the ethics(part iv)-µÚ3ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
of¡¡the¡¡external¡¡object£»¡¡wherefore¡¡an¡¡emotion¡¡is¡¡also¡¡stronger¡¡or¡¡more¡¡
intense£»¡¡when¡¡we¡¡conceive¡¡the¡¡cause¡¡to¡¡be¡¡with¡¡us¡¡at¡¡the¡¡present¡¡time£»¡¡
than¡¡when¡¡we¡¡do¡¡not¡¡conceive¡¡the¡¡cause¡¡to¡¡be¡¡with¡¡us¡£¡¡Q¡£E¡£D¡£
Note¡£¡¡¡When¡¡I¡¡said¡¡above¡¡in¡¡III£ºxviii¡£¡¡that¡¡we¡¡are¡¡affected¡¡by¡¡the¡¡image¡¡
of¡¡what¡¡is¡¡past¡¡or¡¡future¡¡with¡¡the¡¡same¡¡emotion¡¡as¡¡if¡¡the¡¡thing¡¡conceived¡¡
were¡¡present£»¡¡I¡¡expressly¡¡stated£»¡¡that¡¡this¡¡is¡¡only¡¡true¡¡in¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡we¡¡
look¡¡solely¡¡to¡¡the¡¡image¡¡of¡¡the¡¡thing¡¡in¡¡question¡¡itself¡¡£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡thing's¡¡
nature¡¡is¡¡unchanged£»¡¡whether¡¡we¡¡have¡¡conceived¡¡it¡¡or¡¡not£»¡¡I¡¡did¡¡not¡¡deny¡¡
that¡¡the¡¡image¡¡becomes¡¡weaker£»¡¡when¡¡we¡¡regard¡¡as¡¡present¡¡to¡¡us¡¡other¡¡
things¡¡which¡¡exclude¡¡the¡¡present¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡future¡¡object£º¡¡I¡¡did¡¡
not¡¡expressly¡¡call¡¡attention¡¡to¡¡the¡¡fact£»¡¡because¡¡I¡¡purposed¡¡to¡¡treat¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡strength¡¡of¡¡the¡¡emotions¡¡in¡¡this¡¡part¡¡of¡¡my¡¡work¡£
Corollary¡£¡¡¡The¡¡image¡¡of¡¡something¡¡past¡¡or¡¡future£»¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡of¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡
which¡¡we¡¡regard¡¡as¡¡in¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡time¡¡past¡¡or¡¡time¡¡future£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡
exclusion¡¡of¡¡time¡¡present£»¡¡is£»¡¡when¡¡other¡¡conditions¡¡are¡¡equal£»¡¡weaker¡¡
than¡¡the¡¡image¡¡of¡¡something¡¡present£»¡¡consequently¡¡an¡¡emotion¡¡felt¡¡towards¡¡
what¡¡is¡¡past¡¡or¡¡future¡¡is¡¡less¡¡intense£»¡¡other¡¡conditions¡¡being¡¡equal£»¡¡
than¡¡an¡¡emotion¡¡felt¡¡towards¡¡something¡¡present¡£
Prop¡£¡¡X¡£¡¡Towards¡¡something¡¡future£»¡¡which¡¡we¡¡
conceive¡¡as¡¡close¡¡at¡¡hand£»¡¡we¡¡are¡¡affected¡¡
more¡¡intensely£»¡¡than¡¡if¡¡we¡¡conceive¡¡that¡¡
its¡¡time¡¡for¡¡existence¡¡is¡¡separated¡¡from¡¡
the¡¡present¡¡by¡¡a¡¡longer¡¡interval£»¡¡so¡¡too¡¡
by¡¡the¡¡remembrance¡¡of¡¡what¡¡we¡¡conceive¡¡to¡¡
have¡¡not¡¡long¡¡passed¡¡away¡¡we¡¡are¡¡affected¡¡
more¡¡intensely£»¡¡than¡¡if¡¡we¡¡conceive¡¡that¡¡
it¡¡has¡¡long¡¡passed¡¡away¡£¡¡
Proof¡£¡¡¡In¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡we¡¡conceive¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡as¡¡close¡¡at¡¡hand£»¡¡or¡¡not¡¡long¡¡
