心理学与生活-第34章
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from the psychoanalytic position。
Horowitz； M。 J。 （ed。）。 （1988）。 Psychodynamics and Cognition。 Chicago： University of Chicago Press。
Based on papers presented at a workshop held at the Center for Advanced Study in the
Behavioral Sciences； Stanford University； and sponsored by the John D。 and Catherine T。
MacArthur Foundation。
Huxley； A。 （1954）。 The Doors of Perception。 New York： Harper。 A classic text on the experience of
psychedelic drugs。 The rock band “The Doors” was named after this book。
LaBerge； S。 （1985）。 Lucid Dreaming。 New York： St。 Martin’s Press。 The seminal work on lucid
dreaming。 Introduces the phenomenon of lucid dreaming and presents the original research on
the topic。 A classic in the field。
Palfai； T。 （1997）。 Drugs and Human Behavior。 （2nd ed。）。 Dubuque： Brown & Benchmark Publishers。
An interesting introduction to drugs and their influence on human behavior。 Reviews the
history of drug use； surveys recent research； and describes the effects of drugs on normal and
abnormal functioning。
Penfield； W。 （1992）。 The Mind and the Brain。 Boston： Birkhaeuser。 Describes the conclusions derived
by a leading researcher on neuropsychology from observations of thousands of patients。 An
interesting book written by one of the founders of the discipline。
Penrose； R。 （1994）。 Shadows of the Mind： A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness。 New York：
Oxford University Press。 An examination of consciousness by a leading cognitive scientist。 He
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
maintains that some aspects of the human mind go beyond putation。
Ward； C。 A。 （ed。）。 （1989）。 Altered States of Consciousness and Mental Health： A Cross…Cultural Perspective。
Newbury Park； CA： Sage Publications。 Cross…cultural research and methodology series； vol。 12。
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CHAPTER 6： MIND； CONSCIOUSNESS； AND ALTERED STATES
DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY
PROGRAM 13： THE MIND AWAKE AND ASLEEP
Overview
The nature of sleeping； dreaming； and altered states of consciousness； and how consciousness
empowers us to interpret； analyze； and direct our behavior in adaptive； flexible ways。
Key Issues
Biological rhythms； how attention works； daydreams； the restorative functions of sleep；
procedures for the study of sleep and dreams； the physiological origins of dreams； and lucid
dreaming。
Demonstrations
The activation–synthesis explanation of dreams。
Lucid dreaming。
Interviews
Ernest Harman examines the restorative functions of sleep and the procedures for the study of
sleep and dreams。
Robert McCarley examines the physiological origins of dreaming。
Steven LaBerge examines the ability of some dreamers to take conscious control of their dreams。
PROGRAM 14： THE MIND HIDDEN AND DIVIDED
Overview
How the events and experiences that take place below the level of consciousness alter our
moods； bias our actions； and affect our health； as demonstrated in multiple personality
（dissociative identity disorder）； hypnosis； and split…brain patients。
Key Issues
The effects of subconscious knowledge on emotional states； consciousness altering drugs；
multiple personality disorder （dissociative identity disorder）； Freud’s concept of repression；
hypnotic control of pain and perception； split brain research； and testing。
Archival Demonstrations
Demonstration of a client with dissociative identity disorder。
Candid Camera clip demonstrating the difference between public and private behavior。
Interviews
F。 W。 Putnam discusses the mon experiences of people with dissociative identity disorder。
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
FILMS AND VIDEOS
Addiction Caused by Mixing Medicines （1992）。 FFHS； 19 minutes
Addresses the problem of addiction resulting from mixing nonaddictive prescription drugs。
An Easy to Swallow Pill （1980）。 CRK； 28 minutes
Explores prescription drug abuse through interviews with doctors and patients。 Shows that we
have turned our mon social and emotional problems into diseases； and abandoned self…help in
favor of drugs。 An excellent film as background for a discussion of the medical model。 Pills are
immediately reinforcing because they reduce symptoms； but they do not necessarily fix an
underlying problem。
Cocaine Abuse： The End of the Line （1984）。 AIMS； 25 minutes
Actor Richard Dryfuss discusses the dangers of cocaine abuse as dramatized by five former
abusers。 Shows some of the severe physical and psychological effects of extensive cocaine
involvement。 An excellent； pelling film。
Dreams： Theater of the Night （1988）。 FFHS； 28 minutes
Examines theories of dreams from Freud to today’s neuroscience and dream laboratory findings。 A
lively film。 Selected for preview at the APA convention； 1989。
Dream Voyage （1998）。 IU （FFHS）； 26 minutes
Explains what happens to the body during sleep。 Looks at the mystery of REM sleep； shows a
puter display of the waves that sweep across the brain during sleep； and presents footage of a
cat acting out its dreams。 Illustrates graphically； using an analogy of sleep to a ship on automatic
pilot； how some functions continue while the conscious brain is asleep。
Hypnosis： Four BBC Documentaries （1982）。 FI； 49 to 55 minutes
Hypnosis and Healing
In this film； physicians and patients describe their successes with hypnosis。
Hypnosis： Can Your Mind Control Pain？
This film includes many examples and examines whether hypnosis can work for you。
Hypnosis： Can Your Mind Control Your Body？
This film examines various physical functions that may be influenced by hypnotic suggestion。
