°®°®Ð¡ËµÍø > ÆäËûµç×ÓÊé > the expression of emotion in man and animals >

µÚ51ÕÂ

the expression of emotion in man and animals-µÚ51ÕÂ

С˵£º the expression of emotion in man and animals ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ3500×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



s¡¡however¡¡doubtful£»¡¡judging¡¡from¡¡the¡¡still¡¡more¡¡powerful¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡anger¡¡and¡¡fear¡¡on¡¡the¡¡circulation£»¡¡whether¡¡we¡¡can¡¡thus¡¡satisfactorily¡¡account¡¡for¡¡the¡¡confused¡¡state¡¡of¡¡mind¡¡in¡¡persons¡¡whilst¡¡blushing¡¡intensely¡£

The¡¡true¡¡explanation¡¡apparently¡¡lies¡¡in¡¡the¡¡intimate¡¡sympathy¡¡which¡¡exists¡¡between¡¡the¡¡capillary¡¡circulation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡of¡¡the¡¡head¡¡and¡¡face£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡brain¡£¡¡On¡¡applying¡¡to¡¡Dr¡£¡¡J¡£¡¡Crichton¡¡Browne¡¡for¡¡information£»¡¡he¡¡has¡¡given¡¡me¡¡various¡¡facts¡¡bearing¡¡on¡¡this¡¡subject¡£¡¡When¡¡the¡¡sympathetic¡¡nerve¡¡is¡¡divided¡¡on¡¡one¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡head£»¡¡the¡¡capillaries¡¡on¡¡this¡¡side¡¡are¡¡relaxed¡¡and¡¡become¡¡filled¡¡with¡¡blood£»¡¡causing¡¡the¡¡skin¡¡to¡¡redden¡¡and¡¡to¡¡grow¡¡hot£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡the¡¡temperature¡¡within¡¡the¡¡cranium¡¡on¡¡the¡¡same¡¡side¡¡rises¡£¡¡¡¡Inflammation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡membranes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡brain¡¡leads¡¡to¡¡the¡¡engorgement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡face£»¡¡ears£»¡¡and¡¡eyes¡¡with¡¡blood¡£¡¡The¡¡first¡¡stage¡¡of¡¡an¡¡epileptic¡¡fit¡¡appears¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡contraction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡vessels¡¡of¡¡the¡¡brain£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡first¡¡outward¡¡manifestation¡¡is£»¡¡an¡¡extreme¡¡pallor¡¡of¡¡countenance¡£¡¡¡¡Erysipelas¡¡of¡¡the¡¡head¡¡commonly¡¡induces¡¡delirium¡£¡¡¡¡Even¡¡the¡¡relief¡¡given¡¡to¡¡a¡¡severe¡¡headache¡¡by¡¡burning¡¡the¡¡skin¡¡with¡¡strong¡¡lotion£»¡¡depends£»¡¡I¡¡presume£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡same¡¡principle¡£

