the expression of emotion in man and animals-第21章
按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
aughter ceases； an expression may be detected passing over their faces； which； as Mr。 Wallace remarked to me； may be called a smile。 I have also noticed something of the same kind with the chimpanzee。 Dr。 Duchenneand I cannot quote a better authorityinforms me that he kept a very tame monkey in his house for a year； and when he gave it during meal…times some choice delicacy； he observed that the corners of its mouth were slightly raised； thus an expression of satisfaction； partaking of the nature of an incipient smile； and resembling that often seen on the face of main； could be plainly perceived in this animal。
The _Cebus azarae_；＇11＇ when rejoiced at again seeing a beloved person； utters a peculiar tittering （_kichernden_） sound。 It also expresses agreeable sensations； by drawing back the corners of its mouth； without producing any sound。 Rengger calls this movement laughter； but it would be more appropriately called a smile。 The form of the mouth is different when either pain or terror is expressed； and high shrieks are uttered。 Another species of _Cebus_ in the Zoological Gardens （_C。 hypoleucus_） when pleased； makes a reiterated shrill note； and likewise draws back the corners of its mouth； apparently through the contraction of the same muscles as with us。 So does the Barbary ape （_Inuus ecaudatus_） to an extraordinary degree； and I observed in this monkey that the skin of the lower eyelids then became much wrinkled。 At the same time it rapidly moved its lower jaw or lips in a spasmodic manner； the teeth being exposed； but the noise produced was hardly more distinct than that which we sometimes call silent laughter。 Two of the keepers affirmed that this slight sound was the animal's laughter； and when I expressed some doubt on this head （being at the time quite inexperienced）； they made it attack or rather threaten a hated Entellus monkey； living in the same compartment。 Instantly the whole expression of the face of the Inuus changed； the mouth was opened much more widely； the canine teeth were more fully exposed； and a hoarse barking noise was uttered。
＇11＇ Rengger （‘Sagetheire von Paraquay'； 1830； s。 46） kept these monkeys in confinement for seven years in their native country of Paraguay。
The Anubis baboon （_Cynocephalus anubis_） was first insulted and put into a furious rage； as was easily done； by his keeper； who then made friends with him and shook hands。 As the reconciliation was effected the baboon rapidly moved up and down his jaws and lips； and looked pleased。 When we laugh heartily； a similar movement； or quiver； may be observed more or less distinctly in our jaws； but with man the muscles of the chest are more particularly acted on； whilst with this baboon； and with some other monkeys； it is the muscles of the jaws and lips which are spasmodically affected。
I have already had occasion to remark on the curious manner in which two or three species of Alacacus and the _Cynopithecus niger_ draw back their ears and utter a slight jabbering noise； when they are pleased by being caressed。 With the Cynopithecus （fig。 17）； the corners of the mouth are at the same time drawn backwards and upwards； so that the teeth are exposed。 Hence this expression would never be recognized by a stranger as one of pleasure。 The crest of long hairs on the forehead is depressed； and apparently the whole skin of the head drawn backwards。 The eyebrows are thus raised a little； and the eyes assume a staring appearance。 The lower eyelids also become slightly wrinkled； but this wrinkling is not conspicuous； owing to the permanent transverse furrows on the face。
_Painful emotions and sensations_。With monkeys the expression of slight pain； or of any painful emotion； such as grief； vexation； jealousy； &c。； is not easily distinguished from that of moderate anger； and these states of mind readily and quickly pass into each other。 Grief； however； with some species is certainly exhibited by weeping。 A woman； who sold a monkey to the Zoological Society； believed to have come from Borneo （_Macacus maurus_ or _M。 inornatus_ of Gray）； said that it often cried； and Mr。 Bartlett； as well as the keeper Mr。 Sutton； have repeatedly seen it； when grieved； or even when much pitied； weeping so copiously that the tears rolled down its cheeks。 There is； however； something strange about this case； for two specimens subsequently kept in the Gardens； and believed to be the same species； have never been seen to weep； though they were carefully observed by the keeper and myself when much distressed and loudly screaming。 Rengger states＇12＇ that the eyes of the _Cebus azarae_ fill with tears； but not sufficiently to overflow； when it is prevented getting some much desired object； or is much frightened。 Humboldt also asserts that the eyes of the _Callithrix sciureus_ 〃instantly fill with tears when it is seized with fear；〃 but when this pretty little monkey in the Zoological Gardens was teased； so as to cry out loudly； this did not occur。 I do not； however； wish to throw the least doubt on the accuracy of Humboldt's statement。
The appearance of dejection in young orangs and chimpanzees； when out of health； is as plain and almost as pathetic as in the case of our children。 This state of mind and body is shown by their listless movements； fallen countenances； dull eyes； and changed complexion。
＇12＇ Rengger； ibid。 s。 46。 Humboldt； ‘Personal Narrative； Eng。 translat。 vol。 iv。 p。 527。 ｛Illust。 caption = FIG。 16。_Cynopithecus niger_； in a placid condition。
Drawn from life by Mr。 Wolf。 FIG。 17。The same； when pleased by being caressed。｝
