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Psychologist¡¡Tiffany¡¡Field£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡collaborated¡¡with¡¡Schanberg£»¡¡conducted¡¡similar¡¡stimulation¡¡studies¡¡of¡¡
premature¡¡human¡¡infants¡£¡¡Her¡¡research¡¡team¡¡randomly¡¡selected¡¡20¡¡preemies¡¡to¡¡receive¡¡periodic¡¡massages¡¡
throughout¡¡the¡¡day£»¡¡while¡¡20¡¡others¡¡received¡¡normal¡¡hospital¡¡treatment¡¡in¡¡the¡¡intensive¡¡care¡¡unit£»¡¡treatment¡¡
that¡¡did¡¡not¡¡include¡¡massage¡£¡¡According¡¡to¡¡Field£»¡¡¡°The¡¡premature¡¡babies¡¡who¡¡were¡¡massaged¡¡for¡¡45¡¡
minutes¡¡a¡¡day¡¡for¡¡ten¡¡days¡¡before¡¡they¡¡were¡¡discharged¡¡gained¡¡47¡¡percent¡¡more¡¡weight¡¡than¡¡the¡¡babies¡¡who¡¡
did¡¡not¡¡get¡¡massaged¡£¡¡They¡¡were¡¡more¡¡active¡£¡¡They¡¡were¡¡more¡¡alert¡£¡±¡¡Eight¡¡months¡¡later£»¡¡the¡¡massaged¡¡
babies¡¡had¡¡maintained¡¡their¡¡weight¡¡advantage¡¡and¡¡were¡¡more¡¡advanced¡¡in¡¡motor£»¡¡cognitive£»¡¡and¡¡emotional¡¡
development¡£¡¡This¡¡research¡¡is¡¡being¡¡extended¡¡and¡¡replicated¡¡in¡¡larger¡¡samples¡¡of¡¡preemies¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡
establish¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡human¡¡touch¡¡on¡¡biological¡¡and¡¡psychological¡¡health¡£¡¡

In¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡more¡¡than¡¡0¡£25¡¡million¡¡infants¡¡are¡¡born¡¡prematurely¡¡each¡¡year¡£¡¡Those¡¡who¡¡are¡¡touched¡¡
and¡¡cuddled¡¡leave¡¡the¡¡hospital¡¡several¡¡days¡¡sooner¡¡than¡¡usual£»¡¡reducing¡¡care¡¡costs¡¡by¡¡about¡¡3£»000¡¡per¡¡
child¡£¡¡Unfortunately£»¡¡not¡¡all¡¡hospitals¡¡apply¡¡what¡¡scientists¡¡have¡¡learned¡¡about¡¡the¡¡positive¡¡effects¡¡of¡¡early¡¡
touch¡¡on¡¡development¡£¡¡If¡¡they¡¡did£»¡¡the¡¡lives¡¡of¡¡thousands¡¡of¡¡children¡¡would¡¡be¡¡improved£»¡¡saving¡¡billions¡¡of¡¡
dollars¡¡each¡¡year¡ªboth¡¡practical¡¡benefits¡¡of¡¡this¡¡basic¡¡research¡£¡¡

When¡¡Nicole¡¡and¡¡Alexis¡¡left¡¡the¡¡hospital£»¡¡they¡¡were¡¡still¡¡small£»¡¡but¡¡were¡¡developing¡¡so¡¡well¡¡that¡¡doctors¡¡felt¡¡
confident¡¡they¡¡would¡¡be¡¡all¡¡right¡£¡¡At¡¡home£»¡¡the¡¡babies¡¡shared¡¡a¡¡crib¡¡in¡¡the¡¡living¡¡room£»¡¡where¡¡relatives¡¡and¡¡
friends¡¡who¡¡remarked¡¡on¡¡their¡¡tiny¡¡size¡¡were¡¡encouraged¡¡to¡¡pick¡¡up¡¡the¡¡babies¡¡gently¡¡and¡¡cuddle¡¡them¡£¡¡
Christine¡¡and¡¡her¡¡husband¡¡were¡¡acutely¡¡aware¡¡of¡¡the¡¡important¡¡role¡¡played¡¡by¡¡human¡¡touch¡¡in¡¡the¡¡optimal¡¡
development¡¡of¡¡the¡¡brain¡¡and¡¡the¡¡mental¡¡and¡¡psychical¡¡processes¡¡that¡¡it¡¡controls¡£¡¡

