the moravians in georgia-第3章

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〃Then　forth　they　went　with　tongues　of　flame　　In　one　blest　theme　delighting；　The　love　of　Jesus　and　His　Name　　God's　children　all　uniting！　That　love　our　theme　and　watchword　still；　　That　law　of　love　may　we　fulfill；　And　love　as　we　are　loved。〃　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（Montgomery。）

At　this　time　there　was　no　thought　of　separating　from　the　State　Church　and　establishing　a　distinct　denomination；　and　Zinzendorf　believed　that　the　Unitas　Fratrum　could　exist　as　a　‘society'　working　in；　and　in　harmony　with；　the　State　Church　of　whatever　nation　it　might　enter。　This　idea；　borrowed　probably　from　Spener's　〃ecclesiolae　in　ecclesia〃；　clung　to　him；　even　after　circumstances　had　forced　the　Unity　to　declare　its　independence　and　the　validity　of　the　ordination　of　its　ministry；　and　many　otherwise　inexplicable　things　in　the　later　policy　of　the　Church　may　be　traced　to　its　influence。


　　Halle　Opposition。

In　1734　Zinzendorf　took　orders　in　the　Lutheran　Church；　but　this；　and　all　that　preceded　it；　seemed　to　augment　rather　than　quiet　the　antagonism　which　the　development　of　Herrnhut　aroused　in　certain　quarters。　This　opposition　was　not　universal。　　The　Moravians　had　many　warm　friends　and　advocates　at　the　Saxon　Court；　at　the　Universities　of　Jena　and　Tuebingen；　and　elsewhere；　but　they　also　had　active　enemies　who　drew　their　inspiration　principally　from　the　University　of　Halle。

The　opposition　of　Halle　seems　to　have　been　largely　prompted　by　jealousy。　In　1666　a　revolt　against　the　prevailing　cold　formalism　of　the　Lutheran　Church　was　begun　by　Philip　Jacob　Spener；　a　minister　of　that　Church；　who　strongly　urged　the　need　for　real　personal　piety　on　the　part　of　each　individual。　　His　ideas　were　warmly　received　by　some；　and　disliked　by　others；　who　stigmatized　Spener　and　his　disciples　as　〃Pietists〃；　but　the　doctrine　spread；　and　in　the　course　of　time　the　University　of　Halle　became　its　centre。　　Among　those　who　were　greatly　attracted　by　the　movement　were　Count　Zinzendorf's　parents　and　grandparents；　and　when　he　was　born；　May　26th；　1700；　Spener　was　selected　as　his　sponsor。

Being　of　a　warm…hearted；　devout　nature；　young　Zinzendorf　yielded　readily　to　the　influence　of　his　pious　grandmother；　to　whose　care　he　was　left　after　his　father's　death　and　his　mother's　second　marriage；　and　by　her　wish　he　entered　the　Paedagogium　at　Halle　in　1710；　remaining　there　six　years。　　Then　his　uncle；　fearing　that　he　would　become　a　religious　enthusiast；　sent　him　to　the　University　of　Wittenberg；　with　strict　orders　to　apply　himself　to　the　study　of　law。　　Here　he　learned　to　recognize　the　good　side　of　the　Wittenberg　divines；　who　were　decried　by　Halle；　and　tried　to　bring　the　two　Universities　to　a　better　understanding；　but　without　result。

In　1719　he　was　sent　on　an　extensive　foreign　tour；　according　to　custom；　and　in　the　picture　gallery　of　Duesseldorf　saw　an　Ecce　Homo　with　its　inscription　〃This　have　I　done　for　thee；　what　hast　thou　done　for　me？〃　which　settled　him　forever　in　his　determination　to　devote　his　whole　life　to　the　service　of　Christ。

Rather　against　his　wishes；　Count　Zinzendorf　then　took　office　under　the　Saxon　Government；　but　about　the　same　time　he　bought　from　his　grandmother　the　estate　of　Berthelsdorf；　desiring　to　establish　a　centre　of　piety；　resembling　Halle。　　The　coming　of　the　Moravian　and　other　refugees　and　their　settlement　at　Herrnhut；　near　Berthelsdorf；　was　to　him　at　first　only　an　incident；　but　as　their　industry　and　the　preaching　of　Pastor　Rothe；　whom　he　had　put　in　charge　of　the　Berthelsdorf　Lutheran　Church；　began　to　attract　attention；　he　went　to　Halle；　expecting　sympathy　from　his　friends　there。　　Instead　he　met　with　rebuke　and　disapproval；　the　leaders　resenting　the　fact　that　he　had　not　placed　the　work　directly　under　their　control；　and　apparently　realizing；　as　he　did　not；　that　the　movement　would　probably　lead　to　the　establishment　of　a　separate　church。