_Anger_。This emotion is often exhibited by many kinds of monkeys； and is expressed； as Mr。 Martin remarks；＇13＇ in many different ways。 〃Some species； when irritated； pout the lips； gaze with a fixed and savage glare on their foe； and make repeated short starts as if about to spring forward； uttering at the same time inward guttural sounds。 Many display their anger by suddenly advancing； making abrupt starts； at the same time opening the mouth and pursing up the lips； so as to conceal the teeth； while the eyes are daringly fixed on the enemy； as if in savage defiance。 Some again； and principally the long…tailed monkeys； or Guenons； display their teeth； and accompany their malicious grins with a sharp； abrupt； reiterated cry。〃 Mr。 Sutton confirms the statement that some species uncover their teeth when enraged； whilst others conceal them by the protrusion of their lips； and some kinds draw back their ears。 The _Cynopithecus niger_； lately referred to； acts in this manner； at the same time depressing the crest of hair on its forehead； and showing its teeth； so that the movements of the features from anger are nearly the same as those from pleasure； and the two expressions can be distinguished only by those familiar with the animal。
Baboons often show their passion and threaten their enemies in a very odd manner； namely； by opening their mouths widely as in the act of yawning。 Mr。 Bartlett has often seen two baboons； when first placed in the same compartment； sitting opposite to each other and thus alternately opening their mouths； and this action seems frequently to end in a real yawn。 Mr。 Bartlett believes that both animals wish to show to each other that they are provided with a formidable set of teeth； as is undoubtedly the case。 As I could hardly credit the reality of this yawning gesture； Mr。 Bartlett insulted an old baboon and put him into a violent passion； and he almost immediately thus acted。 Some species of Macacus and of Cereopithecus＇14＇ behave in the same manner。 Baboons likewise show their anger； as was observed by Brehin with those which he kept alive in Abyssinia； in another manner； namely； by striking the ground with one hand； 〃like an angry man striking the table with his fist。〃 I have seen this movement with the baboons in the Zoological Gardens； but sometimes the action seems rather to represent the searching for a stone or other object in their beds of straw。
＇13＇ Nat。 Hist。 of Mammalia； 1841； p。 351。
Mr。 Sutton has often observed the face of the _Macacus rhesus_； when much enraged； growing red。 As he was mentioning this to me； another monkey attacked a _rhesus_； and I saw its face redden as plainly as that of a man in a violent passion。 In the course of a few minutes； after the battle； the face of this monkey recovered its natural tint。 At the same time that the face reddened； the naked posterior part of the body； which is always red； seemed to grow still redder； but I cannot positively assert that this was the case。 When the Mandrill is in any way excited； the brilliantly coloured； naked parts of the skin are said to become still more vividly coloured。
With several species of baboons the ridge of the forehead projects much over the eyes； and is studded with a few long hairs； representing our eyebrows。 These animals are always looking about them； and in order to look upwards they raise their eyebrows。 They have thus； as it would appear； acquired the habit of frequently moving their eyebrows。 However this may be； many kinds of monkeys； especially the baboons； when angered or in any way excited； rapidly and incessantly move their eyebrows up and down； as well as the hairy skin of their foreheads。＇15＇ As we associate in the case of man the raising and lowering of the eyebrows with definite states of the mind； the almost incessant movement of the eyebrows by monkeys gives them a senseless expression。 I once observed a man who had a trick of continually raising his eyebrows without any corresponding emotion； and this gave to him a foolish appearance； so it is with some persons who keep the corners of their mouths a little drawn backwards and upwards； as if by an incipient smile； though at the time they are not amused or pleased。
＇14＇ Brehm； ‘Thierleben；' B。 i。 s。 84。 On baboons striking the ground； s。 61。
A young orang； made jealous by her keeper attending to another monkey； slightly uncovered her teeth； and； uttering a peevish noise like _tish…shist_； turned her back on him。 Both orangs and chimpanzees； when a little more angered； protrude their lips greatly； and make a harsh barking noise。 A young female chimpanzee； in a violent passion； presented a curious resemblance to a child in the same state。 She screamed loudly with widely open mouth； the lips being retracted so that the teeth were fully exposed。 She threw her arms wildly about； sometimes clasping them over her head。 She rolled on the ground； sometimes on her back； sometimes on her belly； and bit everything within reach。 A young gibbon （_Hylobates syndactylus_） in a passion has been described＇16＇ as behaving in almost exactly the same manner。
The lips of young orangs and chimpanzees are protruded； sometimes to a wonderful degree； under various circumstances。 They act thus； not only when slightly angered； sulky； or disappointed； but when alarmed at anythingin one instance； at the sight of a turtle；＇17＇and likewise when pleased。 But neither the degree of protrusion nor the shape of the mouth is exactly the same； as I believe； in all cases； and the sounds which are then uttered are different。 The accompanying drawing represents a chimpanzee made sulky by an orange having been offered him； and then ta