51¡¡


CHAPTER¡¡4¡¡
Sensation¡¡

LEARNING¡¡OBJECTIVES¡¡

On¡¡pletion¡¡of¡¡this¡¡chapter£»¡¡students¡¡should¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to£º¡¡

1¡£¡¡Understand¡¡the¡¡basic¡¡processes¡¡through¡¡which¡¡sensory¡¡stimuli¡¡are¡¡converted¡¡into¡¡neural¡¡
events¡¡
2¡£¡¡Describe¡¡M¨¹ller¡¯s¡¡doctrine¡¡of¡¡specific¡¡nerve¡¡energies¡¡
3¡£¡¡Relate¡¡the¡¡differences¡¡in¡¡thresholds¡¡£¨absolute¡¡and¡¡difference£©¡¡and¡¡know¡¡why¡¡these¡¡concepts¡¡
are¡¡relevant¡¡
4¡£¡¡Discuss¡¡the¡¡concepts¡¡of¡¡response¡¡bias¡¡and¡¡signal¡¡detection¡¡theory¡¡
5¡£¡¡Identify¡¡the¡¡parts¡¡and¡¡functions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡human¡¡visual¡¡system¡¡
6¡£¡¡Understand¡¡the¡¡basic¡¡processes¡¡involved¡¡in¡¡color¡¡vision£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡theories¡¡supporting¡¡those¡¡
processes¡¡
7¡£¡¡Describe¡¡the¡¡physiological¡¡ponents¡¡of¡¡the¡¡auditory¡¡system¡¡
8¡£¡¡Explain¡¡the¡¡two¡¡theories¡¡of¡¡pitch¡¡perception¡¡
9¡£¡¡Define¡¡pheromones¡¡and¡¡describe¡¡their¡¡role¡¡in¡¡olfaction¡¡
CHAPTER¡¡OUTLINE¡¡

I¡£¡¡Sensory¡¡Knowledge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡World¡¡
A¡£¡¡Sensation¡¡is¡¡the¡¡process¡¡by¡¡which¡¡stimulation¡¡of¡¡sensory¡¡receptors¡¡produces¡¡neural¡¡
impulses¡¡that¡¡represent¡¡experiences¡¡inside¡¡or¡¡outside¡¡the¡¡body¡¡
B¡£¡¡This¡¡chapter¡¡deals¡¡with¡¡sensory¡¡processes£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡organs¡¡and¡¡peripheral¡¡aspects¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡nervous¡¡system¡¡that¡¡put¡¡you¡¡in¡¡contact¡¡with¡¡the¡¡world¡¡around¡¡you¡¡
C¡£¡¡Your¡¡senses¡¡have¡¡two¡¡basic¡¡functions¡¡
1¡£¡¡Survival¡¡
2¡£¡¡Sensuality¡¡
D¡£¡¡While¡¡some¡¡animals¡¡specialize¡¡in¡¡one¡¡sensory¡¡medium£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡the¡¡sight¡¡of¡¡hawks£»¡¡humans¡¡
are¡¡equipped¡¡with¡¡a¡¡variety¡¡of¡¡sensory¡¡mechanisms¡¡
E¡£¡¡Psychophysics¡¡
1¡£¡¡The¡¡study¡¡of¡¡the¡¡relationship¡¡between¡¡physical¡¡stimuli¡¡and¡¡the¡¡
behavior¡¡or¡¡mental¡¡experiences¡¡the¡¡stimuli¡¡evoke¡£¡¡The¡¡oldest¡¡field¡¡in¡¡
psychology¡£¡¡
2¡£¡¡Gustav¡¡Fechner¡¡£¨1801¨C1887£©¡¡
a£©¡¡The¡¡most¡¡significant¡¡figure¡¡in¡¡psychophysics¡¡
52¡¡


CHAPTER¡¡4£º¡¡SENSATION¡¡

b£©¡¡Coined¡¡the¡¡term¡¡¡°psychophysics¡±¡¡and¡¡developed¡¡procedures¡¡to¡¡
relate¡¡the¡¡intensity¡¡of¡¡physical¡¡stimulus¡¡to¡¡the¡¡magnitude¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
sensory¡¡experience¡£¡¡