Dr¡£¡¡Browne¡¡has¡¡often¡¡administered¡¡to¡¡his¡¡patients¡¡the¡¡vapour¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nitrite¡¡of¡¡amyl£»£§22£§¡¡which¡¡has¡¡the¡¡singular¡¡property¡¡of¡¡causing¡¡vivid¡¡redness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡face¡¡in¡¡from¡¡thirty¡¡to¡¡sixty¡¡seconds¡£¡¡This¡¡flushing¡¡resembles¡¡blushing¡¡in¡¡almost¡¡every¡¡detail£º¡¡it¡¡begins¡¡at¡¡several¡¡distinct¡¡points¡¡on¡¡the¡¡face£»¡¡and¡¡spreads¡¡till¡¡it¡¡involves¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡surface¡¡of¡¡the¡¡head£»¡¡neck£»¡¡and¡¡front¡¡of¡¡the¡¡chest£»¡¡but¡¡has¡¡been¡¡observed¡¡to¡¡extend¡¡only¡¡in¡¡one¡¡case¡¡to¡¡the¡¡abdomen¡£¡¡The¡¡arteries¡¡in¡¡the¡¡retina¡¡become¡¡enlarged£»¡¡the¡¡eyes¡¡glisten£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡one¡¡instance¡¡there¡¡was¡¡a¡¡slight¡¡effusion¡¡of¡¡tears¡£¡¡The¡¡patients¡¡are¡¡at¡¡first¡¡pleasantly¡¡stimulated£»¡¡but£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡flushing¡¡increases£»¡¡they¡¡become¡¡confused¡¡and¡¡bewildered¡£¡¡One¡¡woman¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡the¡¡vapour¡¡had¡¡often¡¡been¡¡administered¡¡asserted¡¡that£»¡¡as¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡she¡¡grew¡¡hot£»¡¡she¡¡grew¡¡MUDDLED¡£¡¡¡¡With¡¡persons¡¡just¡¡commencing¡¡to¡¡blush¡¡it¡¡appears£»¡¡judging¡¡from¡¡their¡¡bright¡¡eyes¡¡and¡¡lively¡¡behaviour£»¡¡that¡¡their¡¡mental¡¡powers¡¡are¡¡somewhat¡¡stimulated¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡only¡¡when¡¡the¡¡blushing¡¡is¡¡excessive¡¡that¡¡the¡¡mind¡¡grows¡¡confused¡£¡¡Therefore¡¡it¡¡would¡¡seem¡¡that¡¡the¡¡capillaries¡¡of¡¡the¡¡face¡¡are¡¡affected£»¡¡both¡¡during¡¡the¡¡inhalation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nitrite¡¡of¡¡amyl¡¡and¡¡during¡¡blushing£»¡¡before¡¡that¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡brain¡¡is¡¡affected¡¡on¡¡which¡¡the¡¡mental¡¡powers¡¡depend¡£

Conversely¡¡when¡¡the¡¡brain¡¡is¡¡primarily¡¡affected£»¡¡the¡¡circulation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡skin¡¡is¡¡so¡¡in¡¡a¡¡secondary¡¡manner¡£¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Browne¡¡has¡¡frequently¡¡observed£»¡¡as¡¡he¡¡informs¡¡me£»¡¡scattered¡¡red¡¡blotches¡¡and¡¡mottlings¡¡on¡¡the¡¡chests¡¡of¡¡epileptic¡¡patients¡£¡¡In¡¡these¡¡cases£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡skin¡¡on¡¡the¡¡thorax¡¡or¡¡abdomen¡¡is¡¡gently¡¡rubbed¡¡with¡¡a¡¡pencil¡¡or¡¡other¡¡object£»¡¡or£»¡¡in¡¡strongly¡­marked¡¡cases£»¡¡is¡¡merely¡¡touched¡¡by¡¡the¡¡finger£»¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡becomes¡¡suffused¡¡in¡¡less¡¡than¡¡half¡¡a¡¡minute¡¡with¡¡bright¡¡red¡¡marks£»¡¡which¡¡spread¡¡to¡¡some¡¡distance¡¡on¡¡each¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡touched¡¡point£»¡¡and¡¡persist¡¡for¡¡several¡¡minutes¡£¡¡¡¡These¡¡are¡¡the¡¡_cerebral¡¡maculae_¡¡of¡¡Trousseau£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡indicate£»¡¡as¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Browne¡¡remarks£»¡¡a¡¡highly¡¡modified¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cutaneous¡¡vascular¡¡system¡£¡¡If£»¡¡then£»¡¡there¡¡exists£»¡¡as¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡doubted£»¡¡an¡¡intimate¡¡sympathy¡¡between¡¡the¡¡capillary¡¡circulation¡¡in¡¡that¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡brain¡¡on¡¡which¡¡our¡¡mental¡¡powers¡¡depend£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡skin¡¡of¡¡the¡¡face£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡surprising¡¡that¡¡the¡¡moral¡¡causes¡¡which¡¡induce¡¡intense¡¡blushing¡¡should¡¡likewise¡¡induce£»¡¡independently¡¡of¡¡their¡¡own¡¡disturbing¡¡influence£»¡¡much¡¡confusion¡¡of¡¡mind¡£


£§22£§¡¡See¡¡also¡¡Dr¡£¡¡J¡£¡¡Crichton¡¡Browne's¡¡Memoir¡¡on¡¡this¡¡subject¡¡in¡¡the¡¡¡®West¡¡Riding¡¡Lunatic¡¡Asylum¡¡Medical¡¡Report£»'¡¡1871£»¡¡pp¡£¡¡¡¡95¡­98¡£


