the zincali-第23章

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THOSE　WHO　CAPTURE　THEM。　　Which　can　be　easily　justified；　inasmuch　as　



there　is　no　shepherd　who　does　not　place　barriers　against　the　



wolves；　and　does　not　endeavour　to　save　his　flock；　and　I　have　



already　exposed　to　your　Majesty　the　damage　which　the　Gitanos　



perpetrate　in　Spain。











'THE　GITANOS　OUGHT　TO　BE　CONDEMNED　TO　DEATH











'The　reasons　are　many。　　The　first；　for　being　spies；　and　traitors　to　



the　crown；　the　second　as　idlers　and　vagabonds。







'It　ought　always　to　be　considered；　that　no　sooner　did　the　race　of　



man　begin；　after　the　creation　of　the　world；　than　the　important　



point　of　civil　policy　arose　of　condemning　vagrants　to　death；　for　



Cain　was　certain　that　he　should　meet　his　destruction　in　wandering　



as　a　vagabond　for　the　murder　of　Abel。　　ERO　VAGUS　ET　PROFUGUS　IN　



TERRA：　　OMNIS　IGITUR　QUI　INVENERIT　ME；　OCCIDET　ME。　　Now；　the　IGITUR　



stands　here　as　the　natural　consequence　of　VAGUS　ERO；　as　it　is　



evident；　that　whoever　shall　see　me　must　kill　me；　because　he　sees　me　



a　wanderer。　　And　it　must　always　be　remembered；　that　at　that　time　



there　were　no　people　in　the　world　but　the　parents　and　brothers　of　



Cain；　as　St。　Ambrose　has　remarked。　　Moreover；　God；　by　the　mouth　of　



Jeremias；　menaced　his　people；　that　all　should　devour　them　whilst　



they　went　wandering　amongst　the　mountains。　　And　it　is　a　doctrine　



entertained　by　theologians；　that　the　mere　act　of　wandering；　without　



anything　else；　carries　with　it　a　vehement　suspicion　of　capital　



crime。　　Nature　herself　demonstrates　it　in　the　curious　political　



system　of　the　bees；　in　whose　well…governed　republic　the　drones　are　



killed　in　April；　when　they　commence　working。







'The　third；　because　they　are　stealers　of　four…footed　beasts；　who　



are　condemned　to　death　by　the　laws　of　Spain；　in　the　wise　code　of　



the　famous　King　Don　Alonso；　which　enactment　became　a　part　of　the　



common　law。







'The　fourth；　for　wizards；　diviners；　and　for　practising　arts　which　



are　prohibited　under　pain　of　death　by　the　divine　law　itself。　　And　



Saul　is　praised　for　having　caused　this　law　to　be　put　in　execution　



in　the　beginning　of　his　reign；　and　the　Holy　Scripture　attributes　to　



the　breach　of　it　（namely；　his　consulting　the　witch）　his　disastrous　



death；　and　the　transfer　of　the　kingdom　to　David。　　The　Emperor　



Constantine　the　Great；　and　other　emperors　who　founded　the　civil　



law；　condemned　to　death　those　who　should　practise　such　



facinorousness；　…　as　the　President　of　Tolosa　has　written。







'The　last　and　most　urgent　cause　is；　that　they　are　heretics；　if　what　



is　said　be　truth；　and　it　is　the　practice　of　the　law　in　Spain　to　



burn　such。











'THE　GITANOS　ARE　EXPELLED　FROM　THE　COUNTRY　BY　THE　LAWS　OF　SPAIN











'Firstly；　they　are　comprehended　as　hale　beggars　in　the　law　of　the　



wise　king；　Don　Alonso；　by　which　he　expelled　all　sturdy　beggars；　as　



being　idle　and　useless。







'Secondly；　the　law　expels　public　harlots　from　the　city；　and　of　this　



matter　I　have　already　said　something　in　my　second　chapter。







'Thirdly；　as　people　who　cause　scandal；　and　who；　as　is　visible　at　



the　first　glance；　are　prejudicial　to　morals　and　common　decency。　　



Now；　it　is　established　by　the　statute　law　of　these　kingdoms；　that　



such　people　be　expelled　therefrom；　it　is　said　so　in　the　well…



pondered　words　of　the　edict　for　the　expulsion　of　the　Moors：　　〃And　



forasmuch　as　the　sense　of　good　and　Christian　government　makes　it　a　



matter　of　conscience　to　expel　from　the　kingdoms　the　things　which　