3¡£¡¡Absolute¡¡Thresholds¡¡and¡¡Sensory¡¡Adaptation¡¡
a£©¡¡The¡¡absolute¡¡threshold¡¡for¡¡stimulation¡¡is¡¡the¡¡smallest£»¡¡weakest¡¡
stimulus¡¡energy¡¡that¡¡the¡¡organism¡¡can¡¡detect¡¡

b£©¡¡Operationally¡¡defined¡¡as¡¡the¡¡stimulus¡¡level¡¡at¡¡which¡¡a¡¡sensory¡¡
input¡¡is¡¡detected¡¡half¡¡of¡¡the¡¡time¡¡

c£©¡¡Sensory¡¡Adaptation¡¡is¡¡the¡¡diminishing¡¡responsiveness¡¡of¡¡sensory¡¡
systems¡¡to¡¡prolonged¡¡stimulus¡¡input¡£¡¡Sensory¡¡systems¡¡are¡¡more¡¡
sensitive¡¡to¡¡change¡¡in¡¡stimulus¡¡input¡¡than¡¡to¡¡steady¡¡input¡£¡¡

4¡£¡¡Response¡¡Bias¡¡
a£©¡¡The¡¡systematic¡¡tendency¡¡for¡¡an¡¡observer¡¡to¡¡favor¡¡responding¡¡in¡¡a¡¡
particular¡¡way¡¡that¡¡is¡¡unrelated¡¡to¡¡the¡¡qualities¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sensory¡¡
stimulus¡£¡¡For¡¡instance£»¡¡tending¡¡to¡¡say¡¡¡°yes¡±¡¡or¡¡¡°no¡±¡¡all¡¡of¡¡the¡¡time¡£¡¡
There¡¡are¡¡at¡¡least¡¡three¡¡sources¡¡of¡¡response¡¡bias¡£¡¡
i£©¡¡Desire¡¡
ii£©¡¡Expectation¡¡
iii£©¡¡Habit¡¡

5¡£¡¡Signal¡¡Detection¡¡Theory¡¡
a£©¡¡A¡¡systematic¡¡approach¡¡to¡¡the¡¡problem¡¡of¡¡response¡¡bias¡¡

b£©¡¡Focuses¡¡on¡¡the¡¡process¡¡of¡¡making¡¡a¡¡judgment¡¡about¡¡the¡¡presence¡¡
or¡¡absence¡¡of¡¡a¡¡stimulus¡¡

c£©¡¡Unlike¡¡classical¡¡psychophysics¡¡which¡¡conceptualized¡¡a¡¡single¡¡
absolute¡¡threshold£»¡¡Signal¡¡Detection¡¡Theory¡¡identifies¡¡two¡¡distinct¡¡
processes¡¡in¡¡sensory¡¡detection£º¡¡Sensory¡¡Processes¡¡and¡¡Decision¡¡
Processes¡¡

i£©¡¡Sensory¡¡Processes¡¡reflect¡¡an¡¡observer¡¯s¡¡sensitivity¡¡to¡¡the¡¡
stimulus¡¡

ii£©¡¡Decision¡¡Processes¡¡reflect¡¡an¡¡observer¡¯s¡¡response¡¡bias¡¡to¡¡
the¡¡stimulus¡¡

6¡£¡¡Difference¡¡Thresholds¡¡
a£©¡¡The¡¡difference¡¡threshold¡¡for¡¡stimulation¡¡is¡¡the¡¡smallest¡¡physical¡¡
difference¡¡between¡¡two¡¡stimuli¡¡that¡¡can¡¡still¡¡be¡¡recognized¡¡as¡¡a¡¡
difference¡¡

b£©¡¡Operationally¡¡defined¡¡as¡¡the¡¡point¡¡at¡¡which¡¡the¡¡stimuli¡¡are¡¡
recognized¡¡as¡¡different¡¡half¡¡of¡¡the¡¡time¡¡

c£©¡¡The¡¡difference¡¡threshold¡¡value¡¡is¡¡known¡¡as¡¡the¡¡Just¡¡Noticeable¡¡
Difference¡¡£¨JND£©¡¡

7¡£¡¡Weber¡¯s¡¡Law¡¡
a£©¡¡The¡¡JND¡¡between¡¡stimuli¡¡is¡¡a¡¡constant¡¡fraction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡intensity¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡standard¡¡stimulus¡¡

