the expression of emotion in man and animals-第28章

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　which　are　very　different　from　those　of　a　simple　frown；　though　in　some　cases　a　frown　alone　may　be　present。　The　corners　of　the　mouth　are　drawn　downwards；　which　is　so　universally　recognized　as　a　sign　of　being　out　of　spirits；　that　it　is　almost　proverbial。

The　breathing　becomes　slow　and　feeble；　and　is　often　interrupted　by　deep　sighs。　　As　Gratiolet　remarks；　whenever　our　attention　is　long　concentrated　on　any　subject；　we　forget　to　breathe；　and　then　relieve　ourselves　by　a　deep　inspiration；　but　the　sighs　of　a　sorrowful　person；　owing　to　his　slow　respiration　and　languid　circulation；　are　eminently　characteristic。＇1＇　As　the　grief　of　a　person　in　this　state　occasionally　recurs　and　increases　into　a　paroxysm；　spasms　affect　the　respiratory　muscles；　and　he　feels　as　if　something；　the　so…called　_globus　hystericus_；　was　rising　in　his　throat。　These　spasmodic　movements　are　clearly　allied　to　the　sobbing　of　children；　and　are　remnants　of　those　severer　spasms　which　occur　when　a　person　is　said　to　choke　from　excessive　grief。＇2＇


＇1＇　The　above　descriptive　remarks　are　taken　in　part　from　my　own　observations；　but　chiefly　from　Gratiolet　（‘De　la　Physionomie；'　pp。　　53；　337；　on　Sighing；　232）；　who　has　well　treated　this　whole　subject。　　See；　also；　Huschke。　　‘Mimices　et　Physiognomices；　Fragmentum　Physiologicitim；'　1821；　p。　　21。　　On　the　dulness　of　the　eyes；　Dr。　Piderit；　‘Mimik　und　Physiognomik；'　1867；　s。　　65。

＇2＇　On　the　action　of　grief　on　the　organs　of　respiration；

_Obliquity　of　the　eyebrows_。Two　points　alone　in　the　above　description　require　further　elucidation；　and　these　are　very　curious　ones；　namely；　the　raising　of　the　inner　ends　of　the　eyebrows；　and　the　drawing　down　of　the　corners　of　the　mouth。　With　respect　to　the　eyebrows；　they　may　occasionally　be　seen　to　assume　an　oblique　position　in　persons　suffering　from　deep　dejection　or　anxiety；　for　instance；　I　have　observed　this　movement　in　a　mother　whilst　speaking　about　her　sick　son；　and　it　is　sometimes　excited　by　quite　trifling　or　momentary　causes　of　real　or　pretended　distress。　　The　eyebrows　assume　this　position　owing　to　the　contraction　of　certain　muscles　（namely；　the　orbiculars；　corrugators；　and　pyramidals　of　the　nose；　which　together　tend　to　lower　and　contract　the　eyebrows）　being　partially　checked　by　the　more　powerful　action　of　the　central　fascim　of　the　frontal　muscle。　　These　latter　fasciae　by　their　contraction　raise　the　inner　ends　alone　of　the　eyebrows；　and　as　the　corrugators　at　the　same　time　draw　the　eyebrows　together；　their　inner　ends　become　puckered　into　a　fold　or　lump。　This　fold　is　a　highly　characteristic　point　in　the　appearance　of　the　eyebrows　when　rendered　oblique；　as　may　be　seen　in　figs。　2　and　5；　Plate　II。　　The　eyebrows　are　at　the　same　time　somewhat　roughened；　owing　to　the　hairs　being　made　to　project。　Dr。　J。　Crichton　Browne　has　also　often　noticed　in　melancholic　patients　who　keep　their　eyebrows　persistently　oblique；　〃a　peculiar　acute　arching　of　the　upper　eyelid。〃　A　trace　of　this　may　be　observed　by　comparing　the　right　and　left　eyelids　of　the　young　man　in　the　photograph　（fig。　2；　Plate　II。）；　for　he　was　not　able　to　act　equally　on　both　eyebrows。　　This　is　also　shown　by　the　unequal　furrows　on　the　two　sides　of　his　forehead。　The　acute　arching　of　the　eyelids



see　more　especially　Sir　C。　Bell；　‘Anatomy　of　Expression；'　3rd　edit。　1844；　p。　　151。　　depends；　I　believe；　on　the　inner　end　alone　of　the　eyebrows　being　raised；　for　when　the　whole　eyebrow　is　elevated　and　arched；　the　upper　eyelid　follows　in　a　slight　degree　the　same　movement。

