the expression of emotion in man and animals-第43章

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；　throws　his　whole　body　into　a　directly　opposite　attitude；　though　this　is　of　no　direct　use　to　him。


＇16＇　Mrs。　Oliphant；　‘The　Brownlows；'　vol。　　ii。　　p。　　206。

Let　it　be　observed　how　an　indignant　man；　who　resents；　and　will　not　submit　to　some　injury；　holds　his　head　erect；　squares　his　shoulders；　and　expands　his　chest。　　He　often　clenches　his　fists；　and　puts　one　or　both　arms　in　the　proper　position　for　attack　or　defence；　with　the　muscles　of　his　limbs　rigid。　　He　frowns；that　is；　he　contracts　and　lowers　his　brows；and；　being　determined；　closes　his　mouth。　　The　actions　and　attitude　of　a　helpless　man　are；　in　every　one　of　these　respects；　exactly　the　reverse。　　In　Plate　VI。　we　may　imagine　one　of　the　figures　on　the　left　side　to　have　just　said；　〃What　do　you　mean　by　insulting　me？〃　and　one　of　the　figures　on　the　right　side　to　answer；　〃I　really　could　not　help　it。〃　The　helpless　man　unconsciously　contracts　the　muscles　of　his　forehead　which　are　antagonistic　to　those　that　cause　a　frown；　and　thus　raises　his　eyebrows；　at　the　same　time　he　relaxes　the　muscles　about　the　mouth；　so　that　the　lower　jaw　drops。　The　antithesis　is　complete　in　every　detail；　not　only　in　the　movements　of　the　features；　but　in　the　position　of　the　limbs　and　in　the　attitude　of　the　whole　body；　as　may　be　seen　in　the　accompanying　plate。　As　the　helpless　or　apologetic　man　often　wishes　to　show　his　state　of　mind；　he　then　acts　in　a　conspicuous　or　demonstrative　manner。

In　accordance　with　the　fact　that　squaring　the　elbows　and　clenching　the　fists　are　gestures　by　no　means　universal　with　the　men　of　all　races；　when　they　feel　indignant　and　are　prepared　to　attack　their　enemy；　so　it　appears　that　a　helpless　or　apologetic　frame　of　mind　is　expressed　in　many　parts　of　the　world　by　merely　shrugging　the　shoulders；　without　turning　inwards　the　elbows　and　opening　the　hands。　The　man　or　child　who　is　obstinate；　or　one　who　is　resigned　to　some　great　misfortune；　has　in　neither　case　any　idea　of　resistance　by　active　means；　and　he　expresses　this　state　of　mind；　by　simply　keeping　his　shoulders　raised；　or　he　may　possibly　fold　his　arms　across　his　breast。

_Signs　of　affirmation　or　approval；　and　of　negation　or　disapproval：　nodding　and　shaking　the　head_。I　was　curious　to　ascertain　how　far　the　common　signs　used　by　us　in　affirmation　and　negation　were　general　throughout　the　world。　　These　signs　are　indeed　to　a　certain　extent　expressive　of　our　feelings；　as　we　give　a　vertical　nod　of　approval　with　a　smile　to　our　children；　when　we　approve　of　their　conduct；　and　shake　our　heads　laterally　with　a　frown；　when　we　disapprove。　With　infants；　the　first　act　of　denial　consists　in　refusing　food；　and　I　repeatedly　noticed　with　my　own　infants；　that　they　did　so　by　withdrawing　their　heads　laterally　from　the　breast；　or　from　anything　offered　them　in　a　spoon。　　In　accepting　food　and　taking　it　into　their　mouths；　they　incline　their　heads　forwards。　　Since　making　these　observations　I　have　been　informed　that　the　same　idea　had　occurred　to　Charma。＇17＇　It　deserves　notice　that　in　accepting　or　taking　food；　there　is　only　a　single　movement　forward；　and　a　single　nod　implies　an　affirmation。　On　the　other　hand；　in　refusing　food；　especially　if　it　be　pressed　on　them；　children　frequently　move　their　heads　several　times　from　side　to　side；　as　we　do　in　shaking　our　heads　in　negation。　　Moreover；　in　the　case　of　refusal；　the　head　is　not　rarely　thrown　backwards；　or　the　mouth　is　closed；　so　that　these　movements　might　likewise　come　to　serve　as　signs　of　negation。　Mr。　Wedgwood　remarks　on　this　subject；＇18＇　that　〃when　the　voice　is　exerted　with　closed　teeth　or　lips；　it　produces　the　sound　of　the　letter　_n_　or　_m_。　Hence　we　may　account　for　the　use　of　the　particle　_ne_　to　signify　negation；　and　possibly　also　of　the　Greek　mh　in　the　same　sense。〃


＇17＇　‘Essai　sur　le　Langage；'　2nd　edit。　　1846。　　I　am　much　indebted　to　Miss　Wedgwood　for　having　given　me　this　information；　with　an　extract　from　the　work。

