misc writings and speeches(Ã×˹¿Ë˵Óëд)-µÚ34ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
Europe¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡full¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡errors£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡writes¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡times¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡respect¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡
almost¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡writer¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡wrong£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and£»¡¡¡¡¡¡therefore£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡
resolutely¡¡deviating¡¡from¡¡his¡¡predecessors£»¡¡he¡¡is¡¡often¡¡in¡¡the¡¡right¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Almost¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡modern¡¡historians¡¡of¡¡Greece¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡shown¡¡the¡¡grossest¡¡
ignorance¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡obvious¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡phenomena¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡human¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡nature¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡their¡¡
representations¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡generals¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡statesmen¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡antiquity¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡absolutely¡¡
divested¡¡of¡¡all¡¡individuality¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡are¡¡personifications£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡passions£»¡¡
talents£»¡¡opinions£»¡¡virtues£»¡¡vices£»¡¡but¡¡not¡¡men¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Inconsistency¡¡is¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡of¡¡
which¡¡these¡¡writers¡¡have¡¡no¡¡notion¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡That¡¡a¡¡man¡¡may¡¡have¡¡been¡¡liberal¡¡in¡¡
his¡¡youth¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡avaricious¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡age£»¡¡¡¡cruel¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡enemy¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡merciful¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
another£»¡¡is¡¡to¡¡them¡¡utterly¡¡inconceivable¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡the¡¡facts¡¡be¡¡undeniable£»¡¡they¡¡
suppose¡¡some¡¡strange¡¡and¡¡deep¡¡design£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡explain¡¡what£»¡¡as¡¡every¡¡
one¡¡who¡¡has¡¡observed¡¡his¡¡own¡¡mind¡¡knows£»¡¡needs¡¡no¡¡explanation¡¡at¡¡all¡£¡¡
This¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡mode¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡writing¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡acceptable¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡multitude¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡
always¡¡been¡¡accustomed¡¡to¡¡make¡¡gods¡¡and¡¡daemons¡¡out¡¡of¡¡men¡¡very¡¡little¡¡
better¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡worse¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡themselves£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡appears¡¡¡¡¡¡contemptible¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡
have¡¡watched¡¡the¡¡changes¡¡of¡¡human¡¡characterto¡¡all¡¡who¡¡have¡¡observed¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡137¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡138¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡MISCELLANEOUS¡¡WRITINGS¡¡AND¡¡SPEECHES¡¡OF¡¡LORD¡¡MACAULAY¡¡
the¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡time£»¡¡of¡¡circumstances£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡associates£»¡¡on¡¡mankindto¡¡
all¡¡who¡¡have¡¡seen¡¡a¡¡hero¡¡in¡¡the¡¡gout£»¡¡a¡¡democrat¡¡in¡¡the¡¡church£»¡¡a¡¡pedant¡¡in¡¡
love£»¡¡or¡¡a¡¡philosopher¡¡in¡¡liquor¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡practice¡¡of¡¡painting¡¡in¡¡nothing¡¡but¡¡
black¡¡and¡¡white¡¡is¡¡unpardonable¡¡even¡¡in¡¡the¡¡drama¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡the¡¡great¡¡fault¡¡of¡¡
Alfieri£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡how¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡injures¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡effect¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡compositions¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡
obvious¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡compare¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡Rosmunda¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Lady¡¡
Macbeth¡¡of¡¡Shakspeare¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡one¡¡is¡¡a¡¡wicked¡¡woman£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡is¡¡a¡¡fiend¡£¡¡
Her¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡feeling¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡hatred£»¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡her¡¡¡¡¡¡words¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡curses¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡once¡¡
shocked¡¡and¡¡fatigued¡¡by¡¡the¡¡spectacle¡¡of¡¡such¡¡raving¡¡cruelty£»¡¡excited¡¡by¡¡no¡¡
provocation£»¡¡repeatedly¡¡changing¡¡its¡¡object£»¡¡and¡¡constant¡¡in¡¡nothing¡¡but¡¡in¡¡
its¡¡in¡¡¡extinguishable¡¡thirst¡¡for¡¡blood¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡history¡¡this¡¡error¡¡is¡¡far¡¡more¡¡disgraceful¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Indeed£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡fault¡¡
which¡¡so¡¡completely¡¡ruins¡¡a¡¡narrative¡¡in¡¡the¡¡opinion¡¡of¡¡a¡¡judicious¡¡reader¡£¡¡
We¡¡¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡line¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡demarcation¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡¡¡¡¡good¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡bad¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡
