡¡as¡¡in¡¡playfully¡¡biting¡¡each¡¡other£»¡¡or¡¡their¡¡masters'¡¡hands¡£¡¡I¡¡have¡¡described£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡second¡¡chapter£»¡¡the¡¡gait¡¡and¡¡appearance¡¡of¡¡a¡¡dog¡¡when¡¡cheerful£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡marked¡¡antithesis¡¡presented¡¡by¡¡the¡¡same¡¡animal¡¡when¡¡dejected¡¡and¡¡disappointed£»¡¡with¡¡his¡¡head£»¡¡ears£»¡¡body£»¡¡tail£»¡¡and¡¡chops¡¡drooping£»¡¡and¡¡eyes¡¡dull¡£¡¡Under¡¡the¡¡expectation¡¡of¡¡any¡¡great¡¡pleasure£»¡¡dogs¡¡bound¡¡and¡¡jump¡¡about¡¡in¡¡an¡¡extravagant¡¡manner£»¡¡and¡¡bark¡¡for¡¡joy¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡tendency¡¡to¡¡bark¡¡under¡¡this¡¡state¡¡of¡¡mind¡¡is¡¡inherited£»¡¡or¡¡runs¡¡in¡¡the¡¡breed£º¡¡greyhounds¡¡rarely¡¡bark£»¡¡whilst¡¡the¡¡Spitz¡­dog¡¡barks¡¡so¡¡incessantly¡¡on¡¡starting¡¡for¡¡a¡¡walk¡¡with¡¡his¡¡master¡¡that¡¡he¡¡becomes¡¡a¡¡nuisance¡£¡¡£§1£§¡¡¡®The¡¡Anatomy¡¡of¡¡Expression£»'¡¡1844£»¡¡p¡£¡¡¡¡140¡£An¡¡agony¡¡of¡¡pain¡¡is¡¡expressed¡¡by¡¡dogs¡¡in¡¡nearly¡¡the¡¡same¡¡way¡¡as¡¡by¡¡many¡¡other¡¡animals£»¡¡namely£»¡¡by¡¡howling¡¡writhing£»¡¡and¡¡contortions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡body¡£¡¡Attention¡¡is¡¡shown¡¡by¡¡the¡¡head¡¡being¡¡raised£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡ears¡¡erected£»¡¡and¡¡eyes¡¡intently¡¡directed¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡object¡¡or¡¡quarter¡¡under¡¡observation¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡it¡¡be¡¡a¡¡sound¡¡and¡¡the¡¡source¡¡is¡¡not¡¡known£»¡¡the¡¡head¡¡is¡¡often¡¡turned¡¡obliquely¡¡from¡¡side¡¡to¡¡side¡¡in¡¡a¡¡most¡¡significant¡¡manner£»¡¡apparently¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡judge¡¡with¡¡more¡¡exactness¡¡from¡¡what¡¡point¡¡the¡¡sound¡¡proceeds¡£¡¡But¡¡I¡¡have¡¡seen¡¡a¡¡dog¡¡greatly¡¡surprised¡¡at¡¡a¡¡new¡¡noise£»¡¡turning£»¡¡his¡¡head¡¡to¡¡one¡¡side¡¡through¡¡habit£»¡¡though¡¡he¡¡clearly¡¡perceived¡¡the¡¡source¡¡of¡¡the¡¡noise¡£¡¡¡¡Dogs£»¡¡as¡¡formerly¡¡remarked£»¡¡when¡¡their¡¡attention¡¡is¡¡in¡¡any¡¡way¡¡aroused£»¡¡whilst¡¡watching¡¡some¡¡object£»¡¡or¡¡attending¡¡to¡¡some¡¡sound£»¡¡often¡¡lift¡¡up¡¡one¡¡paw¡¡£¨fig¡£¡¡4£©¡¡and¡¡keep¡¡it¡¡doubled¡¡up£»¡¡as¡¡if¡¡to¡¡make¡¡a¡¡slow¡¡and¡¡stealthy¡¡approach¡£¡¡A¡¡dog¡¡under¡¡extreme¡¡terror¡¡will¡¡throw¡¡himself¡¡down£»¡¡howl£»¡¡and¡¡void¡¡his¡¡excretions£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡hair£»¡¡I¡¡believe£»¡¡does¡¡not¡¡become¡¡erect¡¡unless¡¡some¡¡anger¡¡is¡¡felt¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡have¡¡seen¡¡a¡¡dog¡¡much¡¡terrified¡¡at¡¡a¡¡band¡¡of¡