the expression of emotion in man and animals-第34章

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ogether。　They　sat　opposite；　touching　each　other　with　their　much　protruded　lips；　and　the　one　put　his　hand　on　the　shoulder　of　the　other。　They　then　mutually　folded　each　other　in　their　arms。　Afterwards　they　stood　up；　each　with　one　arm　on　the　shoulder　of　the　other；　lifted　up　their　heads；　opened　their　mouths；　and　yelled　with　delight。


＇21＇　Mr。　Bain　remarks　（‘Mental　and　Moral　Science；'　1868；　p。　239）；　〃Tenderness　is　a　pleasurable　emotion；　variously　stimulated；　whose　effort　is　to　draw　human　beings　into　mutual　embrace。〃

We　Europeans　are　so　accustomed　to　kissing　as　a　mark　of　affection；　that　it　might　be　thought　to　be　innate　in　mankind；　but　this　is　not　the　case。　Steele　was　mistaken　when　he　said　〃Nature　was　its　author；　and　it　began　with　the　first　courtship。〃　　Jemmy　Button；　the　Fuegian；　told　me　that　this　practice　was　unknown　in　his　land。　　It　is　equally　unknown　with　the　New　Zealanders；　Tahitians；　Papuans；　Australians；　Somals　of　Africa；　and　the　Esquimaux。〃　　But　it　is　so　far　innate　or　natural　that　it　apparently　depends　on　pleasure　from　close　contact　with　a　beloved　person；　and　it　is　replaced　in　various　parts　of　the　world；　by　the　rubbing　of　noses；　as　with　the　New　Zealanders　and　Laplanders；　by　the　rubbing　or　patting　of　the　arms；　breasts；　or　stomachs；　or　by　one　man　striking　his　own　face　with　the　hands　or　feet　of　another。　　Perhaps　the　practice　of　blowing；　as　a　mark　of　affection；　on　various　parts　of　the　body　may　depend　on　the　same　principle。＇23＇

The　feelings　which　are　called　tender　are　difficult　to　analyse；　they　seem　to　be　compounded　of　affection；　joy；　and　especially　of　sympathy。　These　feelings　are　in　themselves　of　a　pleasurable　nature；　excepting　when　pity　is　too　deep；　or　horror　is　aroused；　as　in　hearing　of　a　tortured　man　or　animal。　They　are　remarkable　under　our　present　point　of　view　from　so　readily　exciting　the　secretion　of　tears。　　Many　a　father　and　son　have　wept　on　meeting　after　a　long　separation；　especially　if　the　meeting　has　been　unexpected。　No　doubt　extreme　joy　by　itself　tends　to　act　on　the　lacrymal　glands；　but　on　such　occasions　as　the　foregoing　vague　thoughts　of　the　grief　which　would　have　been　felt　had　the　father　and　son　never　met；　will　probably　have　passed　through　their　minds；　and　grief　naturally　leads　to　the　secretion　of　tears。　Thus　on　the　return　of　Ulysses：〃Telemachus　　Rose；　and　clung　weeping　round　his　father's　breast。　　There　the　pent　grief　rained　o'er　them；　yearning　thus。　　*　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　Thus　piteously　they　wailed　in　sore　unrest；　　And　on　their　weepings　had　gone　down　the　day；　　But　that　at　last　Telemachus　found　words　to　say。〃　_Worsley's　Translation　of　the　Odyssey_；　Book　xvi。　　st。　　27。

So　again　when　Penelope　at　last　recognized　her　husband：

　　　　　〃Then　from　her　eyelids　the　quick　tears　did　start　　　　　　And　she　ran　to　him　from　her　place；　and　threw　　　　　　Her　arms　about　his　neck；　and　a　warm　dew　　　　　　Of　kisses　poured　upon　him；　and　thus　spake：〃　Book　xxiii。　　st。　　27。



＇22＇　Sir　J。　Lubbock；　‘Prehistoric　Times；'　2nd　edit。　1869；　p。　　552；　gives　full　authorities　for　these　statements。　The　quotation　from　Steele　is　taken　from　this　work。

＇23＇　See　a　full　acount；｛sic｝　with　references；　by　E。　B。　Tylor；　‘Researches　into　the　Early　History　of　Mankind；'　2nd　edit。　　1870；　p。　　51。


The　vivid　recollection　of　our　former　home；　or　of　long…past　happy　days；　readily　causes　the　eyes　to　be　suffused　with　tears；　but　here；　again；　the　thought　naturally　occurs　that　these　days　will　never　return。　In　such　cases　we　may　be　said　to　sympathize　with　ourselves　in　our　present；　in　comparison　with　our　former；　state。　　Sympathy　with　the　distresses　of　others；　even　with　the　imaginary　distresses　of　a　heroine　in　a　pathetic　story；　for　whom　we　feel　no　affection；　readily　excites　tears。　So　does　sympathy　with　the　happiness　of　others；　as　with　that　of　a　lover；　at　last　successful　after　many　hard　trials　in　a　well…told　tale。