passed¡¡away£»¡¡we¡¡conceive¡¡that¡¡which¡¡excludes¡¡the¡¡presence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡object¡¡
less£»¡¡than¡¡if¡¡its¡¡period¡¡of¡¡future¡¡existence¡¡were¡¡more¡¡distant¡¡from¡¡the¡¡
present£»¡¡or¡¡if¡¡it¡¡had¡¡long¡¡passed¡¡away¡¡£¨this¡¡is¡¡obvious£©¡¡therefore¡¡£¨by¡¡the¡¡
foregoing¡¡Prop¡££©¡¡we¡¡are£»¡¡so¡¡far£»¡¡more¡¡intensely¡¡affected¡¡towards¡¡it¡£¡¡Q¡£E¡£D¡£
Corollary¡£¡¡¡From¡¡the¡¡remarks¡¡made¡¡in¡¡IV£ºDef¡£vi¡£¡¡of¡¡this¡¡part¡¡it¡¡follows¡¡
that£»¡¡if¡¡objects¡¡are¡¡separated¡¡from¡¡the¡¡present¡¡by¡¡a¡¡longer¡¡period¡¡than¡¡
we¡¡can¡¡define¡¡in¡¡conception£»¡¡though¡¡their¡¡dates¡¡of¡¡occurrence¡¡be¡¡widely¡¡
separated¡¡one¡¡from¡¡the¡¡other£»¡¡they¡¡all¡¡affect¡¡us¡¡equally¡¡faintly¡£
Prop¡£¡¡XI¡£¡¡An¡¡emotion¡¡towards¡¡that¡¡which¡¡
we¡¡conceive¡¡as¡¡necessary¡¡is£»¡¡when¡¡other¡¡
conditions¡¡are¡¡equal£»¡¡more¡¡intense¡¡than¡¡
an¡¡emotion¡¡towards¡¡that¡¡which¡¡impossible£»¡¡
or¡¡contingent£»¡¡or¡¡non¡necessary¡£
Proof¡£¡¡¡In¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡we¡¡conceive¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡to¡¡be¡¡necessary£»¡¡we£»¡¡to¡¡that¡¡
extent£»¡¡affirm¡¡its¡¡existence£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand¡¡we¡¡deny¡¡a¡¡thing's¡¡
existence£»¡¡in¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡we¡¡conceive¡¡it¡¡not¡¡to¡¡be¡¡necessary¡¡£ºxxxiii¡£note¡£i¡££©£»¡¡
wherefore¡¡£¨IV¡£ix¡££©¡¡an¡¡emotion¡¡towards¡¡that¡¡which¡¡is¡¡necessary¡¡is£»¡¡other¡¡
conditions¡¡being¡¡equal£»¡¡more¡¡intense¡¡than¡¡an¡¡emotion¡¡that¡¡which¡¡is¡¡
non¡necessary¡£¡¡Q¡£E¡£D¡£
Prop¡£¡¡XII¡£¡¡An¡¡emotion¡¡towards¡¡a¡¡thing£»¡¡
which¡¡we¡¡know¡¡not¡¡to¡¡exist¡¡at¡¡the¡¡present¡¡
time£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡we¡¡conceive¡¡as¡¡possible£»¡¡
is¡¡more¡¡intense£»¡¡other¡¡conditions¡¡being¡¡
equal£»¡¡than¡¡an¡¡emotion¡¡towards¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡
contingent¡£
Proof¡£¡¡¡In¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡we¡¡conceive¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡as¡¡contingent£»¡¡we¡¡are¡¡affected¡¡
by¡¡the¡¡conception¡¡of¡¡some¡¡further¡¡thing£»¡¡which¡¡would¡¡assert¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡former¡¡£¨IV£ºDef¡£iii¡££©£»¡¡but£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡we¡¡£¨by¡¡hypothesis£©¡¡
conceive¡¡certain¡¡things£»¡¡which¡¡exclude¡¡its¡¡present¡¡existence¡£¡¡But£»¡¡in¡¡