_The¡¡Nature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Mental¡¡States¡¡which¡¡induce¡¡Blushing_¡£These¡¡consist¡¡of¡¡shyness£»¡¡shame£»¡¡and¡¡modesty£»¡¡the¡¡essential¡¡element¡¡in¡¡all¡¡being¡¡self¡­attention¡£¡¡Many¡¡reasons¡¡can¡¡be¡¡assigned¡¡for¡¡believing¡¡that¡¡originally¡¡self¡­attention¡¡directed¡¡to¡¡personal¡¡appearance£»¡¡in¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡the¡¡opinion¡¡of¡¡others£»¡¡was¡¡the¡¡exciting¡¡cause£»¡¡the¡¡same¡¡effect¡¡being¡¡subsequently¡¡produced£»¡¡through¡¡the¡¡force¡¡of¡¡association£»¡¡by¡¡self¡­attention¡¡in¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡moral¡¡conduct¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡the¡¡simple¡¡act¡¡of¡¡reflecting¡¡on¡¡our¡¡own¡¡appearance£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡thinking¡¡what¡¡others¡¡think¡¡of¡¡us£»¡¡which¡¡excites¡¡a¡¡blush¡£¡¡In¡¡absolute¡¡solitude¡¡the¡¡most¡¡sensitive¡¡person¡¡would¡¡be¡¡quite¡¡indifferent¡¡about¡¡his¡¡appearance¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡feel¡¡blame¡¡or¡¡disapprobation¡¡more¡¡acutely¡¡than¡¡approbation£»¡¡and¡¡consequently¡¡depreciatory¡¡remarks¡¡or¡¡ridicule£»¡¡whether¡¡of¡¡our¡¡appearance¡¡or¡¡conduct£»¡¡causes¡¡us¡¡to¡¡blush¡¡much¡¡more¡¡readily¡¡than¡¡does¡¡praise¡£¡¡But¡¡undoubtedly¡¡praise¡¡and¡¡admiration¡¡are¡¡highly¡¡efficient£º¡¡a¡¡pretty¡¡girl¡¡blushes¡¡when¡¡a¡¡man¡¡gazes¡¡intently¡¡at¡¡her£»¡¡though¡¡she¡¡may¡¡know¡¡perfectly¡¡well¡¡that¡¡he¡¡is¡¡not¡¡depreciating¡¡her¡£¡¡Many¡¡children£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡old¡¡and¡¡sensitive¡¡persons¡¡blush£»¡¡when¡¡they¡¡are¡¡much¡¡praised¡£¡¡¡¡Hereafter¡¡the¡¡question¡¡will¡¡be¡¡discussed£»¡¡how¡¡it¡¡has¡¡arisen¡¡that¡¡the¡¡consciousness¡¡that¡¡others¡¡are¡¡attending¡¡to¡¡our¡¡personal¡¡appearance¡¡should¡¡have¡¡led¡¡to¡¡the¡¡capillaries£»¡¡especially¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡face£»¡¡instantly¡¡becoming¡¡filled¡¡with¡¡blood¡£

My¡¡reasons¡¡for¡¡believing¡¡that¡¡attention¡¡directed¡¡to¡¡personal¡¡appearance£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡to¡¡moral¡¡conduct£»¡¡has¡¡been¡¡the¡¡fundamental¡¡element¡¡in¡¡the¡¡acquirement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡habit¡¡of¡¡blushing£»¡¡will¡¡now¡¡be¡¡given¡£¡¡They¡¡are¡¡separately¡¡light£»¡¡but¡¡combined¡¡possess£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡appears¡¡to¡¡me£»¡¡considerable¡¡weight¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡notorious¡¡that¡¡nothing¡¡makes¡¡a¡¡shy¡¡person¡¡blush¡¡so¡¡much¡¡as¡¡any¡¡remark£»¡¡however¡¡slight£»¡¡on¡¡his¡¡personal¡¡appearance¡£¡¡¡¡One¡¡cannot¡¡notice¡¡even¡¡the¡¡dress¡¡of¡¡a¡¡woman¡¡much¡¡given¡¡to¡¡blushing£»¡¡wihout¡¡causing¡¡her¡¡face¡¡to¡¡crimson¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡sufficient¡¡to¡¡stare¡¡hard¡¡at¡¡some¡¡persons¡¡to¡¡make¡¡them£»¡¡as¡¡Coleridge¡¡remarks£»¡¡blush£»¡¨account¡¡for¡¡that¡¡he¡¡who¡¡can¡£¡¨£§23£§