faintly¡¡¡¡¡¡marked¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡often¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡elude¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡careful¡¡¡¡¡¡investigation¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡
who¡¡have¡¡the¡¡best¡¡opportunities¡¡for¡¡judging¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Public¡¡men£»¡¡above¡¡all£»¡¡are¡¡
surrounded¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡¡¡temptations¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡difficulties¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡doubt¡¡
must¡¡almost¡¡always¡¡hang¡¡over¡¡their¡¡real¡¡dispositions¡¡and¡¡intentions¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡
lives¡¡of¡¡Pym£»¡¡Cromwell£»¡¡Monk£»¡¡Clarendon£»¡¡Marlborough£»¡¡Burnet£»¡¡Walpole£»¡¡
are¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡well¡¡¡¡¡¡known¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡us¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡acquainted¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡actions£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡
speeches£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡writings£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡abundance¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡letters¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡well¡¡¡
authenticated¡¡anecdotes¡¡relating¡¡to¡¡them£º¡¡yet¡¡what¡¡candid¡¡man¡¡will¡¡venture¡¡
very¡¡positively¡¡to¡¡say¡¡which¡¡of¡¡them¡¡were¡¡honest¡¡and¡¡which¡¡of¡¡them¡¡were¡¡
dishonest¡¡men£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡appears¡¡easier¡¡to¡¡pronounce¡¡decidedly¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡great¡¡
characters¡¡of¡¡antiquity£»¡¡not¡¡because¡¡we¡¡have¡¡greater¡¡means¡¡of¡¡discovering¡¡
truth£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡simply¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡less¡¡¡¡¡¡means¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡detecting¡¡¡¡¡¡error¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡
modern¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡historians¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Greece¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡forgotten¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Their¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡heroes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
villains¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡consistent¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡sayings¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡doings¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡cardinal¡¡
virtues¡¡and¡¡the¡¡deadly¡¡sins¡¡in¡¡an¡¡allegory¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡should¡¡as¡¡soon¡¡expect¡¡a¡¡
good¡¡¡¡¡¡action¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡giant¡¡¡¡¡¡Slay¡good¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Bunyan¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡Dionysius£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
crime¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Epaminondas¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡seem¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡incongruous¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡faux¡pas¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
grave¡¡and¡¡comely¡¡damsel¡¡called¡¡Discretion£»¡¡who¡¡answered¡¡the¡¡bell¡¡at¡¡the¡¡
door¡¡of¡¡the¡¡house¡¡Beautiful¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡error¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡partly¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡cause¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡partly¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡effect¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡high¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡138¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡139¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡MISCELLANEOUS¡¡WRITINGS¡¡AND¡¡SPEECHES¡¡OF¡¡LORD¡¡MACAULAY¡¡
estimation¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡later¡¡¡¡¡¡ancient¡¡¡¡¡¡writers¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡held¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡modern¡¡
scholars¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Those¡¡¡¡¡¡French¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡English¡¡¡¡¡¡authors¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡treated¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
affairs¡¡of¡¡Greece¡¡have¡¡generally¡¡turned¡¡with¡¡contempt¡¡from¡¡the¡¡simple¡¡and¡¡
natural¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡narrations¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Thucydides¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Xenophon¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡extravagant¡¡
representations¡¡of¡¡Plutarch£»¡¡Diodorus£»¡¡Curtius£»¡¡and¡¡other¡¡romancers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
same¡¡class£»men¡¡who¡¡described¡¡military¡¡operations¡¡without¡¡ever¡¡¡¡¡¡having¡¡
handled¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡sword£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡applied¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡seditions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡little¡¡¡¡republics¡¡
speculations¡¡formed¡¡by¡¡observation¡¡on¡¡an¡¡empire¡¡which¡¡covered¡¡half¡¡the¡¡
known¡¡¡¡¡¡world¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Of¡¡¡¡¡¡liberty¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡knew¡¡¡¡¡¡nothing¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡
mysterya¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡superhuman¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡enjoyment¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ranted¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡about¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡liberty¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
