forty centuries of ink-第34章

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MAKERS；WHERE　TO　LOOK　FOR　ANCIENT　INKTHEIR

PHENOMENAL　IDENTITYINK　AND　PAPER　AS　ASIATIC

INVENTIONS　ENTER　EUROPE　IN　THE　TWELFTH　CENTURY

BOTH　IN　GENERAL　USE　IN　THE　FOURTEENTH

CENTURYMONKS　AND　SCRIBES　AS　THEIR　OWN　INK

MANUFACTURERSMODERN　INDUSTRY　OF　INK　BEGINS

IN　1625ITS　GROWTH　AND　PRESENT　SITUATIONTHE

GENERAL　IGNORANCE　OF　THE　SUBJECTINK　INDUSTRY

IN　THE　EIGHTEENTH　CENTURYTHE　FIRST　PIONEERS

ABROAD　AND　THOSE　AT　HOMEOBSERVATIONS

RESPECTING　INK　PHENOMENA　OF　THE　PAST　EIGHTY

YEARSWHAT　SOME　INK　MAKERS　SAY　ABOUT　ITLITTLE

DEMAND　FOR　PURE　INKSSOME　SKETCHES　OF　THE

LEADING　INK　MANUFACTURERS　OF　THE　WORLDESTIMATION

OF　QUANTITY　OF　INK　MADE　IN　THE　UNITED

STATESTHE　〃LIFE〃　OF　A　MARK　MADE　WITH　ORDINARY

WRITING　FLUIDESTIMATION　OF　MOST　INKS　BY　PROFESSORS

BAIRD　AND　MARKOEFORMULA　OF　THE　OFFICIAL

INK　OF　THE　STATE　OF　MASSACHUSETTSVIEWS

OF　SOME　PROMINENT　INK　MANUFACTURERS　ABOUT

SUCH　INKSOME　COMMERCIAL　NAMES　BESTOWED　ON

DIFFERENT　INKSTHE　200　OR　MORE　NAMES　OF　INK

MANUFACTURERS　OF　THE　NINETEENTH　CENTURY。



THE　consideration　of　the　effect　of　the　use　of　ink

upon　civilization　from　primitive　times　to　the　present；

as　we　have　seen；　offers　a　most　suggestive　field　and

certifies　to　the　importance　of　the　manufacture　of　honest

inks　as　necessary　to　the　future　enlightenment　of

society。　That　it　has　not　been　fully　understood　or

even　appreciated　goes　without　saying；　a　proper　generalization

becomes　possible　only　in　the　light　of　corroborative

data　and　the　experiences　of　the　many。



History　has　not　given　us　the　names　of　ancient　ink

makers；　but　we　can　believe　there　must　have　been

during　a　period　of　thousands　of　years　a　great　many；

and　that　the　kinds　and　varieties　of　inks　were　without

number。　Those　inks　which　remain　to　us　are　to　be

found　only　as　written　with　on　ancient　MSS。；　they

are　of　but　few　kinds；　and　in　composition　and　appearance

preserve　a　phenomenal　identity；　though　belonging

to　countries　and　epochs　widely　separated。　This

identity　leads　to　the　further　conclusion　that　ink　making

must　have　been　an　industry　at　certain　periods；

overlooked　by　careful　compounders　who　distributed

their　wares　over　a　vast　territory。



〃Gall〃　ink　and　〃linen〃　paper　as　already　stated　are

Asiatic　inventions。　Both　of　them　seem　to　have　entered

Europe　by　way　of　Arabia；　〃hand　in　hand〃　at　the　very

end　of　the　eleventh　or　beginning　of　the　twelfth　centuries

and　for　the　next　two　hundred　years；　notwithstanding

the　fact　that　chemistry　was　almost　an　unknown　science

and　the　secrets　of　the　alchemists　known　only　to　the

few；　this　combination　gradually　came　into　general

vogue。



In　the　fourteenth　century　we　find　one　or　both　of

them　more　or　less　substituted　for　〃Indian〃　ink；　parchment；

vellum　and　〃cotton〃　paper。　It　was；　however；

the　monks　and　scribes　who　manufactured　for　their

own　and　assistants'　use　〃gall〃　ink；　just　as　they　had

been　in　the　habit　of　preparing　〃Indian〃　ink　when

required；　which　so　far　as　known　was　not　always　a

commodity。



As　an　industry　it　can　be　said　to　have　definitely

begun　when　the　French　government　recognized　the

necessity　for　one；　A。　D。　1625；　by　giving　a　contract

for　〃a　great　quantity　of　'gall　ink'　to　Guyot；〃　who

for　this　reason　seems　to　occupy　the　unique　position

of　the　father　of　the　modern　ink　industry。



Ink　manufacture　as　a　growing　industry　heretofore

and　to　a　large　extent　at　present；　occupies　a　peculiarly

anomalous　situation。　Other　industries　follow　the　law

of　evolution　which　may　perhaps　bear　criticism；　but

the　ink　industry　follows　none；　nor　does　it　even　pretend

to　possess　any。



Thousands　are　engaged　in　its　pursuit；　few　of　whom