With¡¡the¡¡two¡¡albinos¡¡observed¡¡by¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Burgess£»£§24£§¡¡¡¨the¡¡slightest¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡examine¡¡their¡¡peculiarities¡¡invariably¡¨¡¡caused¡¡them¡¡to¡¡blush¡¡deeply¡£¡¡Women¡¡are¡¡much¡¡more¡¡sensitive¡¡about¡¡their¡¡personal¡¡appearance¡¡than¡¡men¡¡are£»¡¡especially¡¡elderly¡¡women¡¡in¡¡comparison¡¡with¡¡elderly¡¡men£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡blush¡¡much¡¡more¡¡freely¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡young¡¡of¡¡both¡¡sexes¡¡are¡¡much¡¡more¡¡sensitive¡¡on¡¡this¡¡same¡¡head¡¡than¡¡the¡¡old£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡also¡¡blush¡¡much¡¡more¡¡freely¡¡than¡¡the¡¡old¡£¡¡Children¡¡at¡¡a¡¡very¡¡early¡¡age¡¡do¡¡not¡¡blush£»¡¡nor¡¡do¡¡they¡¡show¡¡those¡¡other¡¡signs¡¡of¡¡self¡­consciousness¡¡which¡¡generally¡¡accompany¡¡blushing£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡one¡¡of¡¡their¡¡chief¡¡charms¡¡that¡¡they¡¡think¡¡nothing¡¡about¡¡what¡¡others¡¡think¡¡of¡¡them¡£¡¡At¡¡this¡¡early¡¡age¡¡they¡¡will¡¡stare¡¡at¡¡a¡¡stranger¡¡with¡¡a¡¡fixed¡¡gaze¡¡and¡¡un¡­blinking¡¡eyes£»¡¡as¡¡on¡¡an¡¡inanimate¡¡object£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡manner¡¡which¡¡we¡¡elders¡¡cannot¡¡imitate¡£


£§23£§¡¡In¡¡a¡¡discussion¡¡on¡¡so¡­called¡¡animal¡¡magnetism¡¡in¡¡¡®Table¡¡Talk£»'¡¡vol¡£¡¡¡¡i¡£

£§24£§¡¡Ibid¡£¡¡¡¡p¡£¡¡¡¡40¡£

It¡¡is¡¡plain¡¡to¡¡every¡¡one¡¡that¡¡young¡¡men¡¡and¡¡women¡¡are¡¡highly¡¡sensitive¡¡to¡¡the¡¡opinion¡¡of¡¡each¡¡other¡¡with¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡their¡¡personal¡¡appearance£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡blush¡¡incomparably¡¡more¡¡in¡¡the¡¡presence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡opposite¡¡sex¡¡than¡¡in¡¡that¡¡of¡¡their¡¡own¡££§25£§¡¡A¡¡young¡¡man£»¡¡not¡¡very¡¡liable¡¡to¡¡blush£»¡¡will¡¡blush¡¡intensely¡¡at¡¡any¡¡slight¡¡ridicule¡¡of¡¡his¡¡appearance¡¡from¡¡a¡¡girl¡¡whose¡¡judgment¡¡on¡¡any¡¡important¡¡subject¡¡lie¡¡would¡¡disregard¡£¡¡No¡¡happy¡¡pair¡¡of¡¡young¡¡lovers£»¡¡valuing¡¡each¡¡other's¡¡admiration¡¡and¡¡love¡¡more¡¡than¡¡anything¡¡else¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world£»¡¡probably¡¡ever¡¡courted¡¡each¡¡other¡¡without¡¡many¡¡a¡¡blush¡£¡¡¡¡Even¡¡the¡¡barbarians¡¡of¡¡Tierra¡¡del¡¡Fuego£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Bridges£»¡¡blush¡¡¡¨chiefly¡¡in¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡women£»¡¡but¡¡certainly¡¡also¡¡at¡¡their¡¡own¡¡personal¡¡appearance¡£¡¨

