forty centuries of ink-第35章
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the logwoods； 〃Raven Black〃 is best known。 When
the state of Massachusetts in 1894 decided that recording
officers must use a 〃gall〃 ink made after an
official formula； they competed with other manufacturers
for the privilege of supplying such an ink and
won it。 They do not offer for sale； however； 〃gall〃
ink WITHOUT added color。 Their laboratories are
magnificently equipped； the writer has had the pleasure
of collaborating with several of their expert chemists。
The 〃Fabers；〃 who date back to the year 1761； are
known all over the world as lead pencil makers。 They
also manufacture many inks and have done so since
1881； when they built now factories at Noisy…le…Sac；
near Paris。 Blue…black and violet…black writing and
copying inks of the class made by the 〃Antoines〃
are the principal kinds。 They do not offer for sale；
tanno…gallate of iron ink without 〃added〃 color。 A
branch house in New York City has remained since
1843。
〃Stafford's〃 violet combined writing and copying
ink was first placed on the New York market in
1869； though it was in 1858 that Mr。 S。 S。 Stafford；
the founder of the house； began the manufacture of
inks； which he has continued to do to the present
day。 His chemical writing fluids are very popular；
but he does not make a tanno…gallate of iron ink
without 〃added〃 color； for the trade。
Charles M。 Higgins of Brooklyn； N。 Y。； in 1880
commenced the manufacture of 〃carbon〃 inks for
engrossing； architectural and engineering purposes；
and has succeeded in producing an excellent liquid
〃Indian〃 ink； which will not lose its consistency
if kept from the air。 It can also be used as a writing
ink； if thinned down with water。 He does not
make a tanno…gallate of iron ink without 〃added〃
color。
Maynard and Noyes； whose inks were much
esteemed in this section for over fifty years； is no
longer in business； as is the case with many others well
known during the first half of the nineteenth century。
The enormous quantities of ink of every color；
quality and description made in the United States
almost surpasses belief。 It is said that the output for
home consumption alone exceeds twelve millions of
gallons per annum； and for export three thousand gallons
per annum。
It is very safe to affirm that less than 1/50 of 1 per
cent of this quantity represents a tanno…gallate of
iron ink WITHOUT 〃added〃 color。 Most colored inks
and 〃gall〃 ones which possess 〃added〃 color if
placed on paper under ordinary conditions will not
be visible a hundred years hence。
This statement of mine might be considered altogether
paradoxical were it not for associated evidential
facts； which by proving themselves have established
its correctness and truth。 To repeat one of them is
to refer to the report of Professors Baird and Markoe；
who examined for the state of Massachusetts all the
commercial inks on the market at that time。
〃As a conclusion； since the great mass of inks
on the market are not suitable for records； because
of their lack of body and because of the quantity of
unstable color which they contain； and because the
few whose coloring matters are not objectionable
are deficient in gall and iron or both； we would
strongly recommend that the State set its own
standard for the composition of inks to be used in
its offices and for its records。〃
