the expression of emotion in man and animals-第46章

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he　more　remarkable；　as　the　surface　is　then　cold；　and　hence　the　term　a　cold　sweat；　whereas；　the　sudorific　glands　are　properly　excited　into　action　when　the　surface　is　heated。　The　hairs　also　on　the　skin　stand　erect；　and　the　superficial　muscles　shiver。　　In　connection　with　the　disturbed　action　of　the　heart；　the　breathing　is　hurried。　　The　salivary　glands　act　imperfectly；　the　mouth　becomes　dry；＇16＇　and　is　often　opened　and　shut。　I　have　also　noticed　that　under　slight　fear　there　is　a　strong　tendency　to　yawn。　　One　of　the　best…marked　symptoms　is　the　trembling　of　all　the　muscles　of　the　body；　and　this　is　often　first　seen　in　the　lips。　　From　this　cause；　and　from　the　dryness　of　the　mouth；　the　voice　becomes　husky　or　indistinct；　or　may　altogether　fail。　〃Obstupui；　steteruntque　comae；　et　vox　faucibus　haesit。〃


＇16＇　Mr。　Bain　（‘The　Emotions　and　the　Will；'　1865；　p。　　54）　explains　in　the　following　manner　the　origin　of　the　custom　〃of　subjecting　criminals　in　India　to　the　ordeal　of　the　morsel　of　rice。　　The　accused　is　made　to　take　a　mouthful　of　rice；　and　after　a　little　time　to　throw　it　out。　If　the　morsel　is　quite　dry；　the　party　is　believed　to　be　guilty；　his　own　evil　conscience　operating　to　paralyse　the　salivating　organs。〃

Of　vague　fear　there　is　a　well…known　and　grand　description　in　Job：〃In　thoughts　from　the　visions　of　the　night；　when　deep　sleep　falleth　on　men；　fear　came　upon　me；　and　trembling；　which　made　all　my　bones　to　shake。　Then　a　spirit　passed　before　my　face；　the　hair　of　my　flesh　stood　up。　It　stood　still；　but　I　could　not　discern　the　form　thereof：　an　image　was　before　my　eyes；　there　was　silence；　and　I　heard　a　voice；　saying；　Shall　mortal　man　be　more　just　than　God？　　Shall　a　man　be　more　pure　than　his　Maker？〃　　（Job　iv。　　13）

As　fear　increases　into　an　agony　of　terror；　we　behold；　as　under　all　violent　emotions；　diversified　results。　The　heart　beats　wildly；　or　may　fail　to　act　and　faintness　ensue；　there　is　a　death…like　pallor；　the　breathing　is　laboured；　the　wings　of　the　nostrils　are　wildly　dilated；　〃there　is　a　gasping　and　convulsive　motion　of　the　lips；　a　tremor　on　the　hollow　cheek；　a　gulping　and　catching　of　the　throat；〃＇17＇　the　uncovered　and　protruding　eyeballs　are　fixed　on　the　object　of　terror；　or　they　may　roll　restlessly　from　side　to　side；　_huc　illuc　volvens　oculos　totumque　pererrat_。＇18＇　The　pupils　are　said　to　be　enormously　dilated。　　All　the　muscles　of　the　body　may　become　rigid；　or　may　be　thrown　into　convulsive　movements。　　The　hands　are　alternately　clenched　and　opened；　often　with　a　twitching　movement。　The　arms　may　be　protruded；　as　if　to　avert　some　dreadful　danger；　or　may　be　thrown　wildly　over　the　head。　　The　Rev。　Mr。　Hagenauer　has　seen　this　latter　action　in　a　terrified　Australian。　　In　other　cases　there　is　a　sudden　and　uncontrollable　tendency　to　headlong　flight；　and　so　strong　is　this；　that　the　boldest　soldiers　may　be　seized　with　a　sudden　panic。


＇17＇　Sir　C。　Bell；　Transactions　of　Royal　Phil。　　Soc。　　1822；　p。　　308。　‘Anatomy　of　Expression；'　p。　　88　and　pp。　　164…469。

＇18＇　See　Moreau　on　the　rolling　of　the　eyes；　in　the　edit。　　of　1820　of　Lavater；　tome　iv。　　p。　　263。　　Also；　Gratiolet；　De　la　Phys。　　p。　　17。

As　fear　rises　to　an　extreme　pitch；　the　dreadful　scream　of　terror　is　heard。　Great　beads　of　sweat　stand　on　the　skin。　　All　the　muscles　of　the　body　are　relaxed。　　Utter　prostration　soon　follows；　and　the　mental　powers　fail。　The　intestines　are　affected。　　The　sphincter　muscles　cease　to　act；　and　no　longer　retain　the　contents　of　the　body。