Of¡¡all¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡body£»¡¡the¡¡face¡¡is¡¡most¡¡considered¡¡and¡¡regarded£»¡¡as¡¡is¡¡natural¡¡from¡¡its¡¡being¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡seat¡¡of¡¡expression¡¡and¡¡the¡¡source¡¡of¡¡the¡¡voice¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡also¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡seat¡¡of¡¡beauty¡¡and¡¡of¡¡ugliness£»¡¡and¡¡throughout¡¡the¡¡world¡¡is¡¡the¡¡most¡¡ornamented¡££§26£§¡¡The¡¡face£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡will¡¡have¡¡been¡¡subjected¡¡during¡¡many¡¡generations¡¡to¡¡much¡¡closer¡¡and¡¡more¡¡earnest¡¡self¡­attention¡¡than¡¡any¡¡other¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡body£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡accordance¡¡with¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡here¡¡advanced¡¡we¡¡can¡¡understand¡¡why¡¡it¡¡should¡¡be¡¡the¡¡most¡¡liable¡¡to¡¡blush¡£¡¡Although¡¡exposure¡¡to¡¡alternations¡¡of¡¡temperature£»¡¡&c¡££»¡¡has¡¡probably¡¡much¡¡increased¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡dilatation¡¡and¡¡contraction¡¡in¡¡the¡¡capillaries¡¡of¡¡the¡¡face¡¡and¡¡adjoining¡¡parts£»¡¡yet¡¡this¡¡by¡¡itself¡¡will¡¡hardly¡¡account¡¡for¡¡these¡¡parts¡¡blushing¡¡much¡¡more¡¡than¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡body£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡does¡¡not¡¡explain¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡of¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡rarely¡¡blushing¡£¡¡With¡¡Europeans¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡body¡¡tingles¡¡slightly¡¡when¡¡the¡¡face¡¡blushes¡¡intensely£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡the¡¡races¡¡of¡¡men¡¡who¡¡habitually¡¡go¡¡nearly¡¡naked£»¡¡the¡¡blushes¡¡extend¡¡over¡¡a¡¡much¡¡larger¡¡surface¡¡than¡¡with¡¡us¡£¡¡These¡¡facts¡¡are£»¡¡to¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡extent£»¡¡intelligible£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡self¡­attention¡¡of¡¡primeval¡¡man£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡of¡¡the¡¡existing¡¡races¡¡which¡¡still¡¡go¡¡naked£»¡¡will¡¡not¡¡have¡¡been¡¡so¡¡exclusively¡¡confined¡¡to¡¡their¡¡faces£»¡¡as¡¡is¡¡the¡¡case¡¡with¡¡the¡¡people¡¡who¡¡now¡¡go¡¡clothed¡£


£§25£§¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Bain¡¡£¨¡®The¡¡Emotions¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Will£»'¡¡1865£»¡¡p¡£¡¡¡¡65£©¡¡remarks¡¡on¡¡¡¨the¡¡shyness¡¡of¡¡manners¡¡which¡¡is¡¡induced¡¡between¡¡the¡¡sexes¡¡¡£¡£¡£¡£¡¡from¡¡the¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡mutual¡¡regard£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡apprehension¡¡on¡¡either¡¡side¡¡of¡¡not¡¡standing¡¡well¡¡with¡¡the¡¡other¡£¡¨

£§26£§¡¡See£»¡¡for¡¡evidence¡¡on¡¡this¡¡subject£»¡¡¡®The¡¡Descent¡¡of¡¡Man£»'¡¡&c¡££»¡¡vol¡£¡¡¡¡ii¡£¡¡¡¡pp¡£¡¡¡¡71£»¡¡341¡£