An official ink modelled somewhat after the formula
employed by the government of Great Britain was
contracted for by the state of Massachusetts。 It read
as follows：
〃Take of pure； dry tannic acid； 23。4 parts by weight。
of crystal gallic acid； 7。7 parts。
of ferrous sulphate； 30。0 parts。
of gum arabic； 10。0 parts。
of diluted hydrochloric acid； 25。0 parts。
of carbolic acid； 1。0 part。
of water； sufficient to make up the mixture
at the temperature of 60 degrees F。
to the volume of 1；000 parts by
weight of water。〃
Such an ink prepared after this receipt would be a
strictly pure tanno…gallate of iron ink WITHOUT any
〃added〃 color whatever。
The estimation in which such an ink is held by the
majority of the ink manufacturers is best illustrated
by quoting from two of the most prominent ones； and
thus enable the reader to draw his own conclusions。
〃We do not make a tanno…gallate of iron ink
without added color； and so far as we know； there
is no such ink on the market； as it would be practically
colorless and illegible。〃
* * * * * * *
〃There is no such ink （a tanno…gallate of iron ink
without added color） manufactured by any ink…
maker as far as I know。 It is obsolete。〃
The commercial names bestowed on the multitude
of different inks placed on the market by manufacturers
during the last century are in the thousands。
A few of them are cited as indicative of their variety；
some of which are still sold under these names。
Kosmian Safety Fluid； Bablah Ink； Universal Jet
Black； Treasury Ledger Fluid； Everlasting Black Ink；
Raven…Black Ink； Nut…gall Ink； Pernambuco Ink； Blue
Post Office Ink； Unchangeable Black； Document Safety
Ink； Birmingham Copying Ink； Commercial Writing
Fluid； Germania Ink； Horticultural Ink； Exchequer
Ink； Chesnut Ink； Carbon Safety Ink； Vanadium Ink；
Asiatic Ink； Terra…cotta Ink； Juglandin Ink； Persian
Copying； Sambucin； Chrome Ink； Sloe Ink； Steel Pen
Ink； Japanese Ink； English Office Ink； Catechu Ink；
Chinese Blue Ink； Alizarin Ink； School Ink； Berlin
Ink； Resin Ink； Water…glass Ink； Parisian Ink； Immutable
Ink； Graphite Ink； Nigrilin Ink； Munich Ink；
Electro…Chemical； Egyptian Black； 〃Koal〃 Black
Ink； Ebony Black Ink； Zulu Black； Cobalt Black；
Maroon Black； Aeilyton Copying； Dichroic； Congress
Record； Registration； 〃Old English；〃 etc。
The list of over 200 names； which follow； includes
those of manufacturers of the best known foreign and
domestic 〃black〃 inks and 〃chemical writing fluids〃
in use during the past century； as well as those
of the present time。
Adriana
Allfield
Anderson
Antoine
Arnaudon
Arnold
Artus
Ballade
Ballande
Barnes
Bart
Bartram
Beaur
Behrens
Belmondi
Berzelius
Bizanger
Blackwood
Blair
Bolley
Bonney
Bossin
Boswell
Bottger
Boutenguy
Braconnot
Brande
Bufeu
Bufton
Bure
Carter
Caw
Cellier
Champion
Chaptal
Chevallier
Clarke
Close
Cochrane
Collin
Cooke
Coupier and Collins
Coxe
Crock
Cross
Darcet
Davids
Davis
Delunel
Delarve
Delang
Derheims
Dize
Draper
Druck
Duhalde
Dumas
Dumovlen
Dunand
Dunlap
Ellis
Eisner
Faber
Faucher
Faux
Featherstone
Fesneau
Fontenelle
Ford
Fourmentin
Freeman
Fuchs
Gaffard
Gastaldi
Geissler
Geoffroy
Gebel
Goold
Goupeir
Grasse
Green
Guesneville
Gullier
Guyon
Guyot
Haenles
Hager
Haldat
Hanle
Hare
Harrison
Hausman
Heeren
Henry
Herepath
Hevrant
Higgins
Hogy
Hunt
Hyde
Jahn
James
Joy
Karmarsch
Kasleteyer
Kindt
Klaproth
Kloen
Knaffl
Knecht
Lanaux
Lanet
Larenaudiere
Lemancy
Lenormand
Leonhardi
Lewis
Ley Kauf