cause　scandal；　injury　to　honest　subjects；　danger　to　the　state；　and　



above　all；　disloyalty　to　the　Lord　our　God。〃　　Therefore；　considering　



the　incorrigibility　of　the　Gitanos；　the　Spanish　kings　made　many　



holy　laws　in　order　to　deliver　their　subjects　from　such　pernicious　



people。







'Fourthly；　the　Catholic　princes；　Ferdinand　and　Isabella；　by　a　law　



which　they　made　in　Medina　del　Campo；　in　the　year　1494；　and　which　



the　emperor　our　lord　renewed　in　Toledo　in　1523；　and　in　Madrid　in　



1528　and　1534；　and　the　late　king　our　lord；　in　1560；　banished　them　



perpetually　from　Spain；　and　gave　them　as　slaves　to　whomsoever　



should　find　them；　after　the　expiration　of　the　term　specified　in　the　



edict　…　laws　which　are　notorious　even　amongst　strangers。　　The　words　



are：…　〃We　declare　to　be　vagabonds；　and　subject　to　the　aforesaid　



penalty；　the　Egyptians　and　foreign　tinkers；　who　by　laws　and　



statutes　of　these　kingdoms　are　commanded　to　depart　therefrom；　and　



the　poor　sturdy　beggars；　who　contrary　to　the　order　given　in　the　new　



edict；　beg　for　alms　and　wander　about。〃











'THE　LAWS　ARE　VERY　JUST　WHICH　EXPEL　THE　GITANOS　FROM　THE　STATES











All　the　doctors；　who　are　of　opinion　that　the　Gitanos　may　be　



condemned　to　death；　would　consider　it　as　an　act　of　mercy　in　your　



Majesty　to　banish　them　perpetually　from　Spain；　and　at　the　same　time　



as　exceedingly　just。　　Many　and　learned　men　not　only　consider　that　



it　is　just　to　expel　them；　but　cannot　sufficiently　wonder　that　they　



are　tolerated　in　Christian　states；　and　even　consider　that　such　



toleration　is　an　insult　to　the　kingdoms。







'Whilst　engaged　in　writing　this；　I　have　seen　a　very　learned　



memorial；　in　which　Doctor　Salazar　de　Mendoza　makes　the　same　



supplication　to　your　Majesty　which　is　made　in　this　discourse；　



holding　it　to　be　the　imperious　duty　of　every　good　government。







'It　stands　in　reason　that　the　prince　is　bound　to　watch　for　the　



welfare　of　his　subjects；　and　the　wrongs　which　those　of　your　Majesty　



receive　from　the　Gitanos　I　have　already　exposed　in　my　second　



chapter；　it　being　a　point　worthy　of　great　consideration　that　the　



wrongs　caused　by　the　Moriscos　moved　your　royal　and　merciful　bosom　



to　drive　them　out；　although　they　were　many；　and　their　departure　



would　be　felt　as　a　loss　to　the　population；　the　commerce；　the　royal　



revenues；　and　agriculture。　　Now；　with　respect　to　the　Gitanos；　as　



they　are　few；　and　perfectly　useless　for　everything；　it　appears　more　



necessary　to　drive　them　forth；　the　injuries　which　they　cause　being　



so　numerous。







'Secondly；　because　the　Gitanos；　as　I　have　already　said；　are　



Spaniards；　and　as　others　profess　the　sacred　orders　of　religion；　



even　so　do　these　fellows　profess　gypsying；　which　is　robbery　and　all　



the　other　vices　enumerated　in　chapter　the　second。　　And　whereas　it　



is　just　to　banish　from　the　kingdom　those　who　have　committed　any　



heavy　delinquency；　it　is　still　more　so　to　banish　those　who　profess　



to　be　injurious　to　all。







'Thirdly；　because　all　the　kings　and　rulers　have　always　endeavoured　



to　eject　from　their　kingdoms　the　idle　and　useless。　　And　it　is　very　



remarkable；　that　the　law　invariably　commands　them　to　be　expelled；　



and　the　republics　of　Athens　and　Corinth　were　accustomed　to　do　so　…　



casting　them　forth　like　dung；　even　as　Athenaeus　writes：　　NOS　GENUS　



HOC　MORTALIUM　EJICIMUS　EX　HAC　URBE　VELUT　PURGAMINA。　　Now　the　



profession　of　the　Gypsy　is　idleness。







'Fourthly；　because　the　Gitanos　are　diviners；　enchanters；　and　



mischievous　wretches；　and　the　law　commands　us　to　expel　such　from　



the　state。