We¡¡have¡¡seen¡¡that¡¡in¡¡all¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡¡persons¡¡who¡¡feel¡¡shame¡¡for¡¡some¡¡moral¡¡delinquency£»¡¡are¡¡apt¡¡to¡¡avert£»¡¡bend¡¡down£»¡¡or¡¡hide¡¡their¡¡faces£»¡¡independently¡¡of¡¡any¡¡thought¡¡about¡¡their¡¡personal¡¡appearance¡£¡¡The¡¡object¡¡can¡¡hardly¡¡be¡¡to¡¡conceal¡¡their¡¡blushes£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡face¡¡is¡¡thus¡¡averted¡¡or¡¡hidden¡¡under¡¡circumstances¡¡which¡¡exclude¡¡any¡¡desire¡¡to¡¡conceal¡¡shame£»¡¡as¡¡when¡¡guilt¡¡is¡¡fully¡¡confessed¡¡and¡¡repented¡¡of¡£¡¡It¡¡is£»¡¡however£»¡¡probable¡¡that¡¡primeval¡¡man¡¡before¡¡he¡¡had¡¡acquired¡¡much¡¡moral¡¡sensitiveness¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡highly¡¡sensitive¡¡about¡¡his¡¡personal¡¡appearance£»¡¡at¡¡least¡¡in¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡the¡¡other¡¡sex£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡would¡¡consequently¡¡have¡¡felt¡¡distress¡¡at¡¡any¡¡depreciatory¡¡remarks¡¡about¡¡his¡¡appearance£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡is¡¡one¡¡form¡¡of¡¡shame¡£¡¡And¡¡as¡¡the¡¡face¡¡is¡¡the¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡body¡¡which¡¡is¡¡most¡¡regarded£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡intelligible¡¡that¡¡any¡¡one¡¡ashamed¡¡of¡¡his¡¡personal¡¡appearance¡¡would¡¡desire¡¡to¡¡conceal¡¡this¡¡part¡¡of¡¡his¡¡body¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡habit¡¡having¡¡been¡¡thus¡¡acquired£»¡¡would¡¡naturally¡¡be¡¡carried¡¡on¡¡when¡¡shame¡¡from¡¡strictly¡¡moral¡¡causes¡¡was¡¡felt£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡easy¡¡otherwise¡¡to¡¡see¡¡why¡¡under¡¡these¡¡circumstances¡¡there¡¡should¡¡be¡¡a¡¡desire¡¡to¡¡hide¡¡the¡¡face¡¡more¡¡than¡¡any¡¡other¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡body¡£

The¡¡habit£»¡¡so¡¡general¡¡with¡¡every¡¡one¡¡who¡¡feels¡¡ashamed£»¡¡of¡¡turning¡¡away£»¡¡or¡¡lowering¡¡his¡¡eyes£»¡¡or¡¡restlessly¡¡moving¡¡them¡¡from¡¡side¡¡to¡¡side£»¡¡probably¡¡follows¡¡from¡¡each¡¡glance¡¡directed¡¡towards¡¡those¡¡present£»¡¡bringing¡¡home¡¡the¡¡conviction¡¡that¡¡he¡¡is¡¡intently¡¡regarded£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡endeavours£»¡¡by¡¡not¡¡looking¡¡at¡¡those¡¡present£»¡¡and¡¡especially¡¡not¡¡at¡¡their¡¡eyes£»¡¡momentarily¡¡to¡¡escape¡¡from¡¡this¡¡painful¡¡conviction¡£


_Shyness_¡£This¡¡odd¡¡state¡¡of¡¡mind£»¡¡often¡¡called¡¡shamefacedness£»¡¡or¡¡false¡¡shame£»¡¡or¡¡_mauvaise¡¡honte_£»¡¡appears¡¡to¡¡be¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡efficient¡¡of¡¡all¡¡the¡¡causes¡¡of¡¡blushing¡£¡¡¡¡Shyness¡¡is£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡chiefly¡¡recognized¡¡by¡¡the¡¡face¡¡reddening£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡eyes¡¡being¡¡averted¡¡or¡¡cast¡¡down£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡awkward£»¡¡nervous¡¡movements¡¡of¡¡the¡¡body¡£¡¡Many¡¡a¡¡woman¡¡blushes¡¡from¡¡this¡¡cause£»¡¡a¡¡hundred£»¡¡perhaps¡¡a¡¡thousand¡¡times£»¡¡to¡¡once¡¡that¡¡she¡¡blushes¡¡from¡¡having¡¡done¡¡anything¡¡deserving¡¡blame£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡which¡¡she¡¡is¡¡truly¡¡ashamed¡£¡¡Shyness¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡depend¡¡on¡¡sensitiveness¡¡to¡¡the¡¡opinion£»¡¡whether¡¡good¡¡or¡¡bad£»¡¡of¡¡others£»¡¡more¡¡especially¡¡with¡¡respect¡¡to¡¡external¡¡appearance¡£¡¡¡¡Strangers¡¡neither¡¡know¡¡nor¡¡care¡¡anything¡¡about¡¡our¡¡condu

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