Sympathy　appears　to　constitute　a　separate　or　distinct　emotion；　and　it　is　especially　apt　to　excite　the　lacrymal　glands。　This　holds　good　whether　we　give　or　receive　sympathy。　Every　one　must　have　noticed　how　readily　children　burst　out　crying　if　we　pity　them　for　some　small　hurt。　　With　the　melancholic　insane；　as　Dr。　Crichton　Browne　informs　me；　a　kind　word　will　often　plunge　them　into　unrestrained　weeping。　　As　soon　as　we　express　our　pity　for　the　grief　of　a　friend；　tears　often　come　into　our　own　eyes。　The　feeling　of　sympathy　is　commonly　explained　by　assuming　that；　when　we　see　or　hear　of　suffering　in　another；　the　idea　of　suffering　is　called　up　so　vividly　in　our　own　minds　that　we　ourselves　suffer。　But　this　explanation　is　hardly　sufficient；　for　it　does　not　account　for　the　intimate　alliance　between　sympathy　and　affection。　We　undoubtedly　sympathize　far　more　deeply　with　a　beloved　than　with　an　indifferent　person；　and　the　sympathy　of　the　one　gives　us　far　more　relief　than　that　of　the　other。　　Yet　assuredly　we　can　sympathize　with　those　for　whom　we　feel　no　affection。

Why　suffering；　when　actually　experienced　by　ourselves；　excites　weeping；　has　been　discussed　in　a　former　chapter。　With　respect　to　joy；　its　natural　and　universal　expression　is　laughter；　and　with　all　the　races　of　man　loud　laughter　leads　to　the　secretion　of　tears　more　freely　than　does　any　other　cause　excepting　distress。　The　suffusion　of　the　eyes　with　tears；　which　undoubtedly　occurs　under　great　joy；　though　there　is　no　laughter；　can；　as　it　seems　to　me；　be　explained　through　habit　and　association　on　the　same　principles　as　the　effusion　of　tears　from　grief；　although　there　is　no　screaming。　Nevertheless　it　is　not　a　little　remarkable　that　sympathy　with　the　distresses　of　others　should　excite　tears　more　freely　than　our　own　distress；　and　this　certainly　is　the　case。　Many　a　man；　from　whose　eyes　no　suffering　of　his　own　could　wring　a　tear；　has　shed　tears　at　the　sufferings　of　a　beloved　friend。　It　is　still　more　remarkable　that　sympathy　with　the　happiness　or　good　fortune　of　those　whom　we　tenderly　love　should　lead　to　the　same　result；　whilst　a　similar　happiness　felt　by　ourselves　would　leave　our　eyes　dry。　We　should；　however；　bear　in　mind　that　the　long…continued　habit　of　restraint　which　is　so　powerful　in　checking　the　free　flow　of　tears　from　bodily　pain；　has　not　been　brought　into　play　in　preventing　a　moderate　effusion　of　tears　in　sympathy　with　the　sufferings　or　happiness　of　others。

Music　has　a　wonderful　power；　as　I　have　elsewhere　attempted　to　show；＇24＇　of　recalling　in　a　vague　and　indefinite　manner；　those　strong　emotions　which　were　felt　during　long…past　ages；　when；　as　is　probable；　our　early　progenitors　courted　each　other　by　the　aid　of　vocal　tones。　And　as　several　of　our　strongest　emotionsgrief；　great　joy；　love；　and　sympathylead　to　the　free　secretion　of　tears；　it　is　not　surprising　that　music　should　be　apt　to　cause　our　eyes　to　become　suffused　with　tears；　especially　when　we　are　already　softened　by　any　of　the　tenderer　feelings。　　Music　often　produces　another　peculiar　effect。　We　know　that　every　strong　sensation；　emotion；　or　excitement　extreme　pain；　rage；　terror；　joy；　or　the　passion　of　love　all　have　a　special　tendency　to　cause　the　muscles　to　tremble；　and　the　thrill　or　slight　shiver　which　runs　down　the　backbone　and　limbs　of　many　persons　when　they　are　powerfully　affected　by　music；　seems　to　bear　the　same　relation　to　the　above　trembling　of　the　body；　as　a　slight　suffusion　of　tears　from　the　power　of　music　does　to　weeping　from　any　strong　and　real　emotion。