But　the　most　conspicuous　result　of　the　opposed　contraction　of　the　above…named　muscles；　is　exhibited　by　the　peculiar　furrows　formed　on　the　forehead。　These　muscles；　when　thus　in　conjoint　yet　opposed　action；　may　be　called；　for　the　sake　of　brevity；　the　grief…muscles。　When　a　person　elevates　his　eyebrows　by　the　contraction　of　the　whole　frontal　muscle；　transverse　wrinkles　extend　across　the　whole　breadth　of　the　forehead；　but　in　the　present　case　the　middle　fasciae　alone　are　contracted；　consequently；　transverse　furrows　are　formed　across　the　middle　part　alone　of　the　forehead。　　The　skin　over　the　exterior　parts　of　both　eyebrows　is　at　the　same　time　drawn　downwards　and　smooth；　by　the　contraction　of　the　outer　portions　of　the　orbicular　muscles。　The　eyebrows　are　likewise　brought　together　through　the　simultaneous　contraction　of　the　corrugators；＇3＇　and　this　latter　action　generates　vertical　furrows；　separating　the　exterior　and　lowered　part　of　the　skin　of　the　forehead　from　the　central　and　raised　part。　　The　union　of　these　vertical　furrows　with　the　central　and　transverse　furrows　（see　figs。　2　and　3）　produces　a　mark　on　the　forehead　which　has　been　compared　to　a　horse…shoe；　but　the　furrows　more　strictly　form　three　sides　of　a　quadrangle。　　They　are　often　conspicuous　on　the　foreheads　of　adult　or　nearly　adult　persons；　when　their　eyebrows　are　made　oblique；　but　with　young　children；　owing　to　their　skin　not　easily　wrinkling；　they　are　rarely　seen；　or　mere　traces　of　them　can　be　detected。

These　peculiar　furrows　are　best　represented　in　fig。　　3；　Plate　II。；　on　the　forehead　of　a　young　lady　who　has　the　power　in　an　unusual　degree　of　voluntarily　acting　on　the　requisite　muscles。　As　she　was　absorbed　in　the　attempt；　whilst　being　photographed；　her　expression　was　not　at　all　one　of　grief；　I　have　therefore　given　the　forehead　alone。　　Fig。　　1　on　the　same　plate；　copied　from　Dr。　Duchenne's　work　4　represents；　on　a　reduced　scale；　the　face；　in　its　natural　state；　of　a　young　man　who　was　a　good　actor。　In　fig。　　2　he　is　shown　simulating　grief；　but　the



＇3＇　In　the　foregoing　remarks　on　the　manner　in　which　the　eyebrows　are　made　oblique；　I　have　followed　what　seems　to　be　the　universal　opinion　of　all　the　anatomists；　whose　works　I　have　consulted　on　the　action　of　the　above…named　muscles；　or　with　whom　I　have　conversed。　Hence　throughout　this　work　I　shall　take　a　similar　view　of　the　action　of　the　_corrugator　supercilii_；　_orbicularis；　pyramidalis　nasi_；　and　_frontalis_　muscles。　　Dr。　Duchenne；　however；　believes；　and　every　conclusion　at　which　he　arrives　deserves　serious　consideration；　that　it　is　the　corrugator；　called　by　him　the　_sourcilier_；　which　raises　the　inner　corner　of　the　eyebrows　and　is　antagonistic　to　the　upper　and　inner　part　of　the　orbicular　muscle；　as　well　as　to　the　_pyramidalis　nasi_　（see　Mecanisme　de　la　Phys。　　Humaine；　1862；　folio；　art。　v。；　text　and　figures　19　to　29：　　octavo　edit。　　1862；　p。　　43　text）。　He　admits；　however；　that　the　corrugator　draws　together　the　eyebrows；　causing　vertical　furrows　above　the　base　of　the　nose；　or　a　frown。　He　further　believes　that　towards　the　outer　two…thirds　of　the　eyebrow　the　corrugator　acts　in　conjunction　with　the　upper　orbicular　muscle；　both　here　standing　in　antagonism　to　the　frontal　muscle。　I　am　unable　to　understand；　judging　from　Henle's　drawings　（woodcut；　fig。　3）；　how　the　corrugator　can　act　in　the　manner　described　by　Duchenue。　　See；　also；　oil　this　subject；　Prof。　Donders'　remarks　in　the　‘Archives　of　Medicine；'　1870；　vol。　　v。　　p。　　34。　　Mr。　J。　Wood；　who　is　so　well　known　for　his　careful　study　of　the　muscles　of　the　human　frame；　informs　me　that　he　believes　the　account　which　I　have　given　of　the　action　of　the　corrugator　to　be　correct。　But　this　is　not　a　point　of　any　importance　with　respect　to　the　expression　which　is　caused　by　the　obliquity　of　the　eyebrows；　nor　of　much　importance　to　the　theory　of　its　origin。

