misc writings and speeches(米斯克说与写)-第26章
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condemn him。 He may be compared to that Maeandrius of Samos; of
whom Herodotus saith; in his Thalia; that; wishing to be of all men the
most just; he was not able; for after the death of Polycrates he offered
freedom to the people; and not till certain of them threatened to call him to
a reckoning for what he had formerly done; did he change his purpose; and
make himself a tyrant; lest he should be treated as a criminal。
〃Such was the case of Oliver。 He gave to his country a form of
government so free and admirable that; in near six thousand years; human
wisdom hath never devised any more excellent contrivance for human
happiness。 To himself he reserved so little power that it would scarcely
have sufficed for his safety; and it is a marvel that it could suffice for his
ambition。 When; after that; he found that the members of his Parliament
disputed his right even to that small authority which he had kept; when he
might have kept all; then indeed I own that he began to govern by the
sword those who would not suffer him to govern by the law。
〃But; for the rest; what sovereign was ever more princely in pardoning
injuries; in conquering enemies; in extending the dominions and the
renown of his people? What sea; what shore did he not mark with
imperishable memorials of his friendship or his vengeance? The gold of
Spain; the steel of Sweden; the ten thousand sails of Holland; availed
nothing against him。 While every foreign state trembled at our arms; we
sat secure from all assault。 War; which often so strangely troubles both
husbandry and commerce; never silenced the song of our reapers; or the
sound of our looms。 Justice was equally administered; God was freely
worshipped。
〃Now look at that which we have taken in exchange。 With the
restored king have come over to us vices of every sort; and most the basest
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and most shameful;lust without loveservitude without loyaltyfoulness
of speechdishonesty of dealing grinning contempt of all things good
and generous。 The throne is surrounded by men whom the former
Charles would have spurned from his footstool。 The altar is served by
slaves whose knees are supple to every being but God。 Rhymers; whose
books the hangman should burn; pandars; actors; and buffoons; these drink
a health and throw a main with the King; these have stars on their breasts
and gold sticks in their hands; these shut out from his presence the best
and bravest of those who bled for his house。 Even so doth God visit
those who know not how to value freedom。 He gives them over to the
tyranny which they have desired; Ina pantes epaurontai basileos。〃
〃I will not;〃 said Mr Cowley; 〃dispute with you on this argument。 But;
if it be as you say; how can you maintain that England hath been so greatly
advantaged by the rebellion?〃
〃Understand me rightly; Sir;〃 said Mr Milton。 〃This nation is not
given over to slavery and vice。 We tasted indeed the fruits of liberty
before they had well ripened。 Their flavour was harsh and bitter; and we
turned from them with loathing to the sweeter poisons of servitude。 This
is but for a time。 England is sleeping on the lap of Dalilah; traitorously
chained; but not yet shorn of strength。 Let the cry be once heardthe
Philistines be upon thee; and at once that sleep will be broken; and those
chains will be as flax in the fire。 The great Parliament hath left behind it
in our hearts and minds a hatred of tyrants; a just knowledge of our rights;
a scorn of vain and deluding names; and that the revellers of Whitehall
shall surely find。 The sun is darkened; but it is only for a moment: it is
but an eclipse; though all birds of evil omen have begun to scream; and all
ravenous beasts have gone forth to prey; thinking it to be midnight。 Woe
to them if they be abroad when the rays again shine forth!
〃The king hath judged ill。 Had he been wise he would have
remembered that he owed his restoration only to confusions which had
wearied us out; and made us eager for repose。 He would have known
that the folly and perfidy of a prince would restore to the good old cause
many hearts which had been alienated thence by the turbulence of factions;
for; if I know aught of history; or of the heart of man; he will soon learn
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that the last champion of the people was not destroyed when he murdered
Vane; nor seduced when he beguiled Fairfax。〃
Mr Cowley seemed to me not to take much amiss what Mr Milton had
said touching that thankless court; which had indeed but poorly requited
his own good service。 He only said; therefore; 〃Another rebellion! Alas!
alas! Mr Milton! If there be no choice but between despotism and
anarchy; I prefer despotism。〃
〃Many men;〃 said Mr Milton; 〃have floridly and ingeniously
compared anarchy and despotism; but they who so amuse themselves do
but look at separate parts of that which is truly one great whole。 Each is
the cause and the effect of the other; the evils of either are the evils of both。
Thus do states move on in the same eternal cycle; which; from the
remotest point; brings them back again to the same sad starting…post: and;
till both those who govern and those who obey shall learn and mark this
great truth; men can expect little through the future; as they have known
little through the past; save vicissitudes of extreme evils; alternately
producing and produced。
〃When will rulers learn that; where liberty is not; security end order
can never be? We talk of absolute power; but all power hath limits;
which; if not fixed by the moderation of the governors; will be fixed by the
force of the governed。 Sovereigns may send their opposers to dungeons;
they may clear out a senate…house with soldiers; they may enlist armies of
spies; they may hang scores of the disaffected in chains at every cross road;
but what power shall stand in that frightful time when rebellion hath
become a less evil than endurance? Who shall dissolve that terrible
tribunal; which; in the hearts of the oppressed; denounces against the
oppressor the doom of its wild justice? Who shall repeal the law of
selfdefence? What arms or discipline shall resist the strength of famine
and despair? How often were the ancient Caesars dragged from their
golden palaces; stripped of their purple robes; mangled; stoned; defiled
with filth; pierced with hooks; hurled into Tiber? How often have the
Eastern Sultans perished by the sabres of their own janissaries; or the bow…
strings of their own mutes! For no power which is not limited by laws
can ever be protected by them。 Small; therefore; is the wisdom of those
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who would fly to servitude as if it were a refuge from commotion; for
anarchy is the sure consequence of tyranny。 That governments may be
safe; nations must be free。 Their passions must have an outlet provided;
lest they make one。
〃When I was at Naples; I went with Signor Manso; a gentleman of
excellent parts and breeding; who had been the familiar friend of that
famous poet Torquato Tasso; to see the burning mountain Vesuvius。 I
wondered how the peasants could venture to dwell so fearlessly and
cheerfully on its sides; when the lava was flowing from its summit; but
Manso smiled; and told me that when the fire descends freely they retreat
before it without haste or fear。 They can tell how fast it will move; and
how far; and they know; moreover; that; though it may work some little
damage; it will soon cover the fields over which it hath passed with rich
vineyards and sweet flowers。 But; when the flames are pent up in the
mountain; then it is that they have reason to fear; then it is that the earth
sinks and the sea swells; then cities are swallowed up; and their place
knoweth them no more。 So it is in politics: where the people is most
closely restrained; there it gives the greatest shocks to peace and order;
therefore would I say to all kings; let your demagogues lead crowds; lest
they lead armies; let them bluster; lest they massacre; a little turbulence is;
as it were; the rainbow of the state; it shows indeed that there is a passing
shower; but it is a pledge that there shall be no deluge。〃
〃This is true;〃 said Mr Cowley; 〃yet these admonitions are not less
needful to subjects than to sovereigns。〃
〃Surely;〃 said Mr Milton; 〃and; that I may end this long debate with a
few words in which we shall both agree; I hold that; as freedom is the only
safeguard of governments; so are order and moderation generally
necessary to preserve freedom。 Even the vainest opinions of men are not
to be outraged by those who propose to themselves the happiness of men
for their end; and who must work with the passions of men for their means。
The blind reverence for things ancient is indeed so foolish that it might
make a wise man laugh; if it were not also sometimes so mischievous that
it would rather make a good man weep。 Yet; since it may not be wholly
cured it must be discreetly indulged; and