That　these　signs　are　innate　or　instinctive；　at　least　with　Anglo…Saxons；　is　rendered　highly　probable　by　the　blind　and　deaf　Laura　Bridgman　〃constantly　accompanying　her　_yes_　with　the　common　affirmative　nod；　and　her　_no_　with　our　negative　shake　of　the　head。〃　　Had　not　Mr。　Lieber　stated　to　the　contrary；＇19＇　I　should　have　imagined　that　these　gestures　might　have　been　acquired　or　learnt　by　her；　considering　her　wonderful　sense　of　touch　and　appreciation　of　the　movements　of　others。　With　microcephalous　idiots；　who　are　so　degraded　that　they　never　learn　to　speak；　one　of　them　is　described　by　Vogt；＇20＇　as　answering；　when　asked　whether　he　wished　for　more　food　or　drink；　by　inclining　or　shaking　his　head。　Schmalz；　in　his　remarkable　dissertation　on　the　education　of　the　deaf　and　dumb；　as　well　as　of　children　raised　only　one　degree　above　idiotcy；　assumes　that　they　can　always　both　make　and　understand　the　common　signs　of　affirmation　and　negation。〃

Nevertheless　if　we　look　to　the　various　races　of　man；　these　signs　are　not　so　universally　employed　as　I　should　have　expected；　yet　they　seem　too　general　to　be　ranked　as　altogether　conventional　or　artificial。　My　informants　assert　that　both　signs　are　used　by　the　Malays；　by　the　natives　of　Ceylon；　the　Chinese；　the　negroes　of　the　Guinea　coast；　and；　according　to　Gaika；　by　the　Kafirs　of　South　Africa；　though　with　these　latter　people　Mrs。　Barber　has　never　seen　a　lateral　shake　used　as　a　negative。　　With　respect　to　the　Australians；　seven　observers　agree　that　a　nod　is　given　in　affirmation；　five　agree　about　a　lateral　shake　in　negation；　accompanied　or　not　by　some　word；　but　Mr。　Dyson　Lacy　has　never　seen　this　latter　sign　in　Queensland；　and　Mr。　Bulmer　says　that　in　Gipps'　Land　a　negative　is　expressed　by　throwing　the　head　a　little　backwards　and　putting　out　the　tongue。　At　the　northern　extremity　of　the　continent；　near　Torres　Straits；　the　natives　when　uttering　a　negative　〃don't　shake　the　head　with　it；　but　holding　up　the　right　hand；　shake　it　by　turning　it　half　round　and　back　again　two　or　three　times。〃＇22＇　The　throwing　back　of　the　head　with　a　cluck　of　the　tongue　is　said　to　be　used　as　a　negative　by　the　modern　Greeks　and　Turks；　the　latter　people　expressing　_yes_　by　a　movement　like　that　made　by　us　when　we　shake　our　heads。＇23＇　The　Abyssinians；　as　I　am　informed　by　Captain　Speedy；　express　a　negative　by　jerking　the　head　to　the　right　shoulder；　together　with　a　slight　cluck；　the　mouth　being　closed；　an　affirmation　is　expressed　by　the　head　being　thrown　backwards　and　the　eyebrows　raised　for　an　instant。　The　Tagals　of　Luzon；　in　the　Philippine　Archipelago；　as　I　hear　from　Dr。　Adolf　Meyer；　when　they　say　〃yes；〃　also　throw　the　head　backwards。　According　to　the　Rajah　Brooke；　the　Dyaks　of　Borneo　express　an　affirmation　by　raising　the　eyebrows；　and　a　negation　by　slightly　contracting　them；　together　with　a　peculiar　look　from　the　eyes。　With　the　Arabs　on　the　Nile；　Professor　and　Mrs。　Asa　Gray　concluded　that　nodding　in　affirmation　was　rare；　whilst　shaking　the　head　in　negation　was　never　used；　and　was　not　even　understood　by　them。　With　the　Esquimaux＇24＇　a　nod　means　_yes_　and　a　wink　_no_。　The　New　Zealanders　〃elevate　the　head　and　chin　in　place　of　nodding　acquiescence。〃＇25＇


＇18＇　‘On　the　Origin　of　Language；'　1866；　p。　　91。

＇19＇　‘On　the　Vocal　Sounds　of　L。　Bridgman；'　Smithsonian　Contributions；　1851；　vol。　　ii。　　p。　　11。