so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡we¡¡conceive¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡to¡¡be¡¡possible¡¡in¡¡the¡¡future£»¡¡we¡¡there¡¡by¡¡
conceive¡¡things¡¡which¡¡assert¡¡its¡¡existence¡¡£¨IV£ºiv¡££©£»¡¡that¡¡is¡¡£¨III£ºxviii¡££©£»¡¡
things¡¡which¡¡promote¡¡hope¡¡or¡¡fear£º¡¡wherefore¡¡an¡¡emotion¡¡towards¡¡something¡¡
possible¡¡is¡¡more¡¡vehement¡£¡¡Q¡£E¡£D¡£
Corollary¡£¡¡¡An¡¡emotion¡¡towards¡¡a¡¡thing£»¡¡which¡¡we¡¡know¡¡not¡¡to¡¡exist¡¡in¡¡the¡¡
present£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡we¡¡conceive¡¡as¡¡contingent£»¡¡is¡¡far¡¡fainter£»¡¡than¡¡if¡¡we¡¡
conceive¡¡the¡¡thing¡¡to¡¡be¡¡present¡¡with¡¡us¡£
Proof¡£¡¡¡Emotion¡¡towards¡¡a¡¡thing£»¡¡which¡¡we¡¡conceive¡¡to¡¡exist£»¡¡is¡¡more¡¡
intense¡¡than¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be£»¡¡if¡¡we¡¡conceived¡¡the¡¡thing¡¡as¡¡future¡¡V£ºix¡£Coroll¡££©£»¡¡
and¡¡is¡¡much¡¡more¡¡vehement£»¡¡than¡¡if¡¡the¡¡future¡¡time¡¡be¡¡conceived¡¡as¡¡far¡¡
distant¡¡from¡¡the¡¡present¡¡£¨IV£ºx¡££©¡£¡¡Therefore¡¡an¡¡emotion¡¡towards¡¡a¡¡thing£»¡¡
whose¡¡period¡¡of¡¡existence¡¡we¡¡conceive¡¡to¡¡be¡¡far¡¡distant¡¡from¡¡the¡¡present£»¡¡
is¡¡far¡¡fainter£»¡¡than¡¡if¡¡we¡¡conceive¡¡the¡¡thing¡¡as¡¡present£»¡¡it¡¡is£»¡¡
nevertheless£»¡¡more¡¡intense£»¡¡than¡¡if¡¡we¡¡conceived¡¡the¡¡thing¡¡as¡¡contingent£»¡¡
wherefore¡¡an¡¡emotion¡¡towards¡¡a¡¡thing£»¡¡which¡¡we¡¡regard¡¡as¡¡contingent£»¡¡
will¡¡be¡¡far¡¡fainter£»¡¡than¡¡if¡¡we¡¡conceived¡¡the¡¡thing¡¡to¡¡be¡¡present¡¡with¡¡us¡£¡¡
Q¡£E¡£D¡£
Prop¡£¡¡XIII¡£¡¡Emotion¡¡towards¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡contingent£»¡¡
which¡¡we¡¡know¡¡not¡¡to¡¡exist¡¡in¡¡the¡¡present£»¡¡is£»¡¡
other¡¡conditions¡¡being¡¡equal£»¡¡fainter¡¡than¡¡an¡¡
emotion¡¡towards¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡past¡£
Proof¡£¡¡¡In¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡we¡¡conceive¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡as¡¡contingent£»¡¡we¡¡are¡¡not¡¡
affected¡¡by¡¡the¡¡image¡¡of¡¡any¡¡other¡¡thing£»¡¡which¡¡asserts¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡said¡¡thing¡¡£¨IV£ºDef¡£iii¡££©£»¡¡but£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand¡¡£¨by¡¡hypothesis£©£»¡¡
we¡¡conceive¡¡certain¡¡things¡¡excluding¡¡its¡¡present¡¡existence¡£¡¡But£»¡¡in¡¡so¡¡
far¡¡as¡¡we¡¡conceive¡¡it¡¡in¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡time¡¡past£»¡¡we¡¡are¡¡assumed¡¡to¡¡
conceive¡¡something£»¡¡which¡¡recalls¡¡the¡¡thing¡¡to¡¡memory£»¡¡or¡¡excites¡¡the¡¡
image¡¡thereof¡¡£¨II£ºxviii¡£&Note£©£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡so¡¡far¡¡the¡¡same¡¡as¡¡regarding¡¡
