forty centuries of ink-第33章
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fulfilled。 Messrs。 Perkins and Church have obtained
several blue coloring substances from the
alkaloids of coal tar; and one from naphthalene。'
Also that himself and Mr。 Charles Lowe had succeeded
in obtaining coal tar products yielding colors
of a beautiful pink; red; violet; purple; and
chocolate。 (These were not soluble in water)。〃
* * * * * * * *
〃Among vegetable substances useful in the arts
is one that has long been known in New Grenada
under the name of the ink…plant; as furnishing a
juice which can be used in writing without previous
preparation。 Characters traced with this substance
have a reddish color at first; which turns to a deep
black in a few hours。 This juice is said to be
really less liable to thicken than ordinary ink; and
not to corrode steel pens。 It resists the action of
water; and is practically indelible。 The plant is
known as coryaria thymifolia。〃
* * * * * * * *
〃Desormeaux recommends that the sulphate of
iron be calcined to whiteness; coarse brown sugar
instead of sugar candy; 1/4 oz。 acetate of copper;
instead of one ounce of the sulphate; and a drop
or two of creosote or essential oil of cloves to prevent
moulding。〃 (See Ribaucourt receipt; p。 194。)
* * * * * * * *
〃Mr。 John Spiller communicated to the London
Chemical News (1861) a paper on the employment
of carbon as a means of permanent record。 The
imperishable nature of carbon; in its various forms
of lamp…black; ivory…black; wood…charcoal; and
graphite or black lead; holds out much greater
promise of being usefully employed in the manufacture
of a permanent writing material; since; for
this substance; in its elementary condition and at
ordinary temperatures; there exists no solvent nor
chemical reagent capable of affecting its alteration。
〃The suggestion relative to the mode of applying
carbon to these purposes; which it is intended
more particularly now to enunciate; depends on
the fact of the separation of carbon from organic
compounds rich in that element; sugar; gum; etc。;
by the combined operation of heat and of chemical
reagents; such as sulphuric and phosphoric acids;
which exert a decomposing action in the same
direction; and by such means to effect the deposition
of the carbon within the pores of the
paper by a process of development to be performed
after the fluid writing ink has been to a certain
extent absorbed into its substancea system of
formation by which a considerable amount of resistance;
both to chemical and external influences;
appears to be secured。 An ink of the following
composition has been made the subject of experiment:
〃Concentrated sulphuric acid;
deeply colored with indigo 。。。。。。。。。。 1 fluid ounce。
Water; 。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 6 〃 〃
Loaf Sugar;。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 1 ounce; troy。
Strong mucilage of gum…arabic
2 to 3 fluid ounces。
〃Writing traced with a quill or gold pen dipped
in this ink dries to a pale blue color; but if now a
heated iron be passed over its surface; or the page
of manuscript be held near a fire; the writing will
quickly assume a jet black appearance; resulting
from the carbonization of the sugar by a warm
acid; and will have become so firmly engrafted
into the substance of the paper as to oppose considerable
difficulty to its removal or erasure by a
knife。 On account of the depth to which the
written characters usually penetrate; the sheets of
paper selected for use should be of the thickest
make; and good white cartridge paper; or that
known as 'cream laid;' preferred to such as are
colored blue with ultramarine; for; in the latter
case; a bleached halo is frequently perceptible
around the outlines of the letters; indicating the
partial destruction of the coloring matter by the
lateral action of the acid。
〃The writing produced in this manner seems indelible;
it resists the action of 〃salts of lemon;〃
and of oxalic; tartaric; and diluted hydrochloric
acids; agents which render nearly illegible the traces
of ordinary black writing ink; neither do alkaline
solutions exert any appreciable action on the carbon
ink。 This material possesses; therefore; many
advantageous qualities which would recommend its
adoption in cases where the question of permanence
is of paramount importance。 But it must; on the
other hand; be allowed that such an ink; in its
present form; would but inefficiently fulfil many of
the requirements necessary to bring it into common
use。 The peculiar method of development rendering
the application of heat imperative; and that of
a temperature somewhat above the boiling point of
water; together with the circumstance that it will
be found impossible with a thin sheet of paper to
write on both sides; must certainly be counted
among its more prominent disadvantages。〃
* * * * * * * *
〃Fire…proof ink for writing or printing on
incombustible paper is made according to the following
recipe: Graphite; finely ground; 22 drams;
copal or other resinous gum; 12 grains; sulphate
of iron; 2 drams; tincture of nutgalls; 2 drams;
and sulphate of indigo; 8 drams。 These substances
are thoroughly mixed and boiled in water;
and the ink thus obtained is said to be both fire…