understand　either　ink　chemistry　or　ink　phenomena。

The　consumer　knows　still　less；　and　with　blind　confidence

placidly　accepts　nondescript　compounds　labeled

〃Ink；〃　whether　purchased　at　depots　or　from　〃combined〃

itinerant　manufacturing　peddlers　and　with

them　write　or　sign　documents　which　some　day　may

disturb　millions　of　property。　And　yet　in　a　comparative

sense　it　has　outpaced　all　other　industries。



With　the　commencement　of　the　eighteenth　century

we　find　the　industry　settling　in　Dresden；　Chemnitz；

Amsterdam；　Berlin；　Elberfield　and　Cologne。　Still

later　in　London；　Vienna；　Paris；　Edinburgh　and　Dublin；

and　in　the　first　half　of　the　nineteenth　century　in

the　United　States；　it　had　begun　to　make　considerable

progress。



Among　the　first　pioneers　of　the　later　modern　ink

industry　abroad；　may　be　mentioned　the　names　of

Stephens；　Arnold；　Blackwood；　Ribaucourt；　Stark；

Lewis；　Runge；　Leonhardi；　Gafford；　Bottger；　Lipowitz；

Geissler；　Jahn；　Van　Moos；　Ure；　Schmidt；　Haenle；　Elsner；

Bossin；　Kindt；　Trialle；　Morrell；　Cochrane；　Antoine；

Faber；　Waterlous；　Tarling；　Hyde；　Thacker；　Mordan；

Featherstone；　Maurin；　Triest　and　Draper。



In　the　period　covered　by　the　nineteenth　century

at　home；　the　legitimate　industry　included　over　300

ink　makers。　Those　best　known　are　Davids；　Maynard

and　Noyes；　Carter；　Underwood；　Stafford；　Moore；　Davis；

Thomas；　Sanford；　Barnes；　Morrell；　Walkden；　Lyons；

Freeman；　Murray；　Todd；　Bonney；　Pomeroy；　Worthington；

Joy；　Blair；　Cross；　Dunlap；　Higgins；　Paul；　Anderson；

Woodmansee；　Delang；　Allen；　Stearns；　Gobel；　Wallach；

Bartram；　Ford　and　Harrison。



The　ink　phenomena　included　in　the　past　eighty

years　has　demonstrated　a　continuing　retrogression　in

ink　manufacture　and　a　consequent　deterioration　of

necessary　ink　qualities。　When　the　attention　of　some

ink　makers　are　addressed　to　these　sad　facts；　they

attribute　them；　either　to　the　demand　of　the　public

for　an　agreeable　color　and　a　free　flowing　ink；　or　to　an

inability　to　compete　with　inferior　substitutes；　which

have　flooded　the　market　since　the　discovery　of　the

coal　tar　colors；　they　have　been　compelled　to　depart

from　old　and　tried　formulas；　in　the　extravagant　use

（misuse）　of　the　so…called　〃added〃　color。



An　exceptional　few　of　the　older　firms　continue　to

catalogue　unadulterated　〃gall〃　inks；　but　the　demand

for　them　except　in　localities　where　the　law

COMPELS　their　employment；　is　only　little。



Interesting　deductions　can　be　made　from　the　accompanying

brief　sketches　of　the　leading　ink　manufacturers

of　the　world。



The　〃Arnold〃　brand　of　inks　possesses　a　worldwide

reputation；　although　not　always　known　by　that

name；　beginning　A。　D。　1724　under　the　style　of　R。

Ford；　and　continuing　until　1772；　when　the　firm　name

was　changed　to　William　Green　&　Co。　In　1809　it　became

J。　&　J。　Arnold；　who　were　succeeded　in　1814　by

Pichard　and　John　Arnold；　the　firm　name　by　which　it

is　known　at　the　present　day。　This　last　named　concern

located　at　59　Barbican；　on　the　site　of　the　old

City　Hall　in　London；　and　later　moved　to　their　present

address；　No。　155　Aldersgate　street。　The　inks　made

by　the　〃fathers〃　of　the　firm　were　〃gall〃　inks　WITHOUT

〃added〃　color。　At　the　commencement　of　the　nineteenth

century　we　find　them　making　tanno…gallate　of

iron　inks　to　which　were　added　extractive　matter　from

logwood　and　other　materials　to　form　thick　fluids　for

shipment　to　Brazil；　India　and　the　countries　where

brushes　or　reeds　were　used　as　writing　instruments。

For　the　more　civilized　portions　of　the　world　similar

inks　but　of　an　increased　fluidity　were　supplied；　that

the　quill　pens　might　be　employed。　The　demands　for