¡musicians¡¡who¡¡were¡¡playing¡¡loudly¡¡outside¡¡the¡¡house£»¡¡with¡¡every¡¡muscle¡¡of¡¡his¡¡body¡¡trembling£»¡¡with¡¡his¡¡heart¡¡palpitating¡¡so¡¡quickly¡¡that¡¡the¡¡beats¡¡could¡¡hardly¡¡be¡¡counted£»¡¡and¡¡panting¡¡for¡¡breath¡¡with¡¡widely¡¡open¡¡mouth£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡manner¡¡as¡¡a¡¡terrified¡¡man¡¡does¡£¡¡¡¡Yet¡¡this¡¡dog¡¡had¡¡not¡¡exerted¡¡himself£»¡¡he¡¡had¡¡only¡¡wandered¡¡slowly¡¡and¡¡restlessly¡¡about¡¡the¡¡room£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡day¡¡was¡¡cold¡£¡¡¡¡Even¡¡a¡¡very¡¡slight¡¡degree¡¡of¡¡fear¡¡is¡¡invariably¡¡shown¡¡by¡¡the¡¡tail¡¡being¡¡tucked¡¡in¡¡between¡¡the¡¡legs¡£¡¡This¡¡tucking¡¡in¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fail¡¡is¡¡accompanied¡¡by¡¡the¡¡ears¡¡being¡¡drawn¡¡backwards£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡are¡¡not¡¡pressed¡¡closely¡¡to¡¡the¡¡head£»as¡¡in¡¡snarling£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡are¡¡not¡¡lowered£»¡¡as¡¡when¡¡a¡¡dog¡¡is¡¡pleased¡¡or¡¡affectionate¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡two¡¡young¡¡dogs¡¡chase¡¡each¡¡other¡¡in¡¡play£»¡¡the¡¡one¡¡that¡¡runs¡¡away¡¡always¡¡keeps¡¡his¡¡tail¡¡tucked¡¡inwards¡£¡¡So¡¡it¡¡is¡¡when¡¡a¡¡dog£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡highest¡¡spirits£»¡¡careers¡¡like¡¡a¡¡mad¡¡creature¡¡round¡¡and¡¡round¡¡his¡¡master¡¡in¡¡circles£»¡¡or¡¡in¡¡figures¡¡of¡¡eight¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡then¡¡acts¡¡as¡¡if¡¡another¡¡dog¡¡were¡¡chasing¡¡him¡£¡¡This¡¡curious¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡play£»¡¡which¡¡must¡¡be¡¡familiar¡¡to¡¡every¡¡one¡¡who¡¡has¡¡attended¡¡to¡¡dogs£»¡¡is¡¡particularly¡¡apt¡¡to¡¡be¡¡excited£»¡¡after¡¡the¡¡animal¡¡has¡¡been¡¡a¡¡little¡¡startled¡¡or¡¡frightened£»¡¡as¡¡by¡¡his¡¡master¡¡suddenly¡¡jumping¡¡out¡¡on¡¡him¡¡in¡¡the¡¡dusk¡£¡¡In¡¡this¡¡case£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡when¡¡two¡¡young¡¡dogs¡¡are¡¡chasing¡¡each¡¡other¡¡in¡¡play£»¡¡it¡¡appears¡¡as¡¡if¡¡the¡¡one¡¡that¡¡runs¡¡away¡¡was¡¡afraid¡¡of¡¡the¡¡other¡¡catching¡¡him¡¡by¡¡the¡¡tail£»¡¡but¡¡as¡¡far¡¡as¡¡I¡¡can¡¡find¡¡out£»¡¡dogs¡¡very¡¡rarely¡¡catch¡¡each¡¡other¡¡in¡¡this¡¡manner¡£¡¡I¡¡asked¡¡a¡¡gentleman£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡kept¡¡foxhounds¡¡all¡¡his¡¡life£»¡¡and¡¡be¡¡applied¡¡to¡¡other¡¡experienced¡¡sportsmen£»¡¡whether¡¡they¡¡had¡¡ever¡¡seen¡¡hounds¡¡thus¡¡seize¡¡a¡¡fox£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡never¡¡had¡£¡¡It¡¡appears¡¡that¡¡when¡¡a¡¡dog¡¡is¡¡chased£»¡¡or¡¡when¡¡in¡¡danger¡¡of¡¡being¡