Link
Lipowitz
Lorme
Luhring
Lyons
MacCullogh
Mackensic
Mathieu
Maurin
Maynard and Noyes
Melville
Mendes
Meremee
Merget
Minet
Moller
Moore
Mordan
Moser
Morrell
Mozard
Murray
Nash
Nissen
Ohme
Ott
Paul
Payen
Perry
Peltz
Petibeau
Platzer
Plissey
Pomeroy
Poncelet
Prollius
Proust
Pusher
Rapp
Reade
Redwood
Reid
Remigi
Reinmann
Rheinfeld
Ribaucourt
Ricker
Roder
Ruhr
Runge
Sanford
Schaffgotoch
Schleckum
Schmidt
Schoffern
Scott
Seldrake
Selmi
Simon
Souberin
Souirssean
Stafford
Stark
Stein
Stephens
Stevens
Syuckerbuyk
Swan
Tabuy
Tarling
Thacker
Thomas
Thumann
Todd
Tomkins
Trialle
Triest
Trommsdorff
Underwood
Vallet
Van Moos
Vogel
Wagner
Walkden
Wallach
Waterlous
Windsor and Newton
Winternitz
Woodmansee
Worthington
CHAPTER XXIII。
CHEMICO…LEGAL INK。
ESTIMATED VALUE OF SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE AS HELD BY
THE COURT OF APPEALSNOW BEYOND THE PURVIEW OF
CRITICISMVERDICTS IN THE TRIALS OF CAUSES AFFECTED
BY SUCH EVIDENCELENGTH OF TIME NECESSARY
TO OVERCOME PREJUDICE AND IGNORANCE
WHERE OBJECTIONS TO SUCH EVIDENCE EMANATE
SOME OBSERVATIONS ABOUT SUCH EVIDENCE GENERALLY
WHEN PRECEDENT WAS MADE TO CHEMICALLY
EXAMINE A COURT EXHIBIT BEFORE TRIALTHE
CONTROVERSY IN WHICH JUDGE RANSOM MADE THIS NEW
DEPARTURECITATION OF THE CASE AND ITS OUTCOME
DECISION IN THE GORDON WILL CASE OBTAINED
BY THE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCECOMPLETE STORY
ABOUT ITHISTORY OF THE DIMON WILL CASE AND
HOW CHEMISTRY MADE IT POSSIBLE TO CONSIDER
ITOPINION OF JUDGE INGRAHAMPEOPLE OF THE
STATE OF NEW YORK V。 CODYTHE ATTEMPT TO PROVE
AN ALLEGED 〃GOULD〃 BIRTH CERTIFICATE GENUINE；
FRUSTRATED BY CHEMICAL EVIDENCETHE DEFENDANT
CONVICTEDTHE PEOPLE V。 KELLAMCHEMICAL
EVIDENCE MAKES THE TRUTH KNOWNTHE HOLT
WILL CASE AND THE EVIDENCE WHICH AFFECTED ITS
RESULTTHE TIGHE WILL CASEOPINION OF JUDGE
FITZGERALD。
〃The administration of justice profits by the
progress of science； and its history shows it to
have been almost the earliest in antagonism to
popular delusion and superstition。 The revelations
of the microscope are constantly resorted to in
protection of individual and public interests。 。 。 。
If they are relied upon as agencies for accurate
mathematical results in mensuration and astronomy；
there is no reason why they should be deemed
unreliable in matters of evidence。 Wherever what
they disclose can aid or elucidate the just determination
of legal controversies there can be no well…
founded objection to resorting to them。〃 Frank
v。 Chemical Nat。 Bank； 37 Superior Court （J。 &
S。） 34； affirmed in Court of Appeals； 84 N。 Y。
209。
THIS decision by a final court of adjudicature； expresses
in no uncertain terms the now generally estimated
value of evidence which science may reveal。
The importance which that branch of it denominated
〃Chemico…legal ink〃 has attained and its utilization
in many trials of causes both civil as well as criminal；
places it beyond the purview of criticism or objection。
With the introduction of a new class of inks in the
last two decades； its scope has been much broadened。
Innumerable verdicts by juries wherever the system
prevails； all over the world； the opinions of learned
judges； whether presiding during a jury trial or sitting
alone； more or less affected by this character of evidence；
presents fairly the trend of the views of the
public mind respecting it。
Constant experiment and successful demonstrations；