it¡¡as¡¡present¡¡£¨II£ºxvii¡£Coroll¡££©¡£¡¡Therefore¡¡£¨IV£ºix¡££©¡¡an¡¡emotion¡¡towards¡¡a¡¡
thing¡¡contingent£»¡¡which¡¡we¡¡know¡¡does¡¡not¡¡exist¡¡in¡¡the¡¡present£»¡¡is¡¡fainter£»¡¡
other¡¡conditions¡¡being¡¡equal£»¡¡than¡¡an¡¡emotion¡¡towards¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡past¡£¡¡Q¡£E¡£D¡£
Prop¡£¡¡XIV¡£¡¡A¡¡true¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡good¡¡and¡¡evil¡¡
cannot¡¡check¡¡any¡¡emotion¡¡by¡¡virtue¡¡of¡¡being¡¡true£»¡¡
but¡¡only¡¡in¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡considered¡¡as¡¡an¡¡emotion¡£
Proof¡£¡¡¡An¡¡emotion¡¡is¡¡an¡¡idea£»¡¡whereby¡¡the¡¡mind¡¡affirms¡¡of¡¡its¡¡body¡¡a¡¡
greater¡¡or¡¡less¡¡force¡¡of¡¡existing¡¡than¡¡before¡¡£¨by¡¡the¡¡general¡¡Definition¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡Emotions£©£»¡¡therefore¡¡it¡¡has¡¡no¡¡positive¡¡quality£»¡¡which¡¡can¡¡be¡¡
destroyed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡presence¡¡of¡¡what¡¡is¡¡true£»¡¡consequently¡¡the¡¡knowledge¡¡
of¡¡good¡¡and¡¡evil¡¡cannot£»¡¡by¡¡virtue¡¡oi¡¡being¡¡true£»¡¡restrain¡¡any¡¡emotion¡£¡¡¡¡
But£»¡¡in¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡such¡¡knowledge¡¡is¡¡an¡¡emotion¡¡£¨IV£ºviii¡££©¡¡if¡¡it¡¡have¡¡
more¡¡strength¡¡for¡¡restraining¡¡emotion£»¡¡it¡¡will¡¡to¡¡that¡¡extent¡¡be¡¡able¡¡
to¡¡restrain¡¡the¡¡given¡¡emotion¡£¡¡Q¡£E¡£D¡£
Prop¡£¡¡XV¡£¡¡Desire¡¡arising¡¡from¡¡the¡¡
knowledge¡¡of¡¡good¡¡and¡¡bad¡¡can¡¡be¡¡
quenched¡¡or¡¡checked¡¡by¡¡many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
other¡¡desires¡¡arising¡¡from¡¡the¡¡
emotions¡¡whereby¡¡we¡¡are¡¡assailed¡£
Proof¡£¡¡¡From¡¡the¡¡true¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡good¡¡and¡¡evil£»¡¡in¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡an¡¡
emotion£»¡¡necessarily¡¡arises¡¡desire¡¡£¨Def¡£¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Emotions£»¡¡i¡££©£»¡¡the¡¡strength¡¡
of¡¡which¡¡is¡¡proportioned¡¡to¡¡the¡¡strength¡¡of¡¡the¡¡emotion¡¡wherefrom¡¡it¡¡arises¡¡
£¨III£ºxxxvii¡££©¡£¡¡But£»¡¡inasmuch¡¡as¡¡this¡¡desire¡¡arises¡¡£¨by¡¡hypothesis£©¡¡from¡¡the¡¡
fact¡¡of¡¡our¡¡truly¡¡understanding¡¡anything£»¡¡it¡¡follows¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡also¡¡
present¡¡with¡¡us£»¡¡in¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡we¡¡are¡¡active¡¡£¨III£ºi¡££©£»¡¡and¡¡must¡¡therefore¡¡
be¡¡understood¡¡through¡¡our¡¡essence¡¡only¡¡£¨III£ºDef¡£ii¡££©£»¡¡consequently¡¡