'In　the　fifth　place；　because　your　Majesty；　in　the　Cortes　at　present　



assembled；　has　obliged　your　royal　conscience　to　fulfil　all　the　



articles　voted　for　the　public　service；　and　the　forty…ninth　says：　　



〃One　of　the　things　at　present　most　necessary　to　be　done　in　these　



kingdoms；　is　to　afford　a　remedy　for　the　robberies；　plundering　and　



murders　committed　by　the　Gitanos；　who　go　wandering　about　the　



country；　stealing　the　cattle　of　the　poor；　and　committing　a　thousand　



outrages；　living　without　any　fear　of　God；　and　being　Christians　only　



in　name。　　It　is　therefore　deemed　expedient；　that　your　Majesty　



command　them　to　quit　these　kingdoms　within　six　months；　to　be　



reckoned　from　the　day　of　the　ratification　of　these　presents；　and　



that　they　do　not　return　to　the　same　under　pain　of　death。〃







'Against　this；　two　things　may　possibly　be　urged：…







'The　first；　that　the　laws　of　Spain　give　unto　the　Gitanos　the　



alternative　of　residing　in　large　towns；　which；　it　appears；　would　be　



better　than　expelling　them。　　But　experience；　recognised　by　grave　



and　respectable　men；　has　shown　that　it　is　not　well　to　harbour　these　



people；　for　their　houses　are　dens　of　thieves；　from　whence　they　



prowl　abroad　to　rob　the　land。







'The　second；　that　it　appears　a　pity　to　banish　the　women　and　



children。　　But　to　this　can　be　opposed　that　holy　act　of　your　Majesty　



which　expelled　the　Moriscos；　and　the　children　of　the　Moriscos；　for　



the　reason　given　in　the　royal　edict。　　WHENEVER　ANY　DETESTABLE　CRIME　



IS　COMMITTED　BY　ANY　UNIVERSITY；　IT　IS　WELL　TO　PUNISH　ALL。　　And　the　



most　detestable　crimes　of　all　are　those　which　the　Gitanos　commit；　



since　it　is　notorious　that　they　subsist　on　what　they　steal；　and　as　



to　the　children；　there　is　no　law　which　obliges　us　to　bring　up　wolf…



whelps；　to　cause　here…after　certain　damage　to　the　flock。











'IT　HAS　EVER　BEEN　THE　PRACTICE　OF　PRINCES　TO　EXPEL　THE　GITANOS











'Every　one　who　considers　the　manner　of　your　Majesty's　government　as　



the　truly　Christian　pattern　must　entertain　fervent　hope　that　the　



advice　proffered　in　this　discourse　will　be　attended　to；　more　



especially　on　reflecting　that　not　only　the　good；　but　even　the　most　



barbarous　kings　have　acted　up　to　it　in　their　respective　dominions。







'Pharaoh　was　bad　enough；　nevertheless　he　judged　that　the　children　



of　Israel　were　dangerous　to　the　state；　because　they　appeared　to　him　



to　be　living　without　any　certain　occupation；　and　for　this　very　



reason　the　Chaldeans　cast　them　out　of　Babylon。　　Amasis；　king　of　



Egypt；　drove　all　the　vagrants　from　his　kingdom；　forbidding　them　to　



return　under　pain　of　death。　　The　Soldan　of　Egypt　expelled　the　



Torlaquis。　　The　Moors　did　the　same；　and　Bajazet　cast　them　out　of　



all　the　Ottoman　empire；　according　to　Leo　Clavius。







'In　the　second　place；　the　Christian　princes　have　deemed　it　an　



important　measure　of　state。







'The　emperor　our　Lord；　in　the　German　Diets　of　the　year　1548；　



expelled　the　Gitanos　from　all　his　empire；　and　these　were　the　words　



of　the　decree：　　〃Zigeuner　quos　compertum　est　proditores　esse；　et　



exploratores　hostium　nusquam　in　imperio　locum　inveniunto。　　In　



deprehensos　vis　et　injuria　sine　fraude　esto。　　Fides　publica　



Zigeuners　ne　dator；　nec　data　servator。〃







'The　King　of　France；　Francis；　expelled　them　from　thence；　and　the　



Duke　of　Terranova；　when　Governor　of　Milan　for　our　lord　the　king；　



obliged　them　to　depart　from　that　territory　under　pain　of　death。







'Thirdly；　there　is　one　grand　reason　which　ought　to　be　conclusive　in　



moving　him　who　so　much　values　himself　in　being　a　faithful　son　of　



the　c