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misc writings and speeches(米斯克说与写)-第26章

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condemn   him。        He   may   be   compared   to   that   Maeandrius   of   Samos;   of 

whom  Herodotus   saith;  in   his Thalia;   that;   wishing   to   be   of   all   men   the 

most   just;   he   was   not   able;   for   after   the   death   of   Polycrates   he   offered 

freedom to the people; and not till certain of them threatened to call him to 

a reckoning for what he had formerly done; did he change his purpose; and 

make himself a tyrant; lest he should be treated as a criminal。 

     〃Such   was   the   case   of   Oliver。     He   gave   to   his   country   a   form   of 

government so free and admirable that; in near six thousand years; human 

wisdom   hath   never   devised   any   more   excellent   contrivance   for   human 

happiness。       To himself he reserved so little power that it would scarcely 

have sufficed for his safety; and it is a marvel that it could suffice for his 

ambition。       When; after that; he found that the members of his Parliament 

disputed his right even to that small authority which he had kept; when he 

might   have   kept   all;   then   indeed   I   own   that   he   began   to   govern   by   the 

sword those who would not suffer him to govern by the law。 

     〃But; for the rest; what sovereign was ever more princely in pardoning 

injuries;    in   conquering      enemies;     in  extending     the   dominions       and   the 

renown      of   his  people?     What      sea;  what    shore    did   he  not   mark    with 

imperishable memorials of his friendship or his vengeance?                       The gold of 

Spain;   the   steel   of   Sweden;   the   ten   thousand   sails   of   Holland;   availed 

nothing against him。          While every foreign state trembled at our arms; we 

sat secure from all assault。           War; which often so strangely troubles both 

husbandry and commerce; never silenced the song of our reapers; or the 

sound of   our   looms。       Justice   was   equally  administered;   God   was   freely 

worshipped。 

     〃Now      look    at  that  which     we   have    taken    in  exchange。      With     the 

restored king have come over to us vices of every sort; and most the basest 



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and most shameful;lust without loveservitude without loyaltyfoulness 

of   speechdishonesty   of   dealing   grinning   contempt   of   all   things   good 

and    generous。      The     throne   is  surrounded      by   men    whom      the  former 

Charles would   have spurned   from  his footstool。              The   altar is   served   by 

slaves whose knees are supple to every being but God。                    Rhymers; whose 

books the hangman should burn; pandars; actors; and buffoons; these drink 

a health and throw a main with the King; these have stars on their breasts 

and gold sticks in their hands; these shut out from his presence the  best 

and   bravest   of   those   who   bled   for   his   house。   Even   so   doth   God   visit 

those who know not how to value freedom。                    He gives them over to the 

tyranny which they have desired; Ina pantes epaurontai basileos。〃 

     〃I will not;〃 said Mr Cowley; 〃dispute with you on this argument。 But; 

if it be as you say; how can you maintain that England hath been so greatly 

advantaged by the rebellion?〃 

     〃Understand   me   rightly;   Sir;〃   said   Mr   Milton。       〃This   nation   is   not 

given   over   to   slavery   and   vice。    We   tasted   indeed   the   fruits   of   liberty 

before they had well ripened。           Their flavour was harsh and bitter; and we 

turned from them with loathing to the sweeter poisons of servitude。                     This 

is but for a time。       England is sleeping on the lap of Dalilah; traitorously 

chained;   but   not   yet   shorn   of   strength。   Let   the   cry   be   once   heardthe 

Philistines be upon thee; and at once that sleep will be broken; and those 

chains will be as flax in the fire。         The great Parliament hath left behind it 

in our hearts and minds a hatred of tyrants; a just knowledge of our rights; 

a   scorn   of   vain   and   deluding   names;   and   that   the   revellers   of   Whitehall 

shall surely find。      The sun is darkened; but it is only for a moment:                it is 

but an eclipse; though all birds of evil omen have begun to scream; and all 

ravenous beasts have gone forth to prey; thinking it to be midnight。                    Woe 

to them if they be abroad when the rays again shine forth! 