patriotism£»¡¡from¡¡the¡¡same¡¡cause¡¡which¡¡leads¡¡monks¡¡to¡¡talk¡¡more¡¡ardently¡¡
than¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡about¡¡¡¡¡¡love¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡women¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡¡¡¡¡wise¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡¡¡¡¡¡values¡¡¡¡¡¡political¡¡
liberty£»¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡secures¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡persons¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡possessions¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡citizens£»¡¡
because¡¡it¡¡tends¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡the¡¡extravagance¡¡of¡¡rulers£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡corruption¡¡
of¡¡¡¡¡¡judges£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡gives¡¡¡¡¡¡birth¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡useful¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡sciences¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡elegant¡¡¡¡¡¡arts£»¡¡
because¡¡it¡¡excites¡¡the¡¡industry¡¡and¡¡increases¡¡the¡¡comforts¡¡of¡¡all¡¡classes¡¡of¡¡
society¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡These¡¡¡¡¡¡theorists¡¡¡¡¡¡imagined¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡possessed¡¡¡¡¡¡something¡¡¡¡¡¡eternally¡¡
and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡intrinsically¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡good£»¡¡¡¡¡¡distinct¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡blessings¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡generally¡¡
produced¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡considered¡¡it¡¡not¡¡as¡¡a¡¡means¡¡but¡¡as¡¡an¡¡end£»¡¡an¡¡end¡¡to¡¡be¡¡
attained¡¡at¡¡any¡¡cost¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Their¡¡favourite¡¡heroes¡¡are¡¡those¡¡who¡¡have¡¡sacrificed£»¡¡
for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡mere¡¡¡¡¡¡name¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡freedom£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡prosperitythe¡¡¡¡¡¡securitythe¡¡¡¡¡¡justice¡¡
from¡¡which¡¡freedom¡¡derives¡¡its¡¡value¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡another¡¡¡¡¡¡remarkable¡¡¡¡¡¡characteristic¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡writers£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡
their¡¡modern¡¡worshippers¡¡have¡¡carefully¡¡imitated¡¡thema¡¡great¡¡fondness¡¡
for¡¡¡¡¡¡good¡¡¡¡¡¡stories¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡established¡¡¡¡¡¡facts£»¡¡¡¡¡¡dates£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡characters¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡
never¡¡¡¡¡¡suffered¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡come¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡competition¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡splendid¡¡¡¡¡¡saying£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
romantic¡¡¡¡¡¡exploit¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡early¡¡¡¡¡¡historians¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡left¡¡¡¡¡¡us¡¡¡¡¡¡natural¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡simple¡¡
descriptions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡events¡¡which¡¡they¡¡witnessed£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡great¡¡men¡¡
with¡¡whom¡¡they¡¡associated¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡When¡¡we¡¡read¡¡the¡¡account¡¡which¡¡Plutarch¡¡
and¡¡¡¡¡¡Rollin¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡given¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡period£»¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡scarcely¡¡¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡old¡¡
acquaintance¡¡¡¡¡¡again£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡utterly¡¡¡¡¡¡confounded¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡melo¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡dramatic¡¡
effect¡¡of¡¡the¡¡narration£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡sublime¡¡coxcombry¡¡of¡¡the¡¡characters¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡These¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡principal¡¡¡¡¡¡errors¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡predecessors¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Mr¡¡
Mitford¡¡have¡¡fallen£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡most¡¡of¡¡these¡¡he¡¡is¡¡free¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡His¡¡faults¡¡are¡¡of¡¡a¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡139¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡140¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡MISCELLANEOUS¡¡WRITINGS¡¡AND¡¡SPEECHES¡¡OF¡¡LORD¡¡MACAULAY¡¡
completely¡¡¡¡¡¡different¡¡¡¡¡¡description¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡hoped¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡students¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
history¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡now¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡saved£»¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡¡¡¡¡¡Dorax¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Dryden's¡¡¡¡¡¡play£»¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡swallowing¡¡
two¡¡¡¡¡¡conflicting¡¡¡¡¡¡poisons£»¡¡¡¡¡¡each¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡serve¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡antidote¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
other¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡first¡¡and¡¡most¡¡important¡¡difference¡¡between¡¡Mr¡¡Mitford¡¡and¡¡those¡¡
who¡¡have¡¡preceded¡¡him¡¡is¡¡in¡¡his¡¡narration¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Here¡¡the¡¡advantage¡¡lies£»¡¡for¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡part£»¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡side¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡principle¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡follow¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡contemporary¡¡
historians£»¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡look¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡doubt¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡statements¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡
degree¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡confirmed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡them£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡absolutely¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡reject¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡
contradicted¡¡by¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡While¡¡he¡¡retains¡¡the¡¡guidance¡¡of¡¡some¡¡writer¡¡in¡¡
whom¡¡he¡¡can¡¡place¡¡confidence£»¡¡he¡¡goes¡¡on¡¡excellently¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡When¡¡he¡¡loses¡¡it£»¡¡
he¡¡falls¡¡to¡¡the¡¡level£»¡¡or¡¡perhaps¡¡below¡¡the¡¡level£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡writers¡¡whom¡¡he¡¡so¡¡
much¡¡despises£º¡¡he¡¡is¡¡as¡¡absurd¡¡as¡¡they£»¡¡and¡¡very¡¡much¡¡duller¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡really¡¡
amusing¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡observe¡¡how¡¡¡¡he¡¡proceeds¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡his¡¡narration¡¡when¡¡he¡¡has¡¡no¡¡
better¡¡authority¡¡than¡¡poor¡¡Diodorus¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡is¡¡compelled¡¡to¡¡relate¡¡something£»¡¡
yet¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡believes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡nothing¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡accompanies¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡fact¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡long¡¡
statement¡¡of¡¡objections¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡His¡¡account¡¡of¡¡the¡¡administration¡¡of¡¡Dionysius¡¡
is¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡sense¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡history¡£¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡ought¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡entitled¡¨Historic¡¡¡¡¡¡doubts¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡
certain¡¡events£»¡¡alleged¡¡to¡¡have¡¡taken¡¡place¡¡in¡¡Sicily¡£¡¨¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡scepticism£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡however£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡legal¡¡¡¡¡¡characters¡¡
almost¡¡as¡¡sceptical¡¡as¡¡himself£»¡¡vanishes¡¡whenever¡¡his¡¡political¡¡partialities¡¡
interfere¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡vehement¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡admirer¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡tyranny¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡oligarchy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
considers¡¡no¡¡evidence¡¡as¡¡feeble¡¡which¡¡can¡¡be¡¡brought¡¡forward¡¡in¡¡favour¡¡of¡¡
those¡¡forms¡¡of¡¡government¡£¡¡Democracy¡¡he¡¡hates¡¡with¡¡a¡¡perfect¡¡hatred£»¡¡a¡¡
hatred¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡volume¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡history£»¡¡¡¡¡¡appears¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡his¡¡
episodes¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡reflections£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡which£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡parts¡¡¡¡¡¡where¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡less¡¡
reverence¡¡for¡¡his¡¡guides£»¡¡and¡¡can¡¡venture¡¡to¡¡take¡¡his¡¡own¡¡way£»¡¡completely¡¡
distorts¡¡even¡¡his¡¡narration¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡taking¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡opinions£»¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡doubt¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡Mr¡¡¡¡¡¡Mitford¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡
influenced¡¡by¡¡the¡¡same¡¡love¡¡of¡¡singularity¡¡which¡¡led¡¡him¡¡to¡¡spell¡¡¡¨island¡¨¡¡
without¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨s£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡place¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡dots¡¡¡¡¡¡over¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡last¡¡¡¡¡¡letter¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨idea¡£¡¨¡¡In¡¡
truth£»¡¡preceding¡¡historians¡¡have¡¡erred¡¡so¡¡monstrously¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡side¡¡that¡¡
even¡¡the¡¡worst¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡Mr¡¡Mitford's¡¡book¡¡may¡¡be¡¡useful¡¡as¡¡a¡¡corrective¡£¡¡
For¡¡a¡¡young¡¡gentleman¡¡who¡¡talks¡¡much¡¡about¡¡his¡¡country£»¡¡tyrannicide£»¡¡and¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡140¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡141¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡MISCELLANEOUS¡¡WRITINGS¡¡AND¡¡SPEECHES¡¡OF¡¡LORD¡¡MACAULAY¡¡
Epaminondas£»¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡work£»¡¡¡¡¡¡diluted¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡sufficient¡¡¡¡¡¡quantity¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Rollin¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
Berthelemi£»¡¡may¡¡be¡¡a¡¡very¡¡useful¡¡remedy¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡errors¡¡of¡¡both¡¡parties¡¡arise¡¡from¡¡an¡¡ignorance¡¡or¡¡a¡¡neglect¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
fundamental¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡principles¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡political¡¡¡¡¡¡science¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡writers¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡side¡¡
imagine¡¡popular¡¡government¡¡to¡¡be¡¡always¡¡a¡¡blessing£»¡¡Mr¡¡Mitford¡¡omits¡¡no¡¡
opportunity¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡assur