the expression of emotion in man and animals-第39章

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　such　attitude。


＇12＇　‘Body　and　Mind；'　1870；　pp。　　51…53。

Rage；　anger；　and　indignation　are　exhibited　in　nearly　the　same　manner　throughout　the　world；　and　the　following　descriptions　may　be　worth　giving　as　evidence　of　this；　and　as　illustrations　of　some　of　the　foregoing　remarks。　There　is；　however；　an　exception　with　respect　to　clenching　the　fists；　which　seems　confined　chiefly　to　the　men　who　fight　with　their　fists。　With　the　Australians　only　one　of　my　informants　has　seen　the　fists　clenched。　All　agree　about　the　body　being　held　erect；　and　all；　with　two　exceptions；　state　that　the　brows　are　heavily　contracted。　　Some　of　them　allude　to　the　firmly…compressed　mouth；　the　distended　nostrils；　and　flashing　eyes。　According　to　the　Rev。　Mr。　Taplin；　rage；　with　the　Australians；　is　expressed　by　the　lips　being　protruded；　the　eyes　being　widely　open；　and　in　the　case　of　the　women　by　their　dancing　about　and　casting　dust　into　the　air。　Another　observer　speaks　of　the　native　men；　when　enraged；　throwing　their　arms　wildly　about。


＇13＇　Le　Brun；　in　his　well…known　‘Conference　sur　l'Expression'　（‘La　Physionomie；　par　Lavater；'　edit。　　of　1820；　vol。　　lx。　　p。　　268）；　remarks　that　anger　is　expressed　by　the　clenching　of　the　fists。　　See；　to　the　same　effect；　Huschke；　‘Mimices　et　Physiognomices；　Fragmentum　Physiologicum；'　1824；　p。　　20。　　Also　Sir　C。　Bell；　‘Anatomy　of　Expression；'　p。　　219。

I　have　received　similar　accounts；　except　as　to　the　clenching　of　the　fists；　in　regard　to　the　Malays　of　the　Malacca　peninsula；　the　Abyssinians；　and　the　natives　of　South　Africa。　　So　it　is　with　the　Dakota　Indians　of　North　America；　and；　according　to　Mr。　Matthews；　they　then　hold　their　heads　erect；　frown；　and　often　stalk　away　with　long　strides。　Mr。　Bridges　states　that　the　Fuegians；　when　enraged；　frequently　stamp　on　the　ground；　walk　distractedly　about；　sometimes　cry　and　grow　pale。　The　Rev。　Mr。　Stack　watched　a　New　Zealand　man　and　woman　quarrelling；　and　made　the　following　entry　in　his　note…book：　〃Eyes　dilated；　body　swayed　violently　backwards　and　forwards；　head　inclined　forwards；　fists　clenched；　now　thrown　behind　the　body；　now　directed　towards　each　other's　faces。〃　Mr。　Swinhoe　says　that　my　description　agrees　with　what　he　has　seen　of　the　Chinese；　excepting　that　an　angry　man　generally　inclines　his　body　towards　his　antagonist；　and　pointing　at　him；　pours　forth　a　volley　of　abuse。

Lastly；　with　respect　to　the　natives　of　India；　Mr。　J。　Scott　has　sent　me　a　full　description　of　their　gestures　and　expression　when　enraged。　Two　low…caste　Bengalees　disputed　about　a　loan。　　At　first　they　were　calm；　but　soon　grew　furious　and　poured　forth　the　grossest　abuse　on　each　other's　relations　and　progenitors　for　many　generations　past。　Their　gestures　were　very　different　from　those　of　Europeans；　for　though　their　chests　were　expanded　and　shoulders　squared；　their　arms　remained　rigidly　suspended；　with　the　elbows　turned　inwards　and　the　hands　alternately　clenched　and　opened。　Their　shoulders　were　often　raised　high；　and　then　again　lowered。　They　looked　fiercely　at　each　other　from　under　their　lowered　and　strongly　wrinkled　brows；　and　their　protruded　lips　were　firmly　closed。　They　approached　each　other；　with　heads　and　necks　stretched　forwards；　and　pushed；　scratched；　and　grasped　at　each　other。　　This　protrusion　of　the　head　and　body　seems　a　common　gesture　with　the　enraged；　and　I　have　noticed　it　with　degraded　English　women　whilst　quarrelling　violently　in　the　streets。　　In　such　cases　it　may　be　presumed　that　neither　party　expects　to　receive　a　blow　from　the　other。

