forty centuries of ink-第52章

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with　a　thin　sheet　of　waterproof　paper。



Menzies；　1884。　Introduced　iodide　and　iodate　of

potassium　or　their　equivalents　into　paper。



Clapp；　1884。　Saturated　paper　with　gallo…tanic　acid；

but　the　ink　used　on　this　paper　contained　ferri…sesquichloride

or　other　similar　preparation　of　iron。



Hill；　1885。　Introduced　into　paper；　ferrocyanide　of

manganese　and　hydrated　peroxide　of　iron。



Schreiber；　1885。　Colored　paper　material　with　indigo

and　with　a　subsequent　treatment　of　chromates

soluble　only　in　alcohol。



Schreiber；　1885。　Treated　finished　paper　with　ferric…

oxide　salts　and　with　ferrocyanides　insoluble　in　water

but　soluble　in　acids。



Schlumberger；　1890。　Impregnated　white　paper　with

a　resinated　ferrous　salt；　a　resin　compound　of　plumbic

ferrocyanide；　and　a　resin　compound　of　ferrocyanide

of　manganese　in　combination　with　a　salt　of　molybdenum

and　a　resin　compound　of　zinc　sulphide。



Schlumberger；　1893。　Dyed　first　the　splash　fibers

and　mixed　them　with　the　paper　pulp。　Second。　He　also

treated　portions　of　the　surface　with　an　alkali；　so　as　to

form　lines　or　characters　thereon；　then　immersed　the

same　in　a　weak　acid；　in　order　to　produce　water…mark

lines。



Carvalho；　1894。　1。　Charged　the　paper　with　bismuth

iodide　and　sodium　iodide。　2。　Charged　the　paper　with

a　bismuth　salt　and　iodide　of　soda　in　combination　with

primulin；　congo　red　or　other　pigment。　3。　Charged　the

paper　with　a　benzidine　dye　and　an　alkaline　iodide。



1895。　Applied　a　compound；　sensitive　to　ink　erasing

chemicals；　AFTER　the　writing　has　been　placed　on　the

paper。



Hoskins　and　Weis；　1895；　a　safety　paper　having

added　thereto　a　soluble　ferrocyanide　and　a　per…salt　of

iron　insoluble　in　water　but　decomposable　by　a　weak

acid　in　the　presence　of　a　soluble　ferrocyanide；　as　and

for　the　purpose　described。　（2）　A　safety　paper　having

added　thereto　a　ferrocyanide　soluble　in　water；　a

per…salt　of　iron　insoluble　in　water　but　easily　decomposed

by　weak　acids　in　the　presence　of　a　ferrocyanide

soluble　in　water；　and　a　salt　of　manganese　easily　decomposed

by　alkalis　or　bleaching　agents；　substantially

as　described。



A　review　of　the　various　processes　for　treatment　of

paper　in　pulp　or　when　finished；　demonstrates　that

time；　money　and　study　has　been　devoted　to　the

production　of　a　REAL　safety　paper。　Some　compositions

and　processes　have　in　a　measure　been　successful。　It

is　found；　however；　that　the　ingenuity　of　those　evil…minded

persons；　to　the　detection　of　whose　efforts　to

alter　the　writing　in　documents　this　class　of　invention

has　more　particularly　been　directed；　finds　a　ready　way

of　removing　in　some　cases　the　evidence　which　the

chemical　reagent　furnishes。　This　being　true　most　of

them　have　become　obsolete；　having　entirely　failed　to

accomplish　the　purposes　for　which　they　were　invented。



There　are　but　three　so…called　safety　papers　now　on

the　market；　if　we　exclude　those　possessing　printed　designs

in　fugitive　colors。



It　is　a　strange　anomaly；　nevertheless　it　is　true；　that

90　per　cent　or　more　of　the　〃raised〃　checks；　notes；

or　other　monetary　instruments　which　were　in　their

original　condition　written　on　ordinary　or　so…called

safety　paper；　never　could　have　been　successfully　〃put

through〃　but　for　the　gross　and　at　times　criminal　negligence

of　their　writers　by　the　failure　to　adopt　precautions

of　the　very　simplest　kinds；　and　thereby

avoided　placing　temptation　in　the　way　of　many　who

under　other　circumstances　would　never　have　thought

of　becoming　forgers。



There　is　no　safety　paper；　safety　ink；　or　mechanical