still　more　fluid　inks　which　would　permit　the　use　of

steel　pens；　resulted　in　the　modern　blue…black　chemical

writing　fluid；　the　〃added〃　blue　portion　being

indigo　in　some　form。　It　was　first　put　on　the　market

in　1830。　They　manufacture　over　thirty　varieties　of

ink；　but　only　one　real　〃gall〃　ink　without　〃added〃　color。



In　the　early　part　of　May；　1824；　Thaddeus　Davids

started　his　ink　factory　at　No。　222　William　street；

New　York　City。　His　first　and　best　effort　was　a

strictly　pure　tanno…gallate　of　iron　ink；　which　he

placed　on　the　market　in　1827　under　the　name　of

〃Steel　Pen　Ink；〃　guaranteed　to　write　black　and　to

possess　〃record〃　qualities。　In　1833　he　made　innovations

following　the　lines　laid　down　by　Arnold　and

also　commenced　the　manufacture　of　a　chemical　writing

fluid；　with　indigo　for　〃added〃　color。　Many

more　〃added〃　colors　were　employed　at　different

periods；　like　logwood　and　fustic；　with　the　incorporation

of　sugar；　glucose；　etc。　In　the　early　fifties　the

cheap　grades　of　logwood　ink　after　the　formula　of

Runge　（1848）　and　which　cost　about　four　cents　per

gallon　was　marketed；　principally　for　school　purposes；

it　was　never　satisfactory；　becoming　thick　and　〃color

fading。〃　Mr。　Davids　made　many　experiments　with

〃alizarin〃　inks　in　the　early　sixties　but　did　not

consider　them　valuable　enough　to　put　on　the　market。

In　1875　the　firm　introduced　violet　ink　made　from　the

aniline　color　of　that　name。　Experimentations　in　1878

with　the　insoluble　aniline　blacks　and　vanadium　were

unsuccessful；　but　the　soluble　aniline　black　（blue…

black）　known　as　nigrosine　they　used　and　still　use　in

various　combinations。　During　this　long　period　their

establishments　have　been　in　different　locations。　From

No。　222　William　street　it　was　changed　to　Eighth

street；　with　the　office　at　No。　26　Cliff　street。　In　1854

the　works　were　removed　to　New　Rochelle；　Westchester

county；　N。　Y。　In　1856　the　firm　name　was

Thaddeus　Davids　and　Co。；　Mr。　George　Davids　having

been　admitted　as　a　partner　and　their　warehouse　and

offices　at　this　time　were　located　at　Nos。　127　and　129


William　street；　where　a　business　of　enormous　proportions；

which　includes　the　manufacture　of　thirty…three

inks　and　other　products；　is　still　carried　on　at　the

present　day　under　the　name　and　style　of　〃Thaddeus

Davids；　Co。〃　The　old　〃Davids'　Steel　Pen　Ink〃　continues

to　be　manufactured　from　the　original　formula

and　is　the　only　tanno…gallate　of　iron　ink　they　make；

WITHOUT　〃added〃　color。



The　Paris　house　of　〃Antoine〃　as　manufacturers　of

writing　inks　dates　from　1840。　They　are　best　known

as　the　makers　of　the　French　copying　ink；　of　a　violet…

black　color；　made　from　logwood；　which　was　first　put

on　the　market　in　1853　under　the　name　of　Encres

Japonaise。　In　1860　an　agency　was　established　in

New　York　City。　They　make　a　large　variety　of　writing

inks　but　do　not　offer　for　sale　a　tanno…gallate　of

iron　ink　without　〃added〃　color。



〃Carter's〃　inks　came　into　notoriety　in　1861；　by　the

introduction　of　a　〃combined　writing　and　copying

ink；〃　of　the　gall　and　iron　type　and　included　〃added　〃

color。　It　was　the　first　innovation　of　this　character。

At　the　end　of　the　Civil　War；　John　W。　Carter　of　Boston；

who　had　been　an　officer　of　the　regular　army；

purchased　an　interest　in　the　business；　associating　with

himself　Mr。　J。　P。　Dinsmore　of　New　York；　the　firm

being　known　as　Carter；　Dinsmore　&　Co。；　Boston；　Mass。

In　1895　Mr。　Carter　died　and　Mr。　Dinsmore　retired

from　the　business。　The　firm　was　then　incorporated

under　the　style　of　〃The　Carter's　Ink　Co。〃　They　do

an　immense　business　and　make　all　kinds　of　ink。　Of

the　logwoods；　〃Raven　Black〃　is　best　known。　When

the　state　of　Massachusetts　in　1894　decided