_Devotion_。As　devotion　is；　in　some　degree；　related　to　affection；　though　mainly　consisting　of　reverence；　often　combined　with　fear；　the　expression　of　this　state　of　mind　may　here　be　briefly　noticed。　With　some　sects；　both　past　and　present；　religion　and　love　have　been　strangely　combined；　and　it　has　even　been　maintained；　lamentable　as　the　fact　may　be；　that　the　holy　kiss　of　love　differs　but　little　from　that　which　a　man　bestows　on　a　woman；　or　a　woman　on　a　man。＇25＇　Devotion　is　chiefly　expressed　by　the　face　being　directed　towards　the　heavens；　with　the　eyeballs　upturned。　Sir　C。　Bell　remarks　that；　at　the　approach　of　sleep；　or　of　a　fainting…fit；　or　of　death；　the　pupils　are　drawn　upwards　and　inwards；　and　he　believes　that　〃when　we　are　wrapt　in　devotional　feelings；　and　outward　impressions　are　unheeded；　the　eyes　are　raised　by　an　action　neither　taught　nor　acquired。〃　and　that　this　is　due　to　the　same　cause　as　in　the　above　cases。＇26＇　That　the　eyes　are　upturned　during　sleep　is；　as　I　hear　from　Professor　Donders；　certain。　　With　babies；　whilst　sucking　their　mother's　breast；　this　movement　of　the　eyeballs　often　gives　to　them　an　absurd　appearance　of　ecstatic　delight；　and　here　it　may　be　clearly　perceived　that　a　struggle　is　going　on　against　the　position　naturally　assumed　during　sleep。　But　Sir　C。　Bell's　explanation　of　the　fact；　which　rests　on　the　assumption　that　certain　muscles　are　more　under　the　control　of　the　will　than　others　is；　as　I　hear　from　Professor　Donders；　incorrect。　As　the　eyes　are　often　turned　up　in　prayer；　without　the　mind　being　so　much　absorbed　in　thought　as　to　approach　to　the　unconsciousness　of　sleep；　the　movement　is　probably　a　conventional　one　the　result　of　the　common　belief　that　Heaven；　the　source　of　Divine　power　to　which　we　pray；　is　seated　above　us。


＇24＇　‘The　Descent　of　Man；'　vol。　　ii。　　p。　　336。

A　humble　kneeling　posture；　with　the　hands　upturned　and　palms　joined；　appears　to　us；　from　long　habit；　a　gesture　so　appropriate　to　devotion；　that　it　might　be　thought　to　be　innate；　but　I　have　not　met　with　any　evidence　to　this　effect　with　the　various　extra…European　races　of　mankind。　During　the　classical　period　of　Roman　history　it　does　not　appear；　as　I　hear　from　an　excellent　classic；　that　the　hands　were　thus　joined　during　prayer。　Mr。　Rensleigh　Wedgwood　has　apparently　given＇27＇　the　true　explanation；　though　this　implies　that　the　attitude　is　one　of　slavish　subjection。　〃When　the　suppliant　kneels　and　holds　up　his　hands　with　the　palms　joined；　he　represents　a　captive　who　proves　the　completeness　of　his　submission　by　offering　up　his　hands　to　be　bound　by　the　victor。　　It　is　the　pictorial　representation　of　the　Latin　_dare　manus_；　to　signify　submission。〃　Hence　it　is　not　probable　that　either　the　uplifting　of　the　eyes　or　the　joining　of　the　open　hands；　under　the　influence　of　devotional　feelings；　are　innate　or　truly　expressive　actions；　and　this　could　hardly　have　been　expected；　for　it　is　very　doubtful　whether　feelings；　such　as　we　should　now　rank　as　devotional；　affected　the　hearts　of　men；　whilst　they　remained　during　past　ages　in　an　uncivilized　condition。



＇25＇　Dr。　Mandsley　has　a　discussion　to　this　effect　in　his　‘Body　and　Mind；'　1870；　p。　　85。

＇26＇　‘The　Anatomy　of　Expression；'　p。　　103；　and　‘Philosophical　Transactions；'　1823；　p。　　182。


＇27＇　‘The　Origin　of　Language；'　1866；　p。　　146。　　Mr。　Tylor　（‘Early　History　of　Mankind；'　2nd　edit。　　1870；　p。　　48）　gives　a　more　complex　origin　to　the　position　of　the　hands　during　prayer。　　CHAPTER　IX。

REFLECTIONMEDITATION…ILL…TEMPERSULKINESSDETERMINATION。

The　act　of　frowningReflection　with　an　effort；　or　with　the　perception　of　something　difficult　or　disagreeable　Abstracted　meditationIll…temperMorosenessObstinacy　Sulkiness　and　poutingDecision　or　determinationThe　firm　closure　of　the　mouth。


THE　corrugators；　by　their　contraction；　lower　the　eyebrows　and　bring　them　together；　producing　vertical　furrows　on　the　foreheadthat　is；　a　frown。　Sir　C。　Bell；　who　erroneously　thought　that　the　corrugator　was　peculiar　to　man；　ran