appliance　which　will　prevent　the　insertion　of　words　or

figures　before　other　words　or　figures　if　a　blank　space

be　left　where　the　forger　can　place　them。







CHAPTER　XXXII。



CURIOSA　（INK　AND　OTHER　WRITING　MATERIALS）。



ARTIFICIAL　INK　AND　PAPER　OWE　THEIR　INVENTION　TO

THE　WASPPHoeNICIA；　〃LAND　OF　THE　PURPLE…DYE〃

LINES；　ADDRESSED　TO　THE　PHoeNICIANOLDEST

EXISTING　PIECE　OF　LITERARY　COMPOSITIONWHERE

PAPYRUS　STILL　GROWSDU　CANGE'S　LINES　ON　THE

STYLUSMATERIALS　USED　TO　PROMULGATE　ANCIENT

LAWS　OF　GREECEANCIENT　METHOD　OF　WRITING

WILLSMATERIALS　EMPLOYED　IN　ANCIENT　HEBREW

ROLLSANTIQUITY　OF　EXISTING　HEBREW　WRITING

OLDEST　SPECIMEN　OF　GREEK　WAX　WRITING

WOODEN　TALLIES　AS　EMPLOYED　IN　ENGLANDWHEN

WRITING　IN　GOLD　CEASEDDATE　OF　THE　FIRST　DISCOVERY

OF　GREEK　PAPYRUS　IN　EGYPTPERIODS　TO

WHICH　BELONG　VARIOUS　STYLES　OF　WRITINGANECDOTE

AND　POEM　ABOUT　THE　FIRST　GOLD　PENINTERESTING

NOTES　ABOUT　PENS　AND　INK…HORNSEMPLOYMENT

OF　THE　PEN　AS　A　BADGE　IN　THE　FOURTEENTH

CENTURYSOME　LINES　BY　COCKERTHE　OLDEST

EXISTING　WRITTEN　DOCUMENTS　OF　RUSSIAWHEN

SEALING　WAX　WAS　FIRST　EMPLOYEDPLINY'S

DESCRIPTION　OF　THE　DIFFERENT　KINDS　OF　PAPYRUS

PAPERMODE　OF　PRESERVING　THE　ANCIENT　PAPYRUS

ROLLSSUGGESTIONS　RESPECTING　USES　OF　INK

COMPARATIVE　TABLE　ABOUT　COAL　TAR　AND　ITS　BY…

PRODUCTSCOMPOSITIONS　OF　SECRET　INKS　AND　HOW

TO　RENDER　THEM　VISIBLECHARACTER　OF　INK　EMPLOYED

FOR　MANY　YEARS　BY　THE　WASHINGTON　PATENT

OFFICEFACTS　ELICITED　BY　HERAPATH　IN　THE　UNROLLMENT

OF　A　MUMMYLINES　FROM　SHAKESPEARE

AND　PERSEUSSEVENTEENTH　CENTURY　OBSERVATIONS

ABOUT　SECRET　INKSCAUSE　OF　THE　DESTRUCTION

OF　MANY　ANCIENT　MSS。METHODS　TO　BE　EMPLOYED

IN　THE　RESTORATION　OF　SOME　OLD　INKS

VARIATIONS　IN　THE　MEANING　OF　WORDSTHE　POUNCE

BOX　PRECEDED　BLOTTING　PAPERSOME　OBSERVATIONS

ABOUT　BLOTTING　PAPERANECDOTE　RELATING

TO　DR。　GALEWHEN　WAFERS　WERE　INTRODUCED

PERSIAN　ANECDOTE　ABOUT　THE　DIVESEPISODES

RESPECTING　THE　STYLUSDESCRIPTION　BY　BELOE

OF　ANCIENT　PERSIC　AND　ARABIC　MSS。CITATION　FROM

OLD　BOSTON　NEWSPAPER　AND　POEMMETHOD　OF

COLLECTING　RAGS　IN　1807　AND　SOME　LINES　ADDRESSED

TO　THE　LADIESMETHOD　TO　PHOTOGRAPH

COLORED　INKSPOEM　BY　ISABELLE　HOWE　FISKE。



IN　considering　the　important　and　kindred　subjects

of　〃gall〃　ink　and　〃pulp〃　paper；　we　are　not　to

forget　the　LITTLE　things　connected　with　their　development

and　which；　indeed；　made　their　invention

possible。



The　gall…nut　contains　gallic　and　gallo…tannic　acid；

and　which　acids；　in　conjunction　with　an　iron　salt；

forms　the　sole　base　of　the　best　ink。　This　nut　is

produced　by　the　punctures　made　on　the　young　buds　of

branches　of　certain　species　of　oak　trees　by　the　female

wasp。　This　same　busy　little　insect　was　also　the

first　professional　paper　maker。　She　it　was　who　taught

us　not　only　the　way　to　change　dry　wood　into　a　suitable

pulp；　the　kind　of　size　to　be　used；　how　to　waterproof

and　give　the　paper　strength；　but　many　more

marvelous　details　appertaining　to　the　manufacture

of　paper　which　in　their　ramifications　have　proved

of　inestimable　benefit　and　service　to　the　human

race。

　*　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*　　　　*



The　Greek　word　〃Phoenicia〃　means　literally　〃the

land　of　the　purple　dye；〃　and　to　the　Phoenicians　is

attributed　the　invention　of　the　art　of　writing。



TO　THE　PHOENICIAN。



　〃Creator　of　celestial　arts；

　　　　　Thy　painted　word　speaks　to　the　eye；

　To　simple　lines　thy　skill　imparts

　　　　　The　glowing　spirit's　ecstasy。〃



The　oldest　piece　of　literary　composition　known　in

the　oldest　book　（roll）　in　existence　is　to　be　found　in

the　celebrated　papyrus　Prisse；　now　in　the　Louvre　at

Paris。　It　consists　of　eighteen　pieces　in　Egyptian

hieratic　writing；　ascribed　to　about　the　year　B。　C。

