the expression of emotion in man and animals-第41章

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hich　I　am　assured　by　Mr。　Sutton；　that　the　monkeys　in　the　Zoological　Gardens　often　vomit　whilst　in　perfect　health；　which　looks　as　if　the　act　were　voluntary。　We　can　see　that　as　man　is　able　to　communicate　by　language　to　his　children　and　others；　the　knowledge　of　the　kinds　of　food　to　be　avoided；　he　would　have　little　occasion　to　use　the　faculty　of　voluntary　rejection；　so　that　this　power　would　tend　to　be　lost　through　disuse。


＇8＇　Duchenne　believes　that　in　the　eversion　of　the　lower　lip；　the　corners　are　drawn　downwards　by　the　_depressores　anguli　oris_。　Henle　（Handbuch　d。　　Anat。　　des　Menschen；　1858；　B。　i。　　s。　　151）　concludes　that　this　is　effected　by　the　_musculus　quadratus　menti_。

As　the　sense　of　smell　is　so　intimately　connected　with　that　of　taste；　it　is　not　surprising　that　an　excessively　bad　odour　should　excite　retching　or　vomiting　in　some　persons；　quite　as　readily　as　the　thought　of　revolting　food　does；　and　that；　as　a　further　consequence；　a　moderately　offensive　odour　should　cause　the　various　expressive　movements　of　disgust。　The　tendency　to　retch　from　a　fetid　odour　is　immediately　strengthened　in　a　curious　manner　by　some　degree　of　habit；　though　soon　lost　by　longer　familiarity　with　the　cause　of　offence　and　by　voluntary　restraint。　For　instance；　I　wished　to　clean　the　skeleton　of　a　bird；　which　had　not　been　sufficiently　macerated；　and　the　smell　made　my　servant　and　myself　（we　not　having　had　much　experience　in　such　work）　retch　so　violently；　that　we　were　compelled　to　desist。　　During　the　previous　days　I　had　examined　some　other　skeletons；　which　smelt　slightly；　yet　the　odour　did　not　in　the　least　affect　me；　but；　subsequently　for　several　days；　whenever　I　handled　these　same　skeletons；　they　made　me　retch。

From　the　answers　received　from　my　correspondents　it　appears　that　the　various　movements；　which　have　now　been　described　as　expressing　contempt　and　disgust；　prevail　throughout　a　large　part　of　the　world。　Dr。　Rothrock；　for　instance；　answers　with　a　decided　affirmative　with　respect　to　certain　wild　Indian　tribes　of　North　America。　　Crantz　says　that　when　a　Greenlander　denies　anything　with　contempt　or　horror　he　turns　up　his　nose；　and　gives　a　slight　sound　through　it。＇9＇　Mr。　Scott　has　sent　me　a　graphic　description　of　the　face　of　a　young　Hindoo　at　the　sight　of　castor…oil；　which　he　was　compelled　occasionally　to　take。　Mr。　Scott　has　also　seen　the　same　expression　on　the　faces　of　high…caste　natives　who　have　approached　close　to　some　defiling　object。　Mr。　Bridges　says　that　the　Fuegians　〃express　contempt　by　shooting　out　the　lips　and　hissing　through　them；　and　by　turning　up　the　nose。〃　The　tendency　either　to　snort　through　the　nose；　or　to　make　a　noise　expressed　by　_ugh_　or　_ach_；　is　noticed　by　several　of　my　correspondents。


＇9＇　As　quoted　by　Tylor；　‘Primitive　Culture；'　1871；　vol。　　i。　　p。　　169。

Spitting　seems　an　almost　universal　sign　of　contempt　or　disgust；　and　spitting　obviously　represents　the　rejection　of　anything　offensive　from　the　mouth。　　Shakspeare　makes　the　Duke　of　Norfolk　say；　〃I　spit　at　him　call　him　a　slanderous　coward　and　a　villain。〃　　So；　again；　Falstaff　says；　〃Tell　thee　what；　Hal；if　I　tell　thee　a　lie；　spit　in　my　face。〃　Leichhardt　remarks　that　the　Australians　〃interrupted　their　speeches　by　spitting；　and　uttering　a　noise　like　pooh！　pooh！　apparently　expressive　of　their　disgust。〃　　And　Captain　Burton　speaks　of　certain　negroes　〃spitting　with　disgust　upon　the　ground。〃　Captain　Speedy　informs　me　that　this　is　likewise　the　case　with　the　Abyssinians。　　Mr。　Geach　says　that　with　the　Malays　of　Malacca　the　expression　of　disgust　〃answers　to　spitting　from　the　mouth；〃　and　with　the　Fuegians；　according　to　Mr。　Bridges　〃to　spit　at　one　is　the　highest　mark　of　contempt。〃