A　Bengalee　employed　in　the　Botanic　Gardens　was　accused；　in　the　presence　of　Mr。　Scott；　by　the　native　overseer　of　having　stolen　a　valuable　plant。　He　listened　silently　and　scornfully　to　the　accusation；　his　attitude　erect；　chest　expanded；　mouth　closed；　lips　protruding；　eyes　firmly　set　and　penetrating。　　He　then　defiantly　maintained　his　innocence；　with　upraised　and　clenched　hands；　his　head　being　now　pushed　forwards；　with　the　eyes　widely　open　and　eyebrows　raised。　　Mr。　Scott　also　watched　two　Mechis；　in　Sikhim；　quarrelling　about　their　share　of　payment。　They　soon　got　into　a　furious　passion；　and　then　their　bodies　became　less　erect；　with　their　heads　pushed　forwards；　they　made　grimaces　at　each　other；　their　shoulders　were　raised；　their　arms　rigidly　bent　inwards　at　the　elbows；　and　their　hands　spasmodically　closed；　but　not　properly　clenched。　They　continually　approached　and　retreated　from　each　other；　and　often　raised　their　arms　as　if　to　strike；　but　their　hands　were　open；　and　no　blow　was　given。　Mr。　Scott　made　similar　observations　on　the　Lepchas　whom　he　often　saw　quarrelling；　and　he　noticed　that　they　kept　their　arms　rigid　and　almost　parallel　to　their　bodies；　with　the　hands　pushed　somewhat　backwards　and　partially　closed；　but　not　clenched。


_Sneering；　Defiance：　　Uncovering　the　canine　tooth　on　one　side_。　The　expression　which　I　wish　here　to　consider　differs　but　little　from　that　already　described；　when　the　lips　are　retracted　and　the　grinning　teeth　exposed。　　The　difference　consists　solely　in　the　upper　lip　being　retracted　in　such　a　manner　that　the　canine　tooth　on　one　side　of　the　face　alone　is　shown；　the　face　itself　being　generally　a　little　upturned　and　half　averted　from　the　person　causing　offence。　The　other　signs　of　rage　are　not　necessarily　present。　　This　expression　may　occasionally　be　observed　in　a　person　who　sneers　at　or　defies　another；　though　there　may　be　no　real　anger；　as　when　any　one　is　playfully　accused　of　some　fault；　and　answers；　〃I　scorn　the　imputation。〃　The　expression　is　not　a　common　one；　but　I　have　seen　it　exhibited　with　perfect　distinctness　by　a　lady　who　was　being　quizzed　by　another　person。　It　was　described　by　Parsons　as　long　ago　as　1746；　with　an　engraving；　showing　the　uncovered　canine　on　one　side。＇14＇　Mr。　Rejlander；　without　my　having　made　any　allusion　to　the　subject；　asked　me　whether　I　had　ever　noticed　this　expression；　as　he　had　been　much　struck　by　it。　He　has　photographed　for　me　（Plate　IV。　　fig　1）　a　lady；　who　sometimes　unintentionally　displays　the　canine　on　one　side；　and　who　can　do　so　voluntarily　with　unusual　distinctness。

The　expression　of　a　half…playful　sneer　graduates　into　one　of　great　ferocity　when；　together　with　a　heavily　frowning　brow　and　fierce　eye；　the　canine　tooth　is　exposed。　A　Bengalee　boy　was　accused　before　Mr。　Scott　of　some　misdeed。　The　delinquent　did　not　dare　to　give　vent　to　his　wrath　in　words；　but　it　was　plainly　shown　on　his　countenance；　sometimes　by　a　defiant　frown；　and　sometimes　〃by　a　thoroughly　canine　snarl。〃　When　this　was　exhibited；　〃the　corner　of　the　lip　over　the　eye…tooth；　which　happened　in　this　case　to　be　large　and　projecting；　was　raised　on　the　side　of　his　accuser；　a　strong　frown　being　still　retained　on　the　brow。〃　　Sir　C。　Bell　states＇15＇　that　the　actor　Cooke　could　express　the　most　determined　hate　〃when　with　the　oblique　cast　of　his　eyes　he　drew　up　the　outer　part　of　the　upper　lip；　and　discovered　a　sharp　angular　tooth。〃


＇14＇　Transact。　　Philosoph。　　Soc。；　Appendix；　1746；　p。　　65。

The　uncovering　of　the　canine　tooth　is　the　result　of　a　double　movement。　The　angle　or　corner　of　the　mouth　is　drawn　a　little　backwards；　and　at　the　same　time　a　muscle　which　runs　parallel　to　and　near　the　nose　draws　up　the　outer　part　of　the　upper　lip；　and　exposes　the　canine　on　this　side　of　the　face。　The　contraction　of　this　muscle　makes　a　distinct　furrow　on　the　cheek；　and　produces　strong　wrinkles　under　the　eye；　especially　at　its　inner　corner。　The　action　is　the　same　as　that　of　a　snarling　dog；　and　a　dog　when　pretending　to　fight　often　draws　up　the　lip　on　one　side　alone；　namely　that　facing　his　antagonist。　　Our　word　_sneer_　is　in　fact　the　same　as　_snarl_；　which　was　originally　_snar_；　the　_l_　〃being　merely　an　element　implying　continuance　of　action。〃＇16＇

