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心理学与生活-第27章

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of research are cited。 

The Mind: Pain and Healing (1988)。 HARR; 24 minutes 

Reviews the influence of the mind on people’s ability to control pain; and on their ability to promote 
physical healing。 An excellent film。 Traces the progress of a woman through a three…week clinic 
program to reduce chronic pain。 The changes in her movement and affect are dramatic。 
Demonstrates the placebo effect; and shows how cues; such as a doctor’s white coat; can trigger the 
release of endorphins to reduce pain。 In the final segment; a cancer patient discusses how the 
interaction of cognitive therapy and physical therapy increased her life expectancy and quality。 

The Senses: Eyes and Ears (1985)。 FFHS; 26 minutes 

Visual and auditory distance receptors are discussed。 Demonstrations of how each processes 
information are also shown。 

The Senses: Skin Deep (1985)。 FFHS; 26 minutes 

The sense receptors that depend on immediate contact with the world–taste buds; olfactory cells; 
and touch sensors–are examined。 

CASE STUDY LECTURE LAUNCHER 

Five months before her second birthday; Helen Keller was stricken with a mysterious illness that 
deprived her of both sight and hearing。 Helen’s other senses became highly developed—a 
phenomenon experienced by many people who suffer long…term sensory deprivation—and her 
sensory experiences were eloquently documented: “I cannot recall what happened during the first 
months after my illness。 I only know that I sat in my mother’s lap or clung to her dress as she went 
about her household duties。 My hands felt every object and observed every motion; and in this way; 
I learned to know many things。 。 。 。 Sometimes I stood between two persons who were conversing 
and touched their lips。 I could not understand; and was vexed” (Keller; 1902; pp。 26—27)。 

In her seventh year; Helen Keller became the pupil of Annie Sullivan; a young woman whose vision 
was partially impaired。 In letters to a matron at the Perkins School in Boston where Annie had been 
educated; she wrote of the pleasure Helen derived from her remaining senses: “On entering a 
greenhouse her countenance bees radiant; and she will tell the names of the flowers with which 
she is familiar; by the sense of smell alone。 。 。 。 She enjoys in anticipation the scent of a rose or a 
violet; and if she is promised a bouquet of these flowers; a peculiarly happy expression lights her 
face” (Sullivan; 1954; p。 294)。 

Helen herself wrote about the way that her sense of smell gave her advance warning of storms。 “I 
notice first a throb of expectancy; a slight quiver; a concentration in my nostrils。 As the storm draws 

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near my nostrils dilate; the better to receive the flood of earth odors; which seem to multiply and 
extend; until I feel the splash of rain against my cheek。 As the tempest departs; receding farther and 
farther; the odors fade; bee fainter and fainter and die away beyond the bar of space。” (Keller; 
Ackerman; 1990; p。 44)。 

Annie Sullivan reported that Helen’s “whole body is so finely organized that she seems to use it as 
a medium for bringing herself into closer relations with her fellow creatures。” Annie was puzzled 
at first by Helen’s “inexplicable mental faculty” for picking up emotions and physical sensations。 
She soon realized; though; that Helen had developed an exquisite sensitivity to the muscular 
variations of those around her。 “One day; while she was out walking with her mother; 。 。 。 a boy 
threw a torpedo; which startled Mrs。 Keller。 Helen felt the change in her mother’s movements 
instantly; and asked; ‘What are we afraid of?”’ (Sullivan; 1908; p。 295)。 During a hearing test; Helen 
astonished a roomful of people when “she would turn her head; smile; and act as though she had 
heard what was said。” However; when Annie let go of Helen’s hand and moved to the opposite 
side of the room; Helen remained motionless for the rest of the test。 Although she could neither see 
nor hear; Helen Keller extracted a great deal of sensory information from the world。 She did not 
perceive color; light; and sound through ordinary channels。 Instead; she “heard” symphonies by 
placing her hands on a radio to feel the vibrations; and she “saw” where a person had been by 
picking up the scent of his or her clothes。 Her ability to pensate for her sensory disabilities hints 
at the intricate coordination within human sensory systems and the interaction of sensory and 
brain processes。 It also makes us aware of the extent to which our senses work in unison to weave 
experience of the world around us into the fabric of our very being。 

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CHAPTER 5
Perception


LEARNING OBJECTIVES 

On pletion of this chapter; students should be able to: 

1。 Understand the relationship between sensation and perception 
2。 Explain the perceptual concepts of reality; ambiguity; and illusion 
3。 Describe the roles(s) played by attention in the processes of perception 
4。 Define the concepts of preattentive processing and guided search 
5。 Explicate the Gestalt principles of figure; ground; and closure; and be able to give examples 
of each 
6。 Describe the principles of perceptual grouping 
7。 Define the concepts of motion and depth perception 
8。 Explain the importance of perceptual constancy in perceptual processes 
9。 Describe the significance of identification and recognition in the overall process of
perception
CHAPTER OUTLINE 