53¡¡


PSYCHOLOGY¡¡AND¡¡LIFE¡¡

F¡£¡¡From¡¡Physical¡¡Events¡¡to¡¡Mental¡¡Events¡¡
1¡£¡¡Sensory¡¡Physiology¡¡
a£©¡¡The¡¡study¡¡of¡¡the¡¡way¡¡biological¡¡mechanisms¡¡convert¡¡physical¡¡
events¡¡into¡¡neural¡¡events¡¡

b£©¡¡Transduction¡¡is¡¡the¡¡conversion¡¡of¡¡one¡¡form¡¡of¡¡energy£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡
light£»¡¡into¡¡another¡¡form£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡nerve¡¡impulses¡¡

2¡£¡¡The¡¡Doctrine¡¡of¡¡Specific¡¡Nerve¡¡Energies¡¡
a£©¡¡Proposed¡¡by¡¡Johannes¡¡M¨¹ller¡¡in¡¡1826¡¡

b£©¡¡Different¡¡sensory¡¡experiences£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡sight¡¡and¡¡smell£»¡¡do¡¡not¡¡
produce¡¡different¡¡types¡¡of¡¡nerve¡¡activity¡£¡¡Rather¡¡they¡¡produce¡¡the¡¡
same¡¡type¡¡of¡¡nerve¡¡activity£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡different¡¡regions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡brain¡£¡¡

c£©¡¡All¡¡sensory¡¡systems¡¡share¡¡the¡¡same¡¡basic¡¡flow¡¡of¡¡information¡£¡¡
Environmental¡¡events¡¡are¡¡detected¡¡by¡¡specialized¡¡sensory¡¡receptor¡¡
neurons£»¡¡called¡¡stimulus¡¡detector¡¡units£»¡¡which¡¡convert¡¡the¡¡
physical¡¡energy¡¡received¡¡from¡¡the¡¡environment¡¡into¡¡neural¡¡signals¡¡
that¡¡can¡¡be¡¡processed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡central¡¡nervous¡¡system¡£¡¡

II¡£¡¡The¡¡Visual¡¡System¡¡
A¡£¡¡The¡¡Importance¡¡of¡¡Vision¡¡
1¡£¡¡The¡¡most¡¡plex£»¡¡highly¡¡developed£»¡¡and¡¡important¡¡sense¡¡for¡¡humans¡¡
and¡¡most¡¡other¡¡mobile¡¡creatures¡¡
2¡£¡¡Provides¡¡a¡¡tremendous¡¡evolutionary¡¡advantage¡¡
B¡£¡¡The¡¡Human¡¡Eye¡¡
1¡£¡¡Light¡¡enters¡¡the¡¡eye¡¡through¡¡the¡¡cornea£»¡¡a¡¡transparent¡¡bulge¡¡on¡¡the¡¡front¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡eye¡¡
2¡£¡¡Light¡¡then¡¡passes¡¡through¡¡the¡¡anterior¡¡chamber£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡filled¡¡with¡¡a¡¡
clear¡¡liquid¡¡called¡¡aqueous¡¡humor¡¡
3¡£¡¡Then¡¡through¡¡the¡¡pupil£»¡¡an¡¡opening¡¡in¡¡the¡¡opaque¡¡iris¡¡
4¡£¡¡Then¡¡through¡¡the¡¡lens£»¡¡which¡¡focuses¡¡the¡¡ining¡¡light¡¡
5¡£¡¡Then¡¡through¡¡the¡¡vitreous¡¡humor£»¡¡another¡¡clear¡¡liquid¡¡
6¡£¡¡And¡¡then¡¡finally¡¡strikes¡¡the¡¡retina£»¡¡a¡¡thin¡¡sheet¡¡of¡¡neuron¡¡that¡¡lines¡¡the¡¡
rear¡¡wall¡¡of¡¡the¡¡eyeball¡¡
C¡£¡¡The¡¡Pupil¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Lens¡¡
1¡£¡¡The¡¡iris¡¡makes¡¡the¡¡pupil¡¡dilate¡¡to¡¡control¡¡the¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡light¡¡entering¡¡the¡¡
eye¡£¡¡The¡¡lens¡¡focuses¡¡the¡¡light¡¡on¡¡the¡¡retina£»¡¡reversing¡¡and¡¡inverting¡¡the¡¡
light¡¡as¡¡it¡¡does¡¡so¡£¡¡The¡¡lens¡¡is¡¡responsible¡¡for¡¡focusing¡¡to¡¡account¡¡for¡¡the¡¡
distance¡¡to¡¡the¡¡object¡£¡¡
2¡£¡¡Acmodation¡¡is¡¡the¡¡change¡¡in¡¡the¡¡thickness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lens¡£¡¡Problems¡¡with¡¡
acmodation¡¡are¡¡responsible¡¡for¡¡many¡¡vision¡¡problems£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡near¡­
and¡¡far¡­sightedness¡£¡¡
D¡£¡¡The¡¡Retina¡¡
54¡¡