Dr。　J。　Crichton　Browne　has　given　me　so　striking　an　account　of　intense　fear　in　an　insane　woman；　aged　thirty…five；　that　the　description　though　painful　ought　not　to　be　omitted。　When　a　paroxysm　seizes　her；　she　screams　out；　〃This　is　hell！〃　〃There　is　a　black　woman！〃　　〃I　can't　get　out！〃and　other　such　exclamations。　　When　thus　screaming；　her　movements　are　those　of　alternate　tension　and　tremor。　　For　one　instant　she　clenches　her　hands；　holds　her　arms　out　before　her　in　a　stiff　semi…flexed　position；　then　suddenly　bends　her　body　forwards；　sways　rapidly　to　and　fro；　draws　her　fingers　through　her　hair；　clutches　at　her　neck；　and　tries　to　tear　off　her　clothes。　The　sterno…cleido…mastoid　muscles　（which　serve　to　bend　the　head　on　the　chest）　stand　out　prominently；　as　if　swollen；　and　the　skin　in　front　of　them　is　much　wrinkled。　　Her　hair；　which　is　cut　short　at　the　back　of　her　head；　and　is　smooth　when　she　is　calm；　now　stands　on　end；　that　in　front　being　dishevelled　by　the　movements　of　her　hands。　　The　countenance　expresses　great　mental　agony。　The　skin　is　flushed　over　the　face　and　neck；　down　to　the　clavicles；　and　the　veins　of　the　forehead　and　neck　stand　out　like　thick　cords。　　The　lower　lip　drops；　and　is　somewhat　everted。　The　mouth　is　kept　half　open；　with　the　lower　jaw　projecting。　The　cheeks　are　hollow　and　deeply　furrowed　in　curved　lines　running　from　the　wings　of　the　nostrils　to　the　corners　of　the　mouth。　The　nostrils　themselves　are　raised　and　extended。　　The　eyes　are　widely　opened；　and　beneath　them　the　skin　appears　swollen；　the　pupils　are　large。　　The　forehead　is　wrinkled　transversely　in　many　folds；　and　at　the　inner　extremities　of　the　eyebrows　it　is　strongly　furrowed　in　diverging　lines；　produced　by　the　powerful　and　persistent　contraction　of　the　corrugators。

Mr。　Bell　has　also　described＇19＇　an　agony　of　terror　and　of　despair；　which　he　witnessed　in　a　murderer；　whilst　carried　to　the　place　of　execution　in　Turin。　　〃On　each　side　of　the　car　the　officiating　priests　were　seated；　and　in　the　centre　sat　the　criminal　himself。　　It　was　impossible　to　witness　the　condition　of　this　unhappy　wretch　without　terror；　and　yet；　as　if　impelled　by　some　strange　infatuation；　it　was　equally　impossible　not　to　gaze　upon　an　object　so　wild；　so　full　of　horror。　He　seemed　about　thirty…five　years　of　age；　of　large　and　muscular　form；　his　countenance　marked　by　strong　and　savage　features；　half　naked；　pale　as　death；　agonized　with　terror；　every　limb　strained　in　anguish；　his　hands　clenched　convulsively；　the　sweat　breaking　out　on　his　bent　and　contracted　brow；　he　kissed　incessantly　the　figure　of　our　Saviour；　painted　on　the　flag　which　was　suspended　before　him；　but　with　an　agony　of　wildness　and　despair；　of　which　nothing　ever　exhibited　on　the　stage　can　give　the　slightest　conception。〃

I　will　add　only　one　other　case；　illustrative　of　a　man　utterly　prostrated　by　terror。　　An　atrocious　murderer　of　two　persons　was　brought　into　a　hospital；　under　the　mistaken　impression　that　he　had　poisoned　himself；　and　Dr。　W。　Ogle　carefully　watched　him　the　next　morning；　while　he　was　being　handcuffed　and　taken　away　by　the　police。　　His　pallor　was　extreme；　and　his　prostration　so　great　that　he　was　hardly　able　to　dress　himself。　His　skin　perspired；　and　his　eyelids　and　head　drooped　so　much　that　it　was　impossible　to　catch　even　a　glimpse　of　his　eyes。　　His　lower　jaw　hung　down。　There　was　no　contraction　of　any　facial　muscle；　and　Dr。　Ogle　is　almost　certain　that　the　hair　did　not　stand　on　end；　for　he　observed　it　narrowly；　as　it　had　been　dyed　for　the　sake　of　concealment。


＇19＇　‘Observations　on　Italy；'　1825；　p。　　48；　as　quoted　in　'The　Anatomy　of　Expression；'　p。　　168。