2500。



While　the　papyrus　plant　has　almost　vanished　from

Egypt；　it　still　grows　in　Nubia　and　Abyssinia。　It　is

related　by　the　Arab　traveler；　Ibn…Haukal；　that　in　the

tenth　century；　in　the　neighborhood　of　Palermo　in

Sicily；　the　papyrus　plant　grew　with　luxuriance　in　the

Papirito；　a　stream　to　which　it　gave　its　name。



Du　Cange；　1376；　cites　the　following　lines　from　a

French　metrical　romance；　written　about　that　time；　to

show　that　waxen　tablets　continued　to　be　occasionally

used　till　a　late　period：



　〃Some　with　antiquated　style

　　　　　In　waxen　tablets　promptly　write；

　Others　with　finer　pen；　the　while

　　　　　Form　letters　lovelier　to　the　sight。〃



The　laws　of　Greece　were　promulgated　by　means　of

MSS。　on　linen；　as　they　were　also　in　Rome；　and　in　addition

to　linen；　cloth　and　silk　were　occasionally　used。

Skins　of　various　kinds　of　fish；　and　even　the　〃intestines

of　serpents〃　were　employed　as　writing　materials。

Zonaras　states　that　the　fire　which　took　place

at　Constantinople　in　the　reign　of　Emperor　Basiliscus

consumed；　among　other　valuable　remains　of　antiquity；

a　copy　of　the　Iliad　and　Odyssey；　and　some　other　ancient

poems；　written　in　letters　of　gold　upon　material　formed

of　the　intestines　of　a　serpent。　We　are　also　informed

by　Purcelli　that　monuments　of　much　more　modern

dates；　the　charter　of　Hugo　and　Lothaire；　A。　D。　933

（kings　of　Italy）；　preserved　in　the　archives　of　Milan；

are　written　upon　fish　skins。



Constantine　authorized　his　soldiers　dying　on　the

field　of　battle　to　write　their　last　will　and　testament　with

the　point　of　their　sword　on　its　sheath　or　on　a　shield。



B。　C。　270。　The　Jewish　elders；　by　order　of　the

high　priest；　carried　a　copy　of　the　law　to　Ptolemy　Philadelphus；

written　in　letters　of　gold　upon　skins；　the

pieces　of　which　were　so　artfully　put　together　that　the

joinings　did　not　appear。



No　monuments　of　Hebrew　writing　exist　which　are

not　posterior　even　to　the　Christian　era；　with　the　exception

of　those　on　the　coins　of　the　Maccabees；　which

are　in　the　ancient　or　what　is　termed　the　Samaritan

forms　of　the　Hebrew　letters。　This　coinage　took　place

about　B。　C。　144。



The　most　ancient　specimen　of　Hebrew　ink　writing

extant　is　alleged　to　have　been　written　A。　D。　489。

It　is　a　parchment　roll　which　was　found　in　a　Kariat

synagogue　in　the　Crimea。　Another；　brought　from

Danganstan；　if　the　superscription　be　genuine；　has　a

date　corresponding　with　A。　D。　580。　The　date　of　still

another　of　the　celebrated　Hebrew　scriptural　codices；

about　which　there　is　no　dispute；　is　the　Hilel　codex

written　at　the　end　of　the　sixth　century。　Its　name　is

said　to　be　derived　from　the　fact　that　it　was　written　at

Hila；　a　town　built　near　the　ruins　of　the　ancient　Babel；

some　maintain；　however；　that　it　was　named　after　the

man　who　wrote　it。



One　of　the　earliest　specimens　of　Greek　（wax）　writing

is　an　inscription　on　a　small　wooden　tablet　now　in

the　British　museum。　It　refers　to　a　money　transaction

of　the　thirty…first　year　of　Ptolemy　Philadelphus；　B。　C。

254。



In　England　the　custom　of　using　wooden　tallies；　inscribed

as　well　as　notched　in　the　public　accounts；　lasted

down　to　the　nineteenth　century。



Gold　writing　was　a　practice　which　died　out　in　the

thirteenth　century。



The　first　discovery　of　Greek　papyri　in　Egypt　took

place　in　the　year　1778。　It　is　of　the　（late　of　A。　D。

191　and　outside　of　Egypt　and　Herculaneum　is　the　only

place　in　which　the　Greek　papyri　has　ever　been　found。



Square　capital　ink　writing　in　Latin　of　ancient　date

is　found　on　a　few　leaves　of　an　MS。　of　Virgil；　which　is

attributed　to　the　close　of　the　fourth　century；　and　the

first　rustic　MS。　to　which　an　approximate　date　can　be