I　suspect　that　we　see　a　trace　of　this　same　expression　in　what　is　called　a　derisive　or　sardonic　smile。　　The　lips　are　then　kept　joined　or　almost　joined；　but　one　corner　of　the　mouth　is　retracted　on　the　side　towards　the　derided　person；　and　this　drawing　back　of　the　corner　is　part　of　a　true　sneer。　　Although　some　persons　smile　more　on　one　side　of　their　face　than　on　the　other；　it　is　not　easy　to　understand　why　in　cases　of　derision　the　smile；　if　a　real　one；　should　so　commonly　be　confined　to　one　side。　I　have　also　on　these　occasions　noticed　a　slight　twitching　of　the　muscle　which　draws　up　the　outer　part　of　the　upper　lip；　and　this　movement；　if　fully　carried　out；　would　have　uncovered　the　canine；　and　would　have　produced　a　true　sneer。


＇15＇　‘Anatomy　of　Expression；'　p。　　136。　　Sir　C。　Bell　calls　（p。　131）　the　muscles　which　uncover　the　canines　the　snarling　muscles。

＇16＇　Hensleigh　Wedgwood；　‘Dictionary　of　English　Etymology；'　1865；　vol。　　iii。　　pp。　　240；　243。

Mr。　Bulmer；　an　Australian　missionary　in　a　remote　part　of　Gipps'　Land；　says；　in　answer　to　my　query　about　the　uncovering　of　the　canine　on　one　side；　〃I　find　that　the　natives　in　snarling　at　each　other　speak　with　the　teeth　closed；　the　upper　lip　drawn　to　one　side；　and　a　general　angry　expression　of　face；　but　they　look　direct　at　the　person　addressed。〃　　Three　other　observers　in　Australia；　one　in　Abyssinia；　and　one　in　China；　answer　my　query　on　this　head　in　the　affirmative；　but　as　the　expression　is　rare；　and　as　they　enter　into　no　details；　I　am　afraid　of　implicitly　trusting　them。　It　is；　however；　by　no　means　improbable　that　this　animal…like　expression　may　be　more　common　with　savages　than　with　civilized　races。　　Mr。　Geach　is　an　observer　who　may　be　fully　trusted；　and　he　has　observed　it　on　one　occasion　in　a　Malay　in　the　interior　of　Malacca。　　The　Rev。　S。　O。　Glenie　answers；　〃We　have　observed　this　expression　with　the　natives　of　Ceylon；　but　not　often。〃　Lastly；　in　North　America；　Dr。　Rothrock　has　seen　it　with　some　wild　Indians；　and　often　in　a　tribe　adjoining　the　Atnahs。

Although　the　upper　lip　is　certainly　sometimes　raised　on　one　side　alone　in　sneering　at　or　defying　any　one；　I　do　not　know　that　this　is　always　the　case；　for　the　face　is　commonly　half　averted；　and　the　expression　is　often　momentary。　The　movement　being　confined　to　one　side　may　not　be　an　essential　part　of　the　expression；　but　may　depend　on　the　proper　muscles　being　incapable　of　movement　excepting　on　one　side。　I　asked　four　persons　to　endeavour　to　act　voluntarily　in　this　manner；　two　could　expose　the　canine　only　on　the　left　side；　one　only　on　the　right　side；　and　the　fourth　on　neither　side。　Nevertheless　it　is　by　no　means　certain　that　these　same　persons；　　if　defying　any　one　in　earnest；　would　not　unconsciously　have　uncovered　their　canine　tooth　on　the　side；　whichever　it　might　be；　towards　the　offender。　　For　we　have　seen　that　some　persons　cannot　voluntarily　make　their　eyebrows　oblique；　yet　instantly　act　in　this　manner　when　affected　by　any　real；　although　most　trifling；　cause　of　distress。　　The　power　of　voluntarily　uncovering　the　canine　on　one　side　of　the　face　being　thus　often　wholly　lost；　indicates　that　it　is　a　rarely　used　and　almost　abortive　action。　It　is　indeed　a　surprising　fact　that　man　should　possess　the　power；　or　should　exhibit　any　tendency　to　its　use；　for　Mr。　Sutton　has　never　noticed　a　snarling　action　in　our　nearest　allies；　namely；　the　monkeys　in　the　Zoological　Gardens；　and　he　is　positive　that　the　baboons；　though　furnished　with　great　canines；　never　act　thus；　but　uncover　all　their　teeth　when　feeling　savage　and　ready　for　an　attack。　Whether　the　adult　anthropomorphous　apes；　in　the　males　of　who