‘I　am　greatly　indebted　to　Dr。　Duchenne　for　permission　to　have　these　two　photographs　（figs。　1　and　2）　reproduced　by　the　heliotype　process　from　his　work　in　folio。　　Many　of　the　foregoing　remarks　on　the　furrowing　of　the　skin；　when　the　eyebrows　are　rendered　oblique；　are　taken　from　his　excellent　discussion　on　this　subject。　two　eyebrows；　as　before　remarked；　are　not　equally　acted　on。　That　the　expression　is　true；　may　be　inferred　from　the　fact　that　out　of　fifteen　persons；　to　whom　the　original　photograph　was　shown；　without　any　clue　to　what　was　intended　being　given　them；　fourteen　immediately　answered；　〃despairing　sorrow；〃　〃suffering　endurance；〃　〃melancholy；〃　and　so　forth。　　The　history　of　fig。　5　is　rather　curious：　　I　saw　the　photograph　in　a　shop…window；　and　took　it　to　Mr。　Rejlander　for　the　sake　of　finding　out　by　whom　it　had　been　made；　remarking　to　him　how　pathetic　the　expression　was。　He　answered；　〃I　made　it；　and　it　was　likely　to　be　pathetic；　for　the　boy　in　a　few　minutes　burst　out　crying。〃　　He　then　showed　me　a　photograph　of　the　same　boy　in　a　placid　state；　which　I　have　had　（fig。　4）　reproduced。　　In　fig。　　6；　a　trace　of　obliquity　in　the　eyebrows　may　be　detected；　but　this　figure；　as　well　as　fig。　7；　is　given　to　show　the　depression　of　the　corners　of　the　mouth；　to　which　subject　I　shall　presently　refer。

Few　persons；　without　some　practice；　can　voluntarily　act　on　their　grief…muscles；　but　after　repeated　trials　a　considerable　number　succeed；　whilst　others　never　can。　　The　degree　of　obliquity　in　the　eyebrows；　whether　assumed　voluntarily　or　unconsciously；　differs　much　in　different　persons。　　With　some　who　apparently　have　unusually　strong　pyramidal　muscles；　the　contraction　of　the　central　fasciae　of　the　frontal　muscle；　although　it　may　be　energetic；　as　shown　by　the　quadrangular　furrows　on　the　forehead；　does　not　raise　the　inner　ends　of　the　eyebrows；　but　only　prevents　their　being　so　much　lowered　as　they　otherwise　would　have　been。　As　far　as　I　have　been　able　to　observe；　the　grief…muscles　are　brought　into　action　much　more　frequently　by　children　and　women　than　by　men。　They　are　rarely　acted　on；　at　least　with　grown…up　persons；　from　bodily　pain；　but　almost　exclusively　from　mental　distress。　Two　persons　who；　after　some　practice；　succeeded　in　acting　on　their　grief…muscles；　found　by　looking　at　a　mirror　that　when　they　made　their　eyebrows　oblique；　they　unintentionally　at　the　same　time　depressed　the　corners　of　their　mouths；　and　this　is　often　the　case　when　the　expression　is　naturally　assumed。

The　power　to　bring　the　grief…muscles　freely　into　play　appears　to　be　hereditary；　like　almost　every　other　human　faculty。　A　lady　belonging　to　a　family　famous　for　having　produced　an　extraordinary　number　of　great　actors　and　actresses；　and　who　can　herself　give　this　expression　〃with　singular　precision；〃　told　Dr。　Crichton　Browne　that　all　her　family　had　possessed　the　power　in　a　remarkable　degree。　The　same　hereditary　tendency　is　said　to　have　extended；　as　I　likewise　hear　from　Dr。　Browne；　to　the　last　descendant　of　the　family；　which　gave　rise　to　Sir　Walter　Scott's　novel　of　‘Red　Gauntlet；'　but　the　hero　is　described　as　contracting　his　forehead　into　a　horseshoe　mark　from　any　strong　emotion。　　I　have　also　seen　a　young　woman　whose　forehead　seemed　almost　habitually　thus　contracted；　independently　of　any　emotion　being　at　the　time　felt。

The　grief…muscles　are　not　very　frequently　brought　into　play；　and　as　the　action　is　often　momentary；　it　easily　escapes　observation。　Although　the　expression；　when　observed；　is　universally　and　instantly　recognized　as　that　of　grief　or　anxiety；　yet　not　one　person　out　of　a　thousand　who　has　never　studied　the　subject；　is　able　to　say　precisely　what　change　passes　over　the　sufferer's　face。　Hence　probably　it　is　that　this　expression　is　not　even　alluded　to；　as　far　as　I　have　noticed；　in　any　work　of　fiction；　with　the　exception　of　‘Red　Gauntlet'　and　of　one　other　novel；　and　the　authoress　of　the　latter；　as　I　am　informed；　belongs　to　the　famous　family　of　actors　just　alluded　to；　so　that　her　atten