With　respect　to　fear；　as　exhibited　by　the　various　races　of　man；　my　informants　agree　that　the　signs　are　the　same　as　with　Europeans。　　They　are　displayed　in　an　exaggerated　degree　with　the　Hindoos　and　natives　of　Ceylon。　　Mr。　Geach　has　seen　Malays　when　terrified　turn　pale　and　shake；　and　Mr。　Brough　Smyth　states　that　a　native　Australian　〃being　on　one　occasion　much　frightened；　showed　a　complexion　as　nearly　approaching　to　what　we　call　paleness；　as　can　well　be　conceived　in　the　case　of　a　very　black　man。〃　　Mr。　Dyson　Lacy　has　seen　extreme　fear　shown　in　an　Australian；　by　a　nervous　twitching　of　the　hands；　feet；　and　lips；　and　by　the　perspiration　standing　on　the　skin。　Many　savages　do　not　repress　the　signs　of　fear　so　much　as　Europeans；　and　they　often　tremble　greatly。　　With　the　Kafir；　Gaika　says；　in　his　rather　quaint　English；　the　shaking　〃of　the　body　is　much　experienced；　and　the　eyes　are　widely　open。〃　　With　savages；　the　sphincter　muscles　are　often　relaxed；　just　as　may　be　observed　in　much　frightened　dogs；　and　as　I　have　seen　with　monkeys　when　terrified　by　being　caught。


_The　erection　of　the　hair_。Some　of　the　signs　of　fear　deserve　a　little　further　consideration。　　Poets　continually　speak　of　the　hair　standing　on　end；　Brutus　says　to　the　ghost　of　Caesar；　〃that　mak'st　my　blood　cold；　and　my　hair　to　stare。〃　And　Cardinal　Beaufort；　after　the　murder　of　Gloucester　exclaims；　〃Comb　down　his　hair；　look；　look；　it　stands　upright。〃　As　I　did　not　feel　sure　whether　writers　of　fiction　might　not　have　applied　to　man　what　they　had　often　observed　in　animals；　I　begged　for　information　from　Dr。　Crichton　Browne　with　respect　to　the　insane。　He　states　in　answer　that　he　has　repeatedly　seen　their　hair　erected　under　the　influence　of　sudden　and　extreme　terror。　For　instance；　it　is　occasionally　necessary　to　inject　morphia；　under　the　skin　of　an　insane　woman；　who　dreads　the　operation　extremely；　though　it　causes　very　little　pain；　for　she　believes　that　poison　is　being　introduced　into　her　system；　and　that　her　bones　will　be　softened；　and　her　flesh　turned　into　dust。　She　becomes　deadly　pale；　her　limbs　are　stiffened　by　a　sort　of　tetanic　spasm；　and　her　hair　is　partially　erected　on　the　front　of　the　head。

Dr。　Browne　further　remarks　that　the　bristling　of　the　hair　which　is　so　common　in　the　insane；　is　not　always　associated　with　terror。　It　is　perhaps　most　frequently　seen　in　chronic　maniacs；　who　rave　incoherently　and　have　destructive　impulses；　but　it　is　during　their　paroxysms　of　violence　that　the　bristling　is　most　observable。　The　fact　of　the　hair　becoming　erect　under　the　influence　both　of　rage　and　fear　agrees　perfectly　with　what　we　have　seen　in　the　lower　animals。　Dr。　Browne　adduces　several　cases　in　evidence。　　Thus　with　a　man　now　in　the　Asylum；　before　the　recurrence　of　each　maniacal　paroxysm；　〃the　hair　rises　up　from　his　forehead　like　the　mane　of　a　Shetland　pony。〃　He　has　sent　me　photographs　of　two　women；　taken　in　the　intervals　between　their　paroxysms；　and　he　adds　with　respect　to　one　of　these　women；　〃that　the　state　of　her　hair　is　a　sure　and　convenient　criterion　of　her　mental　condition。〃　　I　have　had　one　of　these　photographs　copied；　and　the　engraving　gives；　if　viewed　from　a　little　distance；　a　faithful　representation　of　the　original；　with　the　exception　that　the　hair　appears　rather　too　coarse　and　too　much　curled。　The　extraordinary　condition　of　the　hair　in　the　insane　is　due；　not　only　to　its　erection；　but　to　its　dryness　and　harshness；　consequent　on　the　subcutaneous　glands　failing　to　act。　Dr。　Bucknill　has　said＇20＇　that　a　lunatic　〃is　a　lunatic　to　his　finger's　ends；〃　he　might　have　added；　and　often　to　the　extremity　of　each　particular　hair。

Dr。　Browne　mentions　as　an　empirical　confirmation　of　the　relation　which　exists　in　the　insane　between　the　state　of　their　hair　and　minds；　that　the　wife　of　a　medical　man；　who　has　charge　of　a　lady　suffering　from　acute　melancholia；　with　a　strong　fear　of　death；　for　herself；　her　husband　and　children；　reported　verbally　to　him　the　day　before　receiving　my　letter　as　follows；　〃I　think　Mrs。　　will　soon　improve；　for　her　hair　is　getting　smooth；　and　I　always　notice　that　our　patients　get　better　whenever　their　hair　ceases　to　be　rough　and　unmanageable。〃

Dr。　Browne　attributes　the　persistently　rough　condition　of　the　hair　in　many　insane　patients；　in　part　to　th