Hypnosis on Trial
In this film； witnesses are hypnotized to recall details of crimes。
The Mind： Addiction （1998）。 HARR； 25 minutes
Parallels research on the pleasure centers of the brain with addicts’ desire to be high。 Presents
recent findings on the action of various drugs on the “pleasure centers” of the human brain。
Depicts the molecular similarities between the morphine…like neurotransmitters of the brain and the
opiates。 Describes the biological causes of withdrawal symptoms。 Reviews an innovative program
to reduce drug use by suppressing physiological responses to behavioral habits associated with the
addiction。
Trance Forming Yourself （1986）。 TFU； 40 minutes
Visual and audio illustrations of self…hypnosis techniques； including deep relaxation； pendulum
techniques； and daydreaming are illustrated in this informative film。
Walking Through the Fear： Women and Substance Abuse （1992）。 FFHS； 28 minutes
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CHAPTER 6： MIND； CONSCIOUSNESS； AND ALTERED STATES
Drug and alcohol abuses continue to increase among women； and women often do not seek
appropriate help。 This program addresses the many reasons why。
What Time Is Your Body？ （1981）。 TFL； 50 minutes
Features circadian rhythms； the regular bodily cycles that occur on a roughly 24…hour cycle。 Our
body temperature rises as morning approaches； peaks during the day； and descends before sleep。
The film suggests that our internal biological clock is as important as external stimuli to our
experiences and behavior。 The film includes footage on isolation experiments conducted to assess
specific circadian rhythms。 In a cave with no clock； one man unwittingly made his day longer than
24 hours and consistently stuck to it for a month。 A young woman isolated in a room of perpetual
daylight later discovered that she was living a day slightly shorter than 24 hours。 Although this
film is old； the topic discussed has not changed。
105
CHAPTER 7
Learning and Behavior Analysis
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
On pletion of this chapter； students should be able to：
1。 Describe the process of classical conditioning
2。 Explain the significance of temporal contiguity to the processes of conditioning and
learning
3。 Detail the phenomena associated with conditioning； including extinction； stimulus
generalization； discrimination； and spontaneous recovery
4。 Describe the process of operant conditioning
5。 Identify the significance of reinforcement contingency to behavioral response and the
resulting environmental changes
6。 Understand the distinction between the concepts of reinforcement and punishment
7。 Explain the differences in primary reinforcers and conditional reinforcers
8。 Describe the importance of reinforcement schedules； including characteristics of available
schedules
9。 municate significance of shaping and chaining to the process of operant conditioning
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I。 The Study of Learning
A。 What Is Learning？
1。 Learning is a process based on experience that results in a relatively
consistent change in behavior or behavior potential
a） A Change in Behavior or Behavior Potential
（i） Learning is often apparent from improvements in
performance
（ii） But what has been learned is not always evident in
performance； which leads to the learning…performance
distinction–the difference between what has been learned
and what is expressed or performed in overt behavior
b） A Relatively Consistent Change
（i） To qualify as learned； behavior must be performed
consistently over time。 For instance； if you have learned to
ride a bike； you are unlikely to forget how to ride a bike。
c） A Process Based on Experience
（i） Learning only happens through experience； through
interacting with the environment
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CHAPTER 7： LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
B。 Behaviorism and Behavior Analysis
1。 A recurring question of this chapter is how much of behavior is
learned； and how much of it is innate？
2。 One possible answer to this question is Radical Behaviorism； which
suggests that all behavior can be understood in terms of an organism’s
inherited characteristics and simple learned behavior
a） John Watson and B。 F。 Skinner argued that feelings； imagining
do not cause behavior； but rather are caused by environmental
stimuli。 They are the two most influential proponents of
behaviorism； which maintains that psychology should focus
on observable behavior。
b） Behaviorism； which will be covered more fully later； led to the
development of behavior analysis； the area of psychology that
focuses on environmental determinants of behavior
c） Behaviorists and behavior analysts often assume that
learning is conserved across species； that learning is similar in
all animal species。 Because of this assumption； animals are
often used in behaviorist research。
II。Classical Conditioning： Learning Predictable Signals
A。 Pavlov’s Surprising Observation
1。 First described by Ivan Pavlov； classical conditioning is a basic form of
learning in which one stimulus predicts the occurrence of another
event。 Organisms learn to associate one stimulus with the other。
a） Reflexes； unlearned responses such as salivation； pupil
contraction； knee jerks； or eye blinks； are at the core of
classical conditioning
b） An Unconditioned Stimulus （UCS） is any stimulus that
naturally elicits a reflexive behavior； such as salivating
c） An Unconditioned Response （UCR） is the behavior； such as
salivating； that is elicited by the UCS
d） A Neutral Stimu