In　spite　of　their　disapprobation；　the　work　at　Herrnhut　prospered；　and　the　more　it　increased　the　fiercer　their　resentment　grew。　　That　they；　who　had　gained　their　name　from　their　advocacy　of　the　need　for　personal　piety；　should　have　been　foremost　in　opposing　a　man　whose　piety　was　his　strongest　characteristic；　and　a　people　who　for　three　hundred　years；　in　prosperity　and　adversity；　in　danger；　torture　and　exile；　had　held　〃Christ　and　Him　Crucified〃　as　their　Confession　of　Faith；　and　pure　and　simple　living　for　His　sake　as　their　object　in　life；　is　one　of　the　ironies　of　history。

Nor　did　the　Halle　party　confine　itself　to　criticism。　　Some　years　later　Zinzendorf　was　for　a　time　driven　into　exile；　and　narrowly　escaped　the　confiscation　of　all　his　property；　while　its　methods　of　obstructing　the　missionary　and　colonizing　efforts　of　the　Moravians　will　appear　in　the　further　history　of　the　Georgia　colony。




Chapter　II。　　Negotiations　with　the　Trustees　of　Georgia。



　　The　Schwenkfelders。

Among　those　who　came　to　share　the　hospitalities　of　Count　Zinzendorf　during　the　years　immediately　preceding　the　renewal　of　the　Unitas　Fratrum；　were　a　company　of　Schwenkfelders。　　Their　sojourn　on　his　estate　was　comparatively　brief；　and　their　association　with　the　Moravian　Church　only　temporary；　but　they　are　of　interest　because　their　necessities　led　directly　to　the　Moravian　settlements　in　Georgia　and　Pennsylvania。

The　Schwenkfelders　took　their　name　from　Casper　Schwenkfeld；　a　Silesian　nobleman　contemporary　with　Luther；　who　had　in　the　main　embraced　the　Reformer's　doctrines；　but　formed　some　opinions　of　his　own　in　regard　to　the　Lord's　Supper；　and　one　or　two　other　points。　　His　followers　were　persecuted　in　turn　by　Lutherans　and　Jesuits；　and　in　1725　a　number　of　them　threw　themselves　on　the　mercy　of　Count　Zinzendorf。　　He　permitted　them　to　stay　for　a　while　at　Herrnhut；　where　their　views　served　to　increase　the　confusion　which　prevailed　prior　to　the　revival　of　1727；　about　which　time　he　moved　them　to　Ober…Berthelsdorf。

In　1732；　Zinzendorf's　personal　enemies　accused　him；　before　the　Saxon　Court；　of　being　a　dangerous　man；　and　the　Austrian　Government　complained　that　he　was　enticing　its　subjects　to　remove　to　his　estates。　The　Count　asked　for　a　judicial　investigation；　which　was　granted；　the　Prefect　of　Goerlitz　spending　three　days　in　a　rigid　examination　of　the　affairs　of　Herrnhut。　　The　result　was　a　most　favorable　report；　showing　the　orthodoxy　of　the　settlers；　and　that　instead　of　urging　emigration　from　Bohemia　and　Moravia；　Zinzendorf　had　protested　against　it；　receiving　only　those　who　were　true　exiles　for　conscience'　sake。　In　spite　of　this　the　Saxon　Government；　a　few　months　later；　forbade　him　to　receive　any　more　refugees。

In　April；　1733；　a　decree　went　forth　that　all　Schwenkfelders　were　to　leave　the　Kingdom　of　Saxony。　　This；　of　course；　affected　those　who　were　living　at　Ober…Berthelsdorf；　and　a　committee　of　four　waited　on　Count　Zinzendorf；　and　requested　him　to　secure　a　new　home　for　them　in　the　land　of　Georgia　in　North　America。　　Probably　Zinzendorf；　whose　attention　had　been　caught　by　the　attractive　advertisements　of　the　Trustees；　had　unofficially　suggested　the　idea　to　them。

Lest　his　opening　negotiations　with　the　English　Company　should　foment　the　trouble　at　home；　he　sent　his　first　communication　to　them　anonymously；　about　the　end　of　1733。