CHAPTER¡¡4£º¡¡SENSATION¡¡

1¡£¡¡The¡¡retina¡¡is¡¡posed¡¡of¡¡specialized¡¡photoreceptor¡¡cells¡¡called¡¡rods¡¡and¡¡
cones¡¡that¡¡convert¡¡light¡¡energy¡¡into¡¡nerve¡¡energy¡¡
a£©¡¡Rods¡¡function¡¡best¡¡in¡¡low¡¡light¡¡

b£©¡¡Cones¡¡function¡¡best¡¡in¡¡bright¡¡light¡¡

2¡£¡¡Dark¡¡adaptation¡¡is¡¡the¡¡gradual¡¡improvement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡eyes¡¯¡¡sensitivity¡¡after¡¡
a¡¡shift¡¡in¡¡illumination¡¡from¡¡light¡¡to¡¡near¡¡darkness¡¡
3¡£¡¡The¡¡area¡¡of¡¡sharpest¡¡vision¡¡is¡¡called¡¡the¡¡fovea£»¡¡a¡¡small¡¡area¡¡near¡¡the¡¡
center¡¡of¡¡the¡¡retina¡¡that¡¡contains¡¡only¡¡densely¡¡packed¡¡cones¡¡
4¡£¡¡Bipolar¡¡cells¡¡are¡¡nerve¡¡cells¡¡that¡¡bine¡¡information¡¡from¡¡many¡¡receptor¡¡
cells¡¡and¡¡send¡¡the¡¡results¡¡to¡¡ganglion¡¡cells¡¡
5¡£¡¡Ganglion¡¡cells¡¡then¡¡integrate¡¡the¡¡information¡¡from¡¡bipolar¡¡cells¡¡into¡¡a¡¡
single¡¡firing¡¡rate¡¡
6¡£¡¡The¡¡axons¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ganglion¡¡cells¡¡prise¡¡the¡¡optic¡¡nerve£»¡¡which¡¡carries¡¡
visual¡¡information¡¡to¡¡the¡¡brain¡¡
7¡£¡¡Horizontal¡¡and¡¡Amacrine¡¡cells¡¡do¡¡not¡¡send¡¡information¡¡to¡¡the¡¡brain¡¡but¡¡
rather¡¡integrate¡¡information¡¡across¡¡the¡¡retina¡¡
a£©¡¡Horizontal¡¡cells¡¡connect¡¡receptors¡¡to¡¡each¡¡other¡¡

b£©¡¡Amacrine¡¡cells¡¡connect¡¡bipolar¡¡cells¡¡to¡¡bipolar¡¡cells¡¡and¡¡ganglion¡¡
cells¡¡to¡¡ganglion¡¡cells¡¡

8¡£¡¡The¡¡optic¡¡disk¡¡or¡¡blind¡¡spot¡¡is¡¡the¡¡area¡¡where¡¡the¡¡optic¡¡nerve¡¡exits¡¡the¡¡
retina¡£¡¡It¡¡contains¡¡no¡¡receptor¡¡cells¡£¡¡Blindness¡¡is¡¡not¡¡experienced¡¡at¡¡this¡¡
spot¡¡because¡¡the¡¡blind¡¡spots¡¡for¡¡each¡¡eye¡¡are¡¡different¡¡areas¡¡of¡¡the¡¡visual¡¡
field¡¡and¡¡because¡¡the¡¡brain¡¡automatically¡¡fills¡¡in¡¡the¡¡blind¡¡spot¡£¡¡
E¡£¡¡Pathways¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Brain¡¡
1¡£¡¡After¡¡processing¡¡by¡¡other¡¡brain¡¡regions£»¡¡the¡¡ultimate¡¡destination¡¡of¡¡much¡¡
visual¡¡information¡¡is¡¡the¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡occipital¡¡lobe¡¡known¡¡as¡¡the¡¡visual¡¡
cortex¡¡
2¡£¡¡The¡¡axons¡¡of¡¡the¡¡millions¡¡of¡¡ganglion¡¡cells¡¡that¡¡form¡¡the¡¡optic¡¡nerve¡¡
e¡¡together¡¡at¡¡the¡¡optic¡¡chiasma£»¡¡where¡¡they¡¡are¡¡divided¡¡into¡¡two¡¡
bundles¡¡called¡¡optic¡¡tracts¡¡

3¡£¡¡Half¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nerve¡¡fibers¡¡from¡¡each¡¡retina¡¡stay¡¡on¡¡the¡¡side¡¡from¡¡which¡¡they¡¡
originated¡£¡¡The¡¡other¡¡half¡¡cross¡¡over¡¡to¡¡the¡¡other¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡brain¡£¡¡
4¡£¡¡Much¡¡visual¡¡information¡¡then¡¡flows¡¡to¡¡the¡¡primary¡¡visual¡¡cortex£»¡¡where¡¡
roughly¡¡30¡¡anatomical¡¡subdivisions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡primary¡¡visual¡¡cortex¡¡process¡¡
information¡¡concerning¡¡form£»¡¡color£»¡¡position£»¡¡and¡¡depth¡¡
F¡£¡¡Seeing¡¡Color¡¡
1¡£¡¡Visible¡¡light¡¡£¨wave¡¡length¡¡of¡¡400¨C700¡¡manometers£©¡¡is¡¡just¡¡a¡¡small¡¡portion¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡electromagnetic¡¡spectrum£»¡¡which¡¡includes¡¡X¡¡rays£»¡¡microwaves£»¡¡and¡¡
radio¡¡waves¡¡

55¡¡


PSYCHOLOGY¡¡AND¡¡LIFE¡¡

2¡£¡¡Wavelength¡¡refers¡¡to¡¡the¡¡distance¡¡between¡¡crests¡¡of¡¡two¡¡consecutive¡¡
waves¡£¡¡Wavelength¡¡determines¡¡the¡¡color¡¡perceived¡£¡¡
3¡£¡¡All¡¡experiences¡¡of¡¡color¡¡can¡¡be¡¡described¡¡in¡¡terms¡¡of¡¡hue£»¡¡saturation£»¡¡and¡¡
brightness¡¡
a£©¡¡Hue¡¡captures¡¡the¡¡qualitative¡¡experience¡¡of¡¡color¡¡of¡¡the¡¡light¡¡
stimulus¡¡

b£©¡¡Saturation¡¡captures¡¡the¡¡purity¡¡and¡¡vividness¡¡of¡¡color¡¡sensations¡¡

c£©¡¡Brightness¡¡captures¡¡the¡¡intensity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡light¡¡

4¡£¡¡Humans¡¡can¡¡discriminate¡¡about¡¡7¡¡million¡¡different¡¡colors¡¡
5¡£¡¡The¡¡bination¡¡of¡¡all¡¡wavelengths¡¡of¡¡light¡¡yields¡¡white¡¡light¡¡
6¡£¡¡Wavelengths¡¡of¡¡light¡¡that¡¡appear¡¡directly¡¡across¡¡from¡¡each¡¡other¡¡on¡¡the¡¡
color¡¡wheel¡¡are¡¡called¡¡plementary£»¡¡and¡¡create¡¡the¡¡sensation¡¡of¡¡white¡¡
light¡¡when¡¡mixed¡¡
7¡£¡¡Color¡¡Blindness¡¡is¡¡the¡¡inability¡¡to¡¡distinguish¡¡colors¡£¡¡More¡¡males¡¡than¡¡
females¡¡are¡¡color¡¡blind£»¡¡and¡¡most¡¡color¡¡blindness¡¡involves¡¡the¡¡inability¡¡
to¡¡distinguish¡¡red¡¡from¡¡green¡£¡¡
8¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡two¡¡primary¡¡theories¡¡of¡¡color¡¡vision£º¡¡The¡¡Young¡­Helmholtz¡¡
Trichromatic¡¡Theory¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Opponent¡­Process¡¡Theory¡¡
a£©¡¡The¡¡Trichromatic¡¡Theory¡¡of¡¡color¡¡perception£»¡¡proposed¡¡by¡¡Sir¡¡
Thomas¡¡Young¡¡and¡¡Hermann¡¡von¡¡Helmholtz£»¡¡suggests¡¡that¡¡all¡¡
colors¡¡perceived¡¡are¡¡produced¡¡by¡¡just¡¡three¡¡types

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