£¨III£ºvii¡££©¡¡its¡¡force¡¡and¡¡increase¡¡can¡¡be¡¡defined¡¡solely¡¡by¡¡human¡¡power¡£¡¡
Again£»¡¡the¡¡desires¡¡arising¡¡from¡¡the¡¡emotions¡¡whereby¡¡we¡¡are¡¡assailed¡¡are¡¡
stronger£»¡¡in¡¡proportion¡¡as¡¡the¡¡said¡¡emotions¡¡are¡¡more¡¡vehement£»¡¡wherefore¡¡
their¡¡force¡¡and¡¡increase¡¡must¡¡be¡¡defined¡¡solely¡¡by¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡external¡¡
causes£»¡¡which£»¡¡when¡¡compared¡¡with¡¡our¡¡own¡¡power£»¡¡indefinitely¡¡surpass¡¡it¡¡
£¨IV£ºiii¡££©£»¡¡hence¡¡the¡¡desires¡¡arising¡¡from¡¡like¡¡emotions¡¡may¡¡be¡¡more¡¡
vehement£»¡¡than¡¡the¡¡desire¡¡which¡¡arises¡¡from¡¡a¡¡true¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡good¡¡and¡¡
evil£»¡¡and¡¡may£»¡¡consequently£»¡¡control¡¡or¡¡quench¡¡it¡£¡¡Q¡£E¡£D¡£
Prop¡£¡¡XVI¡£¡¡Desire¡¡arising¡¡from¡¡the¡¡knowledge¡¡
of¡¡good¡¡and¡¡evil£»¡¡in¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡such¡¡knowledge¡¡
regards¡¡what¡¡is¡¡future£»¡¡may¡¡be¡¡more¡¡easily¡¡
controlled¡¡or¡¡quenched£»¡¡than¡¡the¡¡desire¡¡for¡¡
what¡¡is¡¡agreeable¡¡at¡¡the¡¡present¡¡moment¡£
Proof¡£¡¡¡Emotion¡¡towards¡¡a¡¡thing£»¡¡which¡¡we¡¡conceive¡¡as¡¡future£»¡¡is¡¡fainter¡¡
than¡¡emotion¡¡towards¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡that¡¡is¡¡present¡¡£¨IV£ºix¡£Coroll¡££©¡£¡¡But¡¡desire£»¡¡
which¡¡arises¡¡from¡¡the¡¡true¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡good¡¡and¡¡evil£»¡¡though¡¡it¡¡be¡¡
concerned¡¡with¡¡things¡¡which¡¡are¡¡good¡¡at¡¡the¡¡moment£»¡¡can¡¡be¡¡quenched¡¡
or¡¡controlled¡¡by¡¡any¡¡headstrong¡¡desire¡¡£¨by¡¡the¡¡last¡¡Prop¡££»¡¡the¡¡proof¡¡
whereof¡¡is¡¡of¡¡universal¡¡application£©¡£¡¡Wherefore¡¡desire¡¡arising¡¡from¡¡
such¡¡knowledge£»¡¡when¡¡concerned¡¡with¡¡the¡¡future£»¡¡can¡¡be¡¡more¡¡easily¡¡
controlled¡¡or¡¡quenched£»¡¡&c¡£¡¡Q¡£E¡£D¡£
Prop¡£¡¡XVII¡£¡¡Desire¡¡arising¡¡from¡¡the¡¡true¡¡
knowledge¡¡of¡¡good¡¡and¡¡evil£»¡¡in¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡
such¡¡knowledge¡¡is¡¡concerned¡¡with¡¡what¡¡is¡¡
contingent£»¡¡can¡¡be¡¡controlled¡¡far¡¡more¡¡
easily¡¡still£»¡¡than¡¡desire¡¡for¡¡things¡¡
that¡¡are¡¡present¡£
Proof¡£¡¡¡This¡¡Prop¡£¡¡is¡¡proved¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡way¡¡as¡¡the¡¡last¡¡Prop¡£¡¡from¡¡
IV£ºxii¡£Coroll¡£
Note¡£¡¡¡I¡¡think¡¡I¡¡have¡¡now¡¡shown¡¡the¡¡reason£»¡¡why¡¡men¡¡are¡¡moved¡¡by¡¡opinion¡¡
more¡¡readily¡¡than¡¡by¡¡true¡¡reason£»¡¡why¡¡it¡¡is¡¡that¡¡the¡¡true¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡good¡¡
and¡¡evil¡¡stirs¡¡up¡¡conflicts¡¡in¡¡the¡¡soul£»¡¡and¡¡often¡¡yields¡¡to¡¡every¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡
passion¡£¡¡This¡¡state¡¡of¡¡things¡¡gave¡¡rise¡¡to¡¡the¡¡exclamation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡poet£º¡¡
£¨Ov¡£¡¡Met¡£¡¡vii¡£20£»¡¡¡¨Video¡¡meliora¡¡proboque£»¡¡Deteriora¡¡sequor¡£¡¨£©
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡better¡¡path¡¡I¡¡gaze¡¡at¡¡and¡¡approve£»¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡worse¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡follow¡£¡¨
Ecclesiastes¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡had¡¡the¡¡same¡¡thought¡¡in¡¡his¡¡mind£»¡¡when¡¡he¡¡says£»¡¡
¡¨He¡¡who¡¡increaseth¡¡knowledge¡¡increaseth¡¡sorrow¡£¡¨¡¡I¡¡have¡¡not¡¡written¡¡the¡¡
above¡¡with¡¡the¡¡object¡¡of¡¡drawing¡¡the¡¡conclusion£»¡¡that¡¡ignorance¡¡is¡¡more¡¡
excellent¡¡than¡¡knowledge£»¡¡or¡¡that¡¡a¡¡wise¡¡man¡¡is¡¡on¡¡a¡¡par¡¡with¡¡a¡¡fool¡¡in¡¡
controlling¡¡his¡¡emotions£»¡¡but¡¡because¡¡it¡¡is¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡know¡¡the¡¡power¡¡
and¡¡the¡¡infirmity¡¡of¡¡our¡¡nature£»¡¡before¡¡we¡¡can¡¡determine¡¡what¡¡reason¡¡can¡¡
do¡¡in¡¡restraining¡¡the¡¡emotions£»¡¡and¡¡what¡¡is¡¡beyond¡¡her¡¡power¡£¡¡I¡¡have¡¡said£»¡¡
that¡¡in¡¡the¡¡present¡¡part¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡merely¡¡treat¡¡of¡¡human¡¡infirmity¡£¡¡The¡¡
power¡¡of¡¡reason¡¡over¡¡the¡¡emotions¡¡I¡¡have¡¡settled¡¡to¡¡treat¡¡separately¡£
Prop¡£¡¡XVIII¡£¡¡Desire¡¡arising¡¡from¡¡pleasure¡¡is£»¡¡
other¡¡conditions¡¡being¡¡equal£»¡¡stronger¡¡than¡¡
desire¡¡arising¡¡from¡¡pain¡£
Proof¡£¡¡¡Desire¡¡is¡¡the¡¡essence¡¡of¡¡a¡¡man¡¡£¨Def¡£¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Emotions£»¡¡i¡££©£»¡¡
that¡¡is£»¡¡the¡¡endeavour¡¡whereby¡¡a¡¡man¡¡endeavours¡¡to¡¡persist¡¡in¡¡his¡¡own¡¡
being¡£¡¡Wherefore¡¡desire¡¡arising¡¡from¡¡pleasure¡¡is£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡of¡¡
pleasure¡¡being¡¡felt£»¡¡increased¡¡or¡¡helped£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡contrary£»¡¡desire¡¡
arising¡¡from¡¡pain¡¡is£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡of¡¡pain¡¡being¡¡felt£»¡¡diminished¡¡or¡¡
hindered£»¡¡hence¡¡the¡¡force¡¡of¡¡desire¡¡arising¡¡from¡¡pleasure¡¡must¡¡be¡¡
defined¡¡by¡¡human¡¡power¡¡together¡¡with¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡an¡¡external¡¡cause£»¡¡
whereas¡¡desire¡¡arising¡¡from¡¡pain¡¡must¡¡be¡¡defined¡¡by¡¡human¡¡power¡¡only¡£¡¡
Thus¡¡the¡¡former¡¡is¡¡the¡¡stronger¡¡of¡¡the¡¡two¡£¡¡Q¡£E¡£D¡£
Note¡£¡¡¡In¡¡these¡¡few¡¡remarks¡¡I¡¡have¡¡explained¡¡the¡¡causes¡¡of¡¡human¡¡i