＇20＇　‘Memoire　sur　les　Microcephales；'　1867；　p。　　27。

＇21＇　Quoted　by　Tylor；　‘Early　History　of　Mankind；'　2nd　edit。　1870；　p。　　38。


＇22＇　Mr。　J。　B。　Jukes；　‘Letters　and　Extracts；'　&c。　1871；　p。　　248。

＇23＇　F。　Lieber；　‘On　the　Vocal　Sounds；'　&c。　p。　　11。　　Tylor；　ibid。　　p。　　53。

With　the　Hindoos　Mr。　H。　Erskine　concludes　from　inquiries　made　from　experienced　Europeans；　and　from　native　gentlemen；　that　the　signs　of　affirmation　and　negation　varya　nod　and　a　lateral　shake　being　sometimes　used　as　we　do；　but　a　negative　is　more　commonly　expressed　by　the　head　being　thrown　suddenly　backwards　and　a　little　to　one　side；　with　a　cluck　of　the　tongue。　What　the　meaning　may　be　of　this　cluck　of　the　tongue；　which　has　been　observed　with　various　people；　I　cannot　imagine。　A　native　gentleman　stated　that　affirmation　is　frequently　shown　by　the　head　being　thrown　to　the　left。　　I　asked　Mr。　Scott　to　attend　particularly　to　this　point；　and；　after　repeated　observations；　he　believes　that　a　vertical　nod　is　not　commonly　used　by　the　natives　in　affirmation；　but　that　the　head　is　first　thrown　backwards　either　to　the　left　or　right；　and　then　jerked　obliquely　forwards　only　once。　　This　movement　would　perhaps　have　been　described　by　a　less　careful　observer　as　a　lateral　shake。　He　also　states　that　in　negation　the　head　is　usually　held　nearly　upright；　and　shaken　several　times。

Mr。　Bridges　informs　me　that　the　Fuegians　nod　their　heads　vertically　in　affirmation；　and　shake　them　laterally　in　denial。　With　the　wild　Indians　of　North　America；　according　to　Mr。　Washington　Matthews；　nodding　and　shaking　the　head　have　been　learnt　from　Europeans；　and　are　not　naturally　employed。　They　express　affirmation　by　describing　with　the　hand　（all　the　fingers　except　the　index　being　flexed）　a　curve　downwards　and　outwards　from　the　body；　whilst　negation　is　expressed　by　moving　the　open　hand　outwards；　with　the　palm　facing　inwards。〃　Other　observers　state　that　the　sign　of　affirmation　with　these　Indians　is　the　forefinger　being　raised；　and　then　lowered　and　pointed　to　the　ground；　or　the　hand　is　waved　straight　forward　from　the　face；　and　that　the　sign　of　negation　is　the　finger　or　whole　hand　shaken　from　side　to　side。＇26＇　This　latter　movement　probably　represents　in　all　cases　the　lateral　shaking　of　the　head。　The　Italians　are　said　in　like　manner　to　move　the　lifted　finger　from　right　to　left　in　negation；　as　indeed　we　English　sometimes　do。


＇24＇　Dr。　King；　Edinburgh　Phil。　　Journal；　1845；　p。　　313。

＇25＇　Tylor；　‘Early　History　of　Mankind；'　2nd　edit。　　1870；　p。　　53。

On　the　whole　we　find　considerable　diversity　in　the　signs　of　affirmation　and　negation　in　the　different　races　of　man。　With　respect　to　negation；　if　we　admit　that　the　shaking　of　the　finger　or　hand　from　side　to　side　is　symbolic　of　the　lateral　movement　of　the　head；　and　if　we　admit　that　the　sudden　backward　movement　of　the　head　represents　one　of　the　actions　often　practised　by　young　children　in　refusing　food；　then　there　is　much　uniformity　throughout　the　world　in　the　signs　of　negation；　and　we　can　see　how　they　originated。　　The　most　marked　exceptions　are　presented　by　the　Arabs；　Esquimaux；　some　Australian　tribes；　and　Dyaks。　　With　the　latter　a　frown　is　the　sign　of　negation；　and　with　us　frowning　often　accompanies　a　lateral　shake　of　the　head。

With　respect　to　nodding　in　affirmation；　the　exceptions　are　rather　more　numerous；　namely　with　some　of　the　Hindoos；　with　the　Turks；　Abyssinians；　Dyaks；　Tagals；　and　New　Zealanders。　The　eyebrows　are　sometimes　raised　in　affirmation；　and　as　a　person　in　bending　his　head　forwards　and　downwards　naturally　looks　up　to　the　person　whom　he　addresses；　he　will　be　apt　to　raise　his　eyebrows；　and　this　sign　may　thus　have　arisen　as　an　abbreviation。　So　again　with　the　New　Zealanders；　the　lifting　up　the　chin　and　head　in　affirmation　may　perhaps　represent　in　an　abbreviated　form　the　upward　movement　of　the　head　after　it　has　been　nodded　forwards　and　downwards。


＇26＇　Lubbock；　‘The　Origin　of　Civilization；'　1870；　p。　　277。　Tylor；　ibid。　　p。　　38。　　Lieber　（ibid。　p。　　11）　remarks　on　the　negative　of　the　Italians。　　CHAPTER　XII。

SURPRISEASTONISHMENTFEARHORROR。

Surprise；　as