     〃The     king    hath   judged    ill。   Had     he   been    wise   he   would     have 

remembered   that   he   owed   his   restoration   only   to   confusions   which   had 

wearied   us   out;   and   made   us   eager   for   repose。   He   would   have   known 

that the folly and perfidy of a prince would restore to the good old cause 

many hearts which had been alienated thence by the turbulence of factions; 

for; if I know aught of history; or of the heart of man; he will soon learn 



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that the last champion of the people was not destroyed when he murdered 

Vane; nor seduced when he beguiled Fairfax。〃 

     Mr Cowley seemed to me not to take much amiss what Mr Milton had 

said touching that thankless court; which had indeed but poorly requited 

his own good service。        He only said; therefore; 〃Another rebellion!            Alas! 

alas!   Mr    Milton!    If   there   be  no   choice   but   between     despotism     and 

anarchy; I prefer despotism。〃 

     〃Many      men;〃     said   Mr    Milton;     〃have    floridly   and    ingeniously 

compared anarchy and despotism; but they who so amuse themselves do 

but look at separate parts of that which is truly one great whole。                Each is 

the cause and the effect of the other; the evils of either are the evils of both。 

Thus     do   states  move    on   in  the  same    eternal   cycle;   which;    from   the 

remotest point; brings them back again to the same sad starting…post:                 and; 

till both those who govern and those who obey shall learn and mark this 

great truth; men can expect little through the future; as they have known 

little  through     the  past;  save   vicissitudes    of   extreme    evils;  alternately 

producing and produced。 

     〃When will   rulers learn   that; where liberty is   not; security  end   order 

can   never   be?     We   talk   of   absolute   power;   but   all   power   hath   limits; 

which; if not fixed by the moderation of the governors; will be fixed by the 

force of the governed。 Sovereigns may send their opposers to dungeons; 

they may clear out a senate…house with soldiers; they may enlist armies of 

spies; they may hang scores of the disaffected in chains at every cross road; 

but   what   power   shall   stand   in   that   frightful   time   when   rebellion   hath 

become      a  less  evil  than   endurance?      Who     shall   dissolve   that  terrible 

tribunal;   which;   in   the   hearts   of   the   oppressed;   denounces   against   the 

oppressor   the   doom   of   its   wild   justice?    Who   shall   repeal   the   law   of 

selfdefence?       What arms or discipline shall resist the strength of famine 

and   despair?     How   often   were   the   ancient   Caesars   dragged   from   their 

golden   palaces;   stripped   of   their   purple   robes;   mangled;   stoned;   defiled 

with   filth;   pierced   with   hooks;   hurled   into   Tiber?  How   often   have   the 

Eastern Sultans perished by the sabres of their own janissaries; or the bow… 

strings of their own mutes!          For no power which is not limited by laws 

can ever be protected by them。           Small; therefore; is the wisdom of those 



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who   would   fly   to   servitude   as   if   it   were   a   refuge   from   commotion;   for 

anarchy is the sure consequence of tyranny。                   That governments may be 

safe; nations   must   be   free。 Their  passions   must have   an outlet   provided; 

lest they make one。 

     〃When   I   was   at   Naples;   I   went   with   Signor   Manso;   a   gentleman   of 

excellent   parts   and   breeding;   who   had   been   the   familiar   friend   of   that 

famous   poet   Torquato   Tasso;   to   see   the   burning   mountain   Vesuvius。             I 

wondered       how     the  peasants     could    venture    to  dwell    so   fearlessly    and 

cheerfully  on its   sides;  when the   lava   was   flowing   from  its   summit;   but 

Manso smiled; and told me that when the fire descends freely they retreat 

before it   without haste or   fear。 They  can   tell   how  fast   it   will   move;  and 

how far; and they know;  moreover;  that; though it may  work some   little 

damage; it will soon cover the fields over which it hath passed with rich 

vineyards   and   sweet   flowers。        But;   when   the   flames   are   pent   up   in   the 

mountain; then it is that they have reason to fear; then it is that the earth 

sinks   and   the   sea   swells;   then   cities   are   swallowed   up;   and   their   place 

knoweth them no more。              So it is in politics:       where the people is most 

closely   restrained;   there   it   gives   the   greatest   shocks   to   peace   and   order; 

therefore would I say to all kings; let your demagogues lead crowds; lest 

they lead armies; let them bluster; lest they massacre; a little turbulence is; 

as it were; the rainbow of the state; it shows indeed that there is a passing 

shower; but it is a pledge that there shall be no deluge。〃 

     〃This   is   true;〃   said   Mr   Cowley;   〃yet   these   admonitions   are   not   less 

needful to subjects than to sovereigns。〃 

     〃Surely;〃 said Mr Milton; 〃and; that I may end this long debate with a 

few words in which we shall both agree; I hold that; as freedom is the only 

safeguard       of   governments;        so   are    order    and    moderation       generally 

necessary to preserve freedom。             Even the vainest opinions of men are not 

to be outraged by those who propose to themselves the happiness of men 

for their end; and who must work with the passions of men for their means。 

The  blind   reverence  for   things   ancient   is   indeed   so   foolish   that   it   might 

make a wise man laugh; if it were not also sometimes so mischievous that 

it would rather make a good man weep。                   Yet; since it may not be wholly 

cured     it  must   be   discreetly    indulged;     and

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