〃A　nobleman；　of　the　Protestant　religion；　connected　with　the　most　influential　families　of　Germany；　has　decided　to　live　for　a　time　in　America；　without；　however；　renouncing　his　estates　in　Germany。　　But　as　circumstances　render　it　inadvisable　for　him　to　take　such　a　step　hastily；　he　wishes　to　send　in　advance　a　number　of　families　of　his　dependents；　composed　of　honest；　sturdy；　industrious；　skillful；　economical　people；　well　ordered　in　their　domestic　affairs；　who；　having　no　debts；　will　try　to　sell　such　possessions　as　they　cannot　take　with　them　in　order　to　raise　the　funds　for　establishing　themselves　in　their　new　home。

〃This　nobleman；　on　his　part；　promises：

（1）　　To　be　governed　by　the　King；　and　the　English　Nation；　in　all　things；　matters　of　conscience　alone　excepted；　that　is；　he　will　be　true　to　the　Prince；　the　Protestant　Succession；　and　Parliament　in　everything　relating　to　the　estates　he　may　receive　in　this　country；　and　thereto　will　pledge　his　life；　and　the　property　he　may　in　future　hold　under　the　protection　of　His　Majesty　of　Great　Britain。

（2）　　To　be　surety　for　the　dependents　that　he　sends　over；　and　to　assume　only　such　jurisdiction　over　them　as　is　customary　among　English　Lords　on　their　estates。

（3）　　To　carefully　repay　the　English　Nation　such　sums　as　may　be　advanced　for　his　establishment　in　Georgia；　and　moreover；　as　soon　as　the　property　is　in　good　condition；　to　consider　it　only　as　rented　until　the　obligation　is　discharged。

（4）　　To　assist　the　King　and　Nation；　with　all　zeal　and　by　all　means　in　his　power；　to　carry　out　His　Majesty's　designs　for　Georgia。　He　will　bring　to　that　all　the　insight　and　knowledge　of　a　man　of　affairs；　who　from　youth　up　has　studied　the　most　wholesome　principles　and　laws　for　a　State；　and　has　had　personal　experience　in　putting　them　into　execution；　but；　on　the　other　hand；　he　has　learned　such　self…control　that　he　will　meddle　with　nothing　in　which　his　services　are　not　desired。

〃In　consideration　of　these　things　the　nobleman　asks　that　

（1）　　If　more　knowledge　of　his　standing　is　desired　he　shall　be　expected　to　give　it　to　no　one　except　a　Committee　of　Parliament；　composed　of　members　of　both　houses；　appointed　by　his　Britannic　Majesty；　or　to　a　Committee　of　the　‘Collegii　directoriatis'　of　America；　who　shall　be　empowered　to　grant　his　requests；　this　in　view　of　the　fact　that　the　petitioner　is　a　German　Nobleman；　whose　family　is　well　known；　his　father　having　been　Ambassador　to　England；　and　his　kindred　among　the　foremost　statesmen　of　Europe。

（2）　　After　the　Committee　has　received　sufficient　and　satisfactory　information　it　shall　be　silent　in　regard　to　the　circumstances　and　his　personality；　as　he　has　weighty　reasons　for　not　wishing　to　subject　himself　to　criticism。

（3）　　He　shall　be　given　a　written　agreement；　guaranteeing　the　following　things：

　a。　　That　he　shall　receive　enough　land　for　a　household　　of　fifty　to　sixty　persons；　and　for　about　a　hundred　other　dependents；　　most　of　whom　have　a　trade　or　profession；　and　all　able　　to　help　build　up　the　country。

　b。　　That　his　dependents　shall　be　given　free　transportation；　　and　supplies　for　the　voyage。

　c。　　That　they　shall　be　taken　directly　to　the　place　mentioned　　in　the　agreement。

　d。　　That　he　and　his　agent　shall　have　certain　sums　advanced　to　him　　for　the　expenses　of　the　removal　to　Georgia；　the　money　to　be　given　them　　only　when　they　are　ready　to　embark　in　England；　　payment　to　be　made　　several　years　later；　a　rate　of　interest　having　been　mutually　agreed　on；　　and　the　estate　in　Georgia　being　given　for　security　if　necessary。

　e。　　All　that　is　needed　for　the　building　of　a　village　for　himself　and　　his　dependents　shall　be　furnished　them；　　but　as　an　interest　bearing　loan。

　f。　　That　he；　and　the　colonists　who　will　go　with　him；　shall　have　　full　religious　liberty；　they　being　neither　papists　nor　visionaries。

　g。　　That　if　any　of　his　dependents　should　fall　into　error　　no　one　should　attempt　to　correct　them；　but　leave　him　to　handle　the　matter　　according　to　his　own　judgment；　on　the　other　hand　he　will　stand　surety　　for　the　conduct　of　his　dependents　as　citizens。

　h。　　That　he　and　his　descendents　shall　be　taken　under