¡struck¡¡behind£»¡¡or¡¡of¡¡anything¡¡falling¡¡on¡¡him£»¡¡in¡¡all¡¡these¡¡cases¡¡he¡¡wishes¡¡to¡¡withdraw¡¡as¡¡quickly¡¡as¡¡possible¡¡his¡¡whole¡¡hind¡­quarters£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡from¡¡some¡¡sympathy¡¡or¡¡connection¡¡between¡¡the¡¡muscles£»¡¡the¡¡tail¡¡is¡¡then¡¡drawn¡¡closely¡¡inwards¡£¡¡A¡¡similarly¡¡connected¡¡movement¡¡between¡¡the¡¡hind¡­¡¡quarters¡¡and¡¡the¡¡tail¡¡may¡¡be¡¡observed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hyaena¡£¡¡¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Bartlett¡¡informs¡¡me¡¡that¡¡when¡¡two¡¡of¡¡these¡¡animals¡¡fight¡¡together£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡mutually¡¡conscious¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wonderful¡¡power¡¡of¡¡each¡¡other's¡¡jaws£»¡¡and¡¡are¡¡extremely¡¡cautious¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡well¡¡know¡¡that¡¡if¡¡one¡¡of¡¡their¡¡legs¡¡were¡¡seized£»¡¡the¡¡bone¡¡would¡¡instantly¡¡be¡¡crushed¡¡into¡¡atoms£»¡¡hence¡¡they¡¡approach¡¡each¡¡other¡¡kneeling£»¡¡with¡¡their¡¡legs¡¡turned¡¡as¡¡much¡¡as¡¡possible¡¡inwards£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡their¡¡whole¡¡bodies¡¡bowed£»¡¡so¡¡as¡¡not¡¡to¡¡present¡¡any¡¡salient¡¡point£»¡¡thetail¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡being¡¡closely¡¡tucked¡¡in¡¡between¡¡the¡¡legs¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡this¡¡attitude¡¡they¡¡approach¡¡each¡¡other¡¡sideways£»¡¡or¡¡even¡¡partly¡¡backwards¡£¡¡So¡¡again¡¡with¡¡deer£»¡¡several¡¡of¡¡the¡¡species£»¡¡when¡¡savage¡¡and¡¡fighting£»¡¡tuck¡¡in¡¡their¡¡tails¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡one¡¡horse¡¡in¡¡a¡¡field¡¡tries¡¡to¡¡bite¡¡the¡¡hind¡­quarters¡¡of¡¡another¡¡in¡¡play£»¡¡or¡¡when¡¡a¡¡rough¡¡boy¡¡strikes¡¡a¡¡donkey¡¡from¡¡behind£»¡¡the¡¡hind¡­quarters¡¡and¡¡the¡¡tail¡¡are¡¡drawn¡¡in£»¡¡though¡¡it¡¡does¡¡not¡¡appear¡¡as¡¡if¡¡this¡¡were¡¡done¡¡merely¡¡to¡¡save¡¡the¡¡tail¡¡from¡¡being¡¡injured¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡have¡¡also¡¡seen¡¡the¡¡reverse¡¡of¡¡these¡¡movements£»¡¡for¡¡when¡¡an¡¡animal¡¡trots¡¡with¡¡high¡¡elastic¡¡steps£»¡¡the¡¡tail¡¡is¡¡almost¡¡always¡¡carried¡¡aloft¡£¡¡As¡¡I¡¡have¡¡said£»¡¡when¡¡a¡¡dog¡¡is¡¡chased¡¡and¡¡runs¡¡away£»¡¡he¡¡keeps¡¡his¡¡ears¡¡directed¡¡backwards¡¡but¡¡still¡¡open£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡is¡¡clearly¡¡done¡¡for¡¡the¡¡sake¡¡of¡¡hearing¡¡the¡¡footsteps¡¡of¡¡his¡¡pursuer¡£¡¡From¡¡habit¡¡the¡¡ears¡¡are¡¡often¡¡held¡¡in¡¡this¡¡same¡¡position£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡tail¡¡tucked¡¡in£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡danger¡¡is¡¡obviously¡¡in¡¡front¡£¡¡I¡¡have¡¡repeatedly¡¡noticed£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡timid¡¡terrier¡¡of¡¡mine£»¡¡that¡¡when¡¡she¡¡is¡¡afraid¡¡of¡¡some¡¡object¡¡in¡¡front£»¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡which¡¡she¡¡perfectly¡¡knows¡¡and¡¡does¡¡not¡¡need¡¡to¡¡reconnoitre£»¡¡yet¡¡she¡¡will¡¡for¡¡a¡¡long¡¡time¡¡hold¡¡her¡¡ears¡¡and¡¡tail¡¡in¡¡this¡¡position£»¡¡looking¡¡the¡¡image¡¡of¡¡discomfort¡£¡¡¡¡Discomfort£»¡¡without¡¡any¡¡fear£»¡¡is¡¡similarly¡¡expressed£º¡¡¡¡thus£»¡¡one¡¡day¡¡I¡¡went¡¡out¡¡of¡¡doors£»¡¡just¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡when¡¡this¡¡same¡¡dog¡¡knew¡¡that¡¡her¡¡dinner¡¡would¡¡be¡¡brought¡£¡¡I¡¡did¡¡not¡¡call¡¡her£»¡¡but¡¡she¡¡wished¡¡much¡¡to¡¡accompany¡¡me£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡she¡¡wished¡¡much¡¡for¡¡her¡¡dinner£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡she¡¡stood£»¡¡first¡¡looking¡¡one¡¡way¡¡and¡¡then¡¡the¡¡other£»¡¡with¡¡her¡¡tail¡¡tucked¡¡in¡¡and¡¡ears¡¡drawn¡¡back£»¡¡presenting¡¡an¡¡unmistakable¡¡appearance¡¡of¡¡perplexed¡¡discomfort¡£¡¡Almost¡¡all¡¡the¡¡expressive¡¡movements¡¡now¡¡described£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡exception¡¡of¡¡the¡¡grinning¡¡from¡¡joy£»¡¡are¡¡innate¡¡or¡¡instinctive£»¡¡for¡¡they¡¡are¡¡common¡¡to¡¡all¡¡the¡¡individuals£»¡¡young¡¡and¡¡old£»¡¡of¡¡all¡¡the¡¡breeds¡£¡¡¡¡Most¡¡of¡¡themare¡¡likewise¡¡common¡¡to¡¡the¡¡aboriginal¡¡parents¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dog£»¡¡namely¡¡the¡¡wolf¡¡and¡¡jackal£»¡¡and¡¡some¡¡of¡¡them¡¡to¡¡other¡¡species¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡group¡£¡¡Tamed¡¡wolves¡¡and¡¡jackals£»¡¡when¡¡caressed¡¡by¡¡their¡¡masters£»¡¡jump¡¡about¡¡for¡¡joy£»¡¡wag¡¡their¡¡tails£»¡¡lower¡¡their¡¡ears£»¡¡lick¡¡their¡¡master's¡¡hands£»¡¡crouch¡¡down£»¡¡and¡¡even¡¡throw¡¡themselves¡¡on¡¡the¡¡ground¡¡belly¡¡upwards¡££§4£§¡¡I¡¡have¡¡seen¡¡a¡¡rather¡¡fox¡­like¡¡African¡¡jackal£»¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Gaboon£»¡¡depress¡¡its¡¡ears¡¡when¡¡caressed¡£¡¡Wolves¡¡and¡¡jackals£»¡¡when¡¡frightened£»¡¡certainly¡¡tuck¡¡in¡¡their¡¡tails£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡tamed¡¡jackal¡¡has¡¡been¡¡described¡¡as¡¡careering¡¡round¡¡his¡¡master¡¡in¡¡circles¡¡and¡¡figures¡¡of¡¡eight£»¡¡like¡¡a¡¡dog£»¡¡with¡¡his¡¡tail¡¡between¡¡his¡¡legs¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡has¡¡been¡¡stated£§5£§¡¡that¡¡foxes£»¡¡however¡¡tame£»¡¡never¡¡display¡¡any¡¡of¡¡the¡¡above¡¡expressive