proof and insoluble in water。 When any other
color but black is desired; the graphite is replaced
by an earthly mineral pigment of the desired color。〃
* * * * * * * *
〃Ineradicable Writing。A French technical
paper; specially devoted to the art and science of
paper manufacture; states that any alterations or
falsifications of writings in ordinary ink maybe rendered
impossible by passing the paper upon which
it is intended to write through a solution of one milligram
(0。01543 English grain) of gallic acid in as
much pure distilled water as will fill to a moderate
depth an ordinary soup…plate。 After the paper thus
prepared has become thoroughly dry; it may be
used as ordinary paper for writing; but any attempt
made to alter; falsify; or change anything written
thereon; will be left perfectly visible; and may thus
be readily detected。〃
* * * * * * * *
〃Exchequer Ink。To 40 pounds of galls; add
10 pounds of gum; 9 pounds of copperas; and 45
gallons of soft water。 This ink will endure for
centuries。〃
* * * * * * * *
〃Take of oil of lavender; 120 grains; of copal
in powder; 17 grains; red sulphuret of mercury; 60
grains。 The oil of lavender being dissipated with
a gentle heat; a colour will be left on the paper
surrounded with the copal; a substance insoluble
in water; spirits; acids; or alkaline solutions。
〃This composition possesses a permanent colour;
and a MSS。 written with it; may be exposed to the
process commonly used for restoring the colour of
printed books; without injury to the writing。 In
this manner interpolations with common ink may
be removed。〃
* * * * * * * *
Boil parchment slips or cuttings of glove
leather; in water till it forms a size; which; when
cool; becomes of the consistence of jelly; then;
having blackened an earthern plate; by holding it
over the flame of a candle; mix up with a camel
hair pencil; the fine lamp…black thus obtained; with
some of the above size; while the plate is still
warm。 This black requires no grinding; and produces
an ink of the same colour; which works as
fregy with the pencil; and is as perfectly
transparent as the best Indian ink。〃
* * * * * * * *
〃Instead of water use brandy; with the same
ingredients which enter into the composition of
any ink; and it will never freeze。〃
* * * * * * * *
〃Bacteria in InkAccording to experiments
which have recently been completed at Berlin and
Leipzig by the leading bacteriologists of Germany
the ordinary inks literally teem with bacilla of a
dangerous character; the bacteria taken therefrom
sufficing to kill mice and rabbits inoculated therewith
in the space of from one to three days。〃
* * * * * * * *
〃The most easy and neat method of forming
letters of gold on paper; and for ornaments of
writing is; by the gold ammoniac; as it was formerly
called: the method of managing which is as
follows:
〃Take gum ammoniacum; and powder it; and
then dissolve it in water previously impregnated
with a little gum arabic; and some juice of garlic。
The gum ammoniacum will not dissolve in water;
so as to form a transparent fluid; but produces a
milky appearance; from whence the mixture is
called in medicine the lac ammoniacum。 With the
lac ammoniacum thus prepared; draw with a pencil;
or write with a pen on paper; or vellum; the
intended figure or letters of the gilding。 Suffer the
paper to dry; and then; or any time afterwards;
breath on it till it be moistened; and immediately
lay leaves of gold; or parts of leaves cut in the
most advantageous manner to save the gold; over
the parts drawn or written upon with the lac
ammoniacum; and press them gently to the paper
with a ball of cotton or soft leather。 When the
paper becomes dry; which a short time or gentle
heat will soon effect; brush off; with a soft pencil;
or rub off by a fine linen rag; the redundant gold
which covered the parts between the lines of the
drawing or writing; and the finest hair strokes of
the pencil or pen; as well as the broader; will appear
perfectly gilt。〃
It is usual to see in old manuscripts; that are highly
ornamented; letters of gold which rise considerably
from the surface of the paper or parchment containing
them in the manner of embossed work; and of these
some are less shining; and others have a very high
polish。 The method of producing these letters is of
two kinds; the one by friction on a proper body with
a solid piece of gold: the other by leaf gold。 The
method of making these letters by means of solid gold
is as follows:
〃Take chrystal; and reduce it to powder。 Temper
it then with strong gum water; till it be of the
consistence of paste; and with this form the letters;
and; when they are dry; rub them with a
piece of gold of good colour; as in the manner of
polishing; and the letters will appear as if gilt with
burnisht gold。〃
(Kunckel; in his fifty curious experiments; has given
this receipt; but omitted to take the least notice of
the manner these letters are to be formed; though
the most difficult circumstance in the production of
them。)
CHAPTER XXII。
INK INDUSTRY。
IMPORTANCE OF HONEST INK MANUFACTUREABSENCE
OF INFORMATION AS TO NAMES OF MOST ANCIENT INK
MAKERS;WHERE TO LOOK FOR ANCIENT INKTHEIR
PHENOMENAL IDENTITYINK AND PAPER AS ASIATIC
INVENTIONS