I。 Sensing; Organizing; Identifying; and Recognizing 
A。 The Proximal and Distal Stimulus 
1。 Perception is the set of processes that organize information in the 
sensory image and interpret that information as having been 
produced by objects or events in the external world 
2。 Perceptual organization refers to the internal representation of an 
object 
3。 A distal stimulus is a physical object in the world 
4。 A proximal stimulus is the optical image of a distal stimulus that 
appear on the retina 
B。 Reality; Ambiguity; and Illusions 
1。 Ambiguity means that a single image at the sensory level can result in 
multiple interpretations at the perceptual and identification levels 
2。 When your perceptual systems deceive you into experiencing a 
stimulus pattern in a manner that is demonstrably incorrect; you are 
experiencing an illusion 
C。 Approaches to the Study of Perception 
1。 Helmholtz argued for the importance of experience; or nurture; in 
perception 
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CHAPTER 5: PERCEPTION 

2。 Gestalt psychology put greater emphasis on the role of innate 
structures; or nature; in perceptual experience 
3。 The Gibsons suggested that perception could be better understood 
through an analysis of the immediately surrounding environment 
a) Gibson’s theory of ecological optics focused attention on 
properties of external stimuli rather than on the mechanisms 
by which you perceive the stimuli 

II。Attentional Processes 
A。 Selective Attention 
1。 In 1958 Donald Broadbent proposed that the mind functions as a 
munications channel; like a telephone line or puter modem; 
that has a limited capacity to process information 
2。 The brain’s limited processing capacity makes it impossible to attend 
to everything and makes the filtering of information to the brain 
necessary 
3。 Broadbent’s Filter Theory of Attention asserted that this filtering 
occurs early in the process; before the input’s meaning is assessed 
4。 Dichotic listening tasks were used to test filter theory; and it was 
found that not all information is filtered 
5。 The cocktail party phenomenon occurs when an individual hears 
their own name mentioned across a noisy room although the 
individual is participating in an unrelated conversation。 Thus; even 
information to which an individual is not attending is processed to 
some extent。 
6。 As a general rule; information that is not attended to will not make its 
presence known; unless it is very distinct or personally relevant 
B。 Attention and Objects in the Environment 
1。 One of the main functions of attention is to help you find particular 
objects in a noisy visual environment 
2。 plex processing occurs without attention or awareness 
3。 Preattentive processing operates on sensory inputs before you attend to 
them; as they first enter the brain from sensory receptors 
a) Is skilled at finding objects that can be defined by a single 
feature 

b) Allows parallel search of the environment for a single 
prominent feature 

(i) Parallel search allows the consideration of many 
objects at once 
(ii) Serial search allows the consideration of only one 
object at a time 
c) Allows guided search of the environment and provides 
relatively sophisticated assistance in finding objects in the 

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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE 

environment 

III。 Organizational Processes in Perception 
A。 Perceptual Organization refers to the processes that put sensory information together to 
give you the perception of coherence。 What a person experiences as a result of these 
processes is called a percept。 
B。 Figure; Ground; and Closure 
1。 A figure is an object in the foreground of the visual field 
2。 The ground is the background against which the object is seen 
3。 There is a strong tendency to perceive a figure as being in front of a 
ground 
4。 Illusory contours are divisions or regions that do not exist in the distal 
stimulus; but do exist in the proximal experience of the stimulus 
5。 Closure is a powerful organizing process that fills in missing areas 
and makes inplete figures or patterns appear plete 
C。 Principles of Perceptual Grouping 
1。 The Law of Proximity states that all else being equal; the nearest 
elements are grouped together 
2。 The Law of Similarity states that all else being equal; the most similar 
elements are grouped together 
3。 The Law of mon Fate states that all else being equal; elements 
moving in the same direction and at the same rate of speed are 
grouped together 
4。 The Law of Pragnanz is a general law that states that individuals 
perceive the simplest organization that fits the stimulus pattern 
D。 Spatial and Temporal Integration 
1。 Individuals are often unable to detect when a whole object has 
changed from one fixation to another 
2。 A fixation is one glance or brief glimpse 
E。 Motion Perception 
1。 Motion perception requires parison across different fixations of 
the world and is dependent on reference frame 
2。 Induced motion occurs when a stationary object appears to be moving 
because a reference frame to which it is being pared is moving。 
There is a tendency for the visual system to take a larger; surrounding 
figure as the reference frame for a smaller figure inside it。 
3。 The simplest form of apparent motion is the phi phenomenon; which 
occurs when two stationary spots of light are turned on and off 
alternately very quickly。 It appears that a single light is moving back 
and forth between the two spots of light。 
F。 Depth Perception 
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CHAPTER 5: PERCEPTION 

1。 Depth perception requires that the visual system extract three…
dimensional representations from two…dimensional information 
2。 Vision relies on depth cues that allow the 

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