I　never　saw　disgust　more　plainly　expressed　than　on　the　face　of　one　of　my　infants　at　the　age　of　five　months；　when；　for　the　first　time；　some　cold　water；　and　again　a　month　afterwards；　when　a　piece　of　ripe　cherry　was　put　into　his　mouth。　　This　was　shown　by　the　lips　and　whole　mouth　assuming　a　shape　which　allowed　the　contents　to　run　or　fall　quickly　out；　the　tongue　being　likewise　protruded。　　These　movements　were　accompanied　by　a　little　shudder。　It　was　all　the　more　comical；　as　I　doubt　whether　the　child　felt　real　disgust　the　eyes　and　forehead　expressing　much　surprise　and　consideration。　The　protrusion　of　the　tongue　in　letting　a　nasty　object　fall　out　of　the　mouth；　may　explain　how　it　is　that　lolling　out　the　tongue　universally　serves　as　a　sign　of　contempt　and　hatred。＇11＇


＇10＇　Both　these　quotations　are　given　by　Mr。　H。　Wedgwood；　‘On　the　Origin　of　Language；'　1866；　p。　　75。

We　have　now　seen　that　scorn；　disdain；　contempt；　and　disgust　are　expressed　in　many　different　ways；　by　movements　of　the　features；　and　by　various　gestures；　and　that　these　are　the　same　throughout　the　world。　They　all　consist　of　actions　representing　the　rejection　or　exclusion　of　some　real　object　which　we　dislike　or　abhor；　but　which　does　not　excite　in　us　certain　other　strong　emotions；　such　as　rage　or　terror；　and　through　the　force　of　habit　and　association　similar　actions　are　performed；　whenever　any　analogous　sensation　arises　in　our　minds。

_Jealousy；　Envy；　Avarice；　Revenge；　Suspicion；　Deceit；　Slyness；　Guilt；　Vanity；　Conceit；　Ambition；　Pride；　Humility；　&c_。It　is　doubtful　whether　the　greater　number　of　the　above　complex　states　of　mind　are　revealed　by　any　fixed　expression；　sufficiently　distinct　to　be　described　or　delineated。　When　Shakspeare　speaks　of　Envy　as　_lean…faced_；　or　_black_；　or　_pale_；　and　Jealousy　as　〃_the　green…eyed　monster_；〃　and　when　Spenser　describes　Suspicion　as　〃_foul；　ill…favoured；　and　grim_；〃　they　must　have　felt　this　difficulty。　　Nevertheless；　the　above　feelingsat　least　many　of　them　can　be　detected　by　the　eye；　for　instance；　conceit；　but　we　are　often　guided　in　a　much　greater　degree　than　we　suppose　by　our　previous　knowledge　of　the　persons　or　circumstances。

My　correspondents　almost　unanimously　answer　in　the　affirmative　to　my　query；　whether　the　expression　of　guilt　and　deceit　can　be　recognized　amongst　the　various　races　of　man；　and　I　have　confidence　in　their　answers；　as　they　generally　deny　that　jealousy　can　thus　be　recognized。　　In　the　cases　in　which　details　are　given；　the　eyes　are　almost　always　referred　to。　The　guilty　man　is　said　to　avoid　looking　at　his　accuser；　or　to　give　him　stolen　looks。　　The　eyes　are　said　〃to　be　turned　askant；〃　or　〃to　waver　from　side　to　side；〃　or　〃the　eyelids　to　be　lowered　and　partly　closed。〃　This　latter　remark　is　made　by　Mr。　Hagenauer　with　respect　to　the　Australians；　and　by　Gaika　with　respect　to　the　Kafirs。　　The　restless　movements　of　the　eyes　apparently　follow；　as　will　be　explained　when　we　treat　of　blushing；　from　the　guilty　man　not　enduring　to　meet　the　gaze　of　his　accuser。　I　may　add；　that　I　have　observed　a　guilty　expression；　without　a　shade　of　fear；　in　some　of　my　own　children　at　a　very　early　age。　In　one　instance　the　expression　was　unmistakably　clear　in　a　child　two　years　and　seven　months　old；　and　led　to　the　detection　of　his　little　crime。　It　was　shown；　as　I　record　in　my　notes　made　at　the　time；　by　an　unnatural　brightness　in　the　eyes；　and　by　an　odd；　affected　manner；　impossible　to　describe。


＇11＇　This　is　stated　to　be　the　case　by　Mr。　Tylor　（Early　Hist。　of　Mankind；　2nd　edit。　　1870；　p。　　52）；　and　he　adds；　〃it　is　not　clear　why　this　should　be　so。〃