¡¡movements£»¡¡but¡¡this¡¡is¡¡not¡¡strictly¡¡accurate¡£¡¡¡¡Many¡¡years¡¡ago¡¡I¡¡observed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Zoological¡¡Gardens£»¡¡and¡¡recorded¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time£»¡¡that¡¡a¡¡very¡¡tame¡¡English¡¡fox£»¡¡When¡¡caressed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡keeper£»¡¡wagged¡¡its¡¡tail£»¡¡depressed¡¡its¡¡ears£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡threw¡¡itself¡¡on¡¡the¡¡ground£»¡¡belly¡¡upwards¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡black¡¡fox¡¡of¡¡North¡¡America¡¡likewise¡¡depressed¡¡its¡¡ears¡¡in¡¡a¡¡slight¡¡degree¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡I¡¡believe¡¡that¡¡foxes¡¡never¡¡lick¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡their¡¡masters£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡have¡¡been¡¡assured¡¡that¡¡when¡¡frightened¡¡they¡¡never¡¡tuck¡¡in¡¡their¡¡tails¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡explanation¡¡which¡¡I¡¡have¡¡given¡¡of¡¡the¡¡expression¡¡of¡¡affection¡¡in¡¡dogs¡¡be¡¡admitted£»¡¡then¡¡it¡¡would¡¡appear¡¡that¡¡animals¡¡which¡¡have¡¡never¡¡been¡¡domesticatednamely¡¡wolves£»¡¡jackals£»¡¡and¡¡even¡¡foxes¡¡have¡¡nevertheless¡¡ac¡­¡¡quired£»¡¡through¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡antithesis£»¡¡certain¡¡expressive¡¡gestures£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡is¡¡Dot¡¡probable¡¡that¡¡these¡¡animals£»¡¡confined¡¡in¡¡cages£»¡¡should¡¡have¡¡learnt¡¡them¡¡by¡¡imitating¡¡dogs¡£¡¡£§4£§¡¡Many¡¡particulars¡¡are¡¡given¡¡by¡¡Gueldenstadt¡¡in¡¡his¡¡account¡¡of¡¡the¡¡jackal¡¡in¡¡Nov¡£¡¡Comm¡£¡¡¡¡Acad¡£¡¡¡¡Sc¡£¡¡¡¡Imp¡£¡¡¡¡Petrop¡£¡¡1775£»¡¡tom¡£¡¡¡¡xx¡£¡¡¡¡p¡£¡¡¡¡449¡£¡¡¡¡See¡¡also¡¡another¡¡excellent¡¡account¡¡of¡¡the¡¡manners¡¡of¡¡this¡¡animal¡¡and¡¡of¡¡its¡¡play£»¡¡in¡¡¡®Land¡¡and¡¡Water£»'¡¡October£»¡¡1869¡£¡¡¡¡Lieut¡£¡¡Annesley£»¡¡R¡£¡¡A¡££»¡¡has¡¡also¡¡communicated¡¡to¡¡me¡¡some¡¡particulars¡¡with¡¡respect¡¡to¡¡the¡¡jackal¡£¡¡I¡¡have¡¡made¡¡many¡¡inquiries¡¡about¡¡wolves¡¡and¡¡jackals¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Zoological¡¡Gardens£»¡¡and¡¡have¡¡observed¡¡them¡¡for¡¡myself¡£¡¡£§5£§¡¡¡®Land¡¡and¡¡Water£»'¡¡November¡¡6£»¡¡1869¡£_Cats_¡£I¡¡have¡¡already¡¡described¡¡the¡¡actions¡¡of¡¡a¡¡cat

£¨fig¡£¡¡9£©£»¡¡when¡¡feeling¡¡savage¡¡and¡¡not¡¡terrified¡£¡¡She¡¡assumes¡¡a¡¡crouching¡¡attitude¡¡and¡¡occasionally¡¡protrudes¡¡her¡¡fore¡­feet£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡claws¡¡exserted¡¡ready¡¡for¡¡striking¡£¡¡The

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