Slyness　is　also；　I　believe；　exhibited　chiefly　by　movements　about　the　eyes；　for　these　are　less　under　the　control　of　the　will；　owing　to　the　force　of　long…continued　habit；　than　are　the　movements　of　the　body。　Mr。　Herbert　Spencer　remarks；＇12＇　〃When　there　is　a　desire　to　see　something　on　one　side　of　the　visual　field　without　being　supposed　to　see　it；　the　tendency　is　to　check　the　conspicuous　movement　of　the　head；　and　to　make　the　required　adjustment　entirely　with　the　eyes；　which　are；　therefore；　drawn　very　much　to　one　side。　　Hence；　when　the　eyes　are　turned　to　one　side；　while　the　face　is　not　turned　to　the　same　side；　we　get　the　natural　language　of　what　is　called　slyness。〃


＇12＇　‘Principles　of　Psychology；'　2nd　edit。　　1872；　p。　　552。

Of　all　the　above…named　complex　emotions；　Pride；　perhaps；　is　the　most　plainly　expressed。　　A　proud　man　exhibits　his　sense　of　superiority　over　others　by　holding　his　head　and　body　erect。　　He　is　haughty　（_haut_）；　or　high；　and　makes　himself　appear　as　large　as　possible；　so　that　metaphorically　he　is　said　to　be　swollen　or　puffed　up　with　pride。　A　peacock　or　a　turkey…cock　strutting　about　with　puffed…up　feathers；　is　sometimes　said　to　be　an　emblem　of　pride。＇13＇　The　arrogant　man　looks　down　on　others；　and　with　lowered　eyelids　hardly　condescends　to　see　them；　or　he　may　show　his　contempt　by　slight　movements；　such　as　those　before　described；　about　the　nostrils　or　lips。　Hence　the　muscle　which　everts　the　lower　lip　has　been　called　the　_musculus　superbus_。　　In　some　photographs　of　patients　affected　by　a　monomania　of　pride；　sent　me　by　Dr。　Crichton　Browne；　the　head　and　body　were　held　erect；　and　the　mouth　firmly　closed。　This　latter　action；　expressive　of　decision；　follows；　I　presume；　from　the　proud　man　feeling　perfect　self…confidence　in　himself。　The　whole　expression　of　pride　stands　in　direct　antithesis　to　that　of　humility；　so　that　nothing　need　here　be　said　of　the　latter　state　of　mind。


_Helplessness；　Impotence：　　Shrugging　the　shoulders_。When　a　man　wishes　to　show　that　he　cannot　do　something；　or　prevent　something　being　done；　he　often　raises　with　a　quick　movement　both　shoulders。　　At　the　same　time；　if　the　whole　gesture　is　completed；　he　bends　his　elbows　closely　inwards；　raises　his　open　hands；　turning　them　outwards；　with　the　fingers　separated。　The　head　is　often　thrown　a　little　on　one　side；　the　eyebrows　are　elevated；　and　this　causes　wrinkles　across　the　forehead。　　The　mouth　is　generally　opened。　I　may　mention；　in　order　to　show　how　unconsciously　the　features　are　thus　acted　on；　that　though　I　had　often　intentionally　shrugged　my　shoulders　to　observe　how　my　arms　were　placed；　I　was　not　at　all　aware　that　my　eyebrows　were　raised　and　mouth　opened；　until　I　looked　at　myself　in　a　glass；　and　since　then　I　have　noticed　the　same　movements　in　the　faces　of　others。　In　the　accompanying　Plate　VI。；　figs。　　3　and　4；　Mr。　Rejlander　has　successfully　acted　the　gesture　of　shrugging　the　shoulders。


＇12＇　Gratiolet　（De　la　Phys。　　p。　　351）　makes　this　remark；　and　has　some　good　observations　on　the　expression　of　pride。　See　Sir　C。　Bell　（‘Anatomy　of　Expression；'　p。　　111）　on　the　action　of　the　_musculus　superbus_。

Englishmen　are　much　less　demonstrative　than　the　men　of　most　other　European　nations；　and　they　shrug　their　shoulders　far　less　frequently　and　energetically　than　Frenchmen　or　Italians　do。　　The　gesture　varies　in　all　degrees　from　the　complex　movement；　just　described；　to　only　a　momentary　and　scarcely　perceptible　raising　of　both　shoulders；　or；　as　I　have　noticed　in　a　lady　sitting　in　an　arm…chair；　to　the　mere　turning　slightly　outwards　of　the　open　hands　with　separated　fingers。　I　have　never　seen　very　young　English　children　shrug　their　shoulders；　but　the　following　case　was　observed　with　care　by　a　medical　professor　and　excellent　observer；　and　has　been　communicated　to　me　by　him。　The　father　of　this　gentleman　was　a　Parisian；　and　his　mother　a　Scotch　lady。　His　wife　is　of　British　extraction　on　both　sides；　and　my　informant　does　not　believe　that　she　ever　shrugged　her　shoulders　in　her　life。　His　children　have　been　reared　in　England；　and　the　nursemaid　is　a　thorough