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心理学与生活-第60章

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wide glass after it is poured into a taller; thinner glass。 Responses vary with the age of the 
child。 

Psychologist Jerome Kagan observes inherited behavioral differences between timid and bold 
children。 (21:37)。 

Experimental Re…Creation 

Development of the principle of object permanence at a very young age。 

PROGRAM 6: LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT 

Overview 

The development of language and how psychologists hope to discover truths about the human 
mind; society; and culture by studying how children use language in social munication。 

Key Issues 

Biological basis of language acquisition and development; the role of social interaction in 
language development; universal adaptability in language development; grammar acquisition; 
and the rules of conversation。 

Demonstrations 

The role of parent–child interaction in language development。 

214 


CHAPTER 11: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN 

Unique patterns of speech sounds made by mothers to their infants。 

Interviews 

Psychologist Jean Berko…Gleason explains the role of social interaction in language
development。


Anne Fernald examines how pre…verbal children interpret the melodies; intonations; and tones 
of mothers of various languages。 

Psychologist Dan Slobin discusses how children invent their own system of grammar and 
syntax regardless of the adult grammatical patterns that they hear around them。 

Linguist Noam Chomsky examines how a child acquires the ability to produce sophisticated 
sentence structures。 

PROGRAM 18: MATURING AND AGING 

Overview 

What really happens; physically and psychologically; as we age; and how society reacts to the 
last stages of life。 

Key Issues 

Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development; societal treatment of the elderly; mid…life 
crisis; modifying biological and psychological effects of aging; the elderly and sexuality; the 
effects of media on the perception of the elderly; and the elderly’s ability to learn。 

Demonstrations 

Similarities among aged rabbits and human beings in the classic conditioning of the eyelid 
response。 

Archival Demonstrations 

Journalist Pat Moore dresses as an elderly woman and walks the streets to demonstrate 
prejudice against the aged。 

Interviews 

Dr。 Daniel Levinson examines the life cycle as divided into four eras of development:
childhood; early adulthood; middle adulthood; and late adulthood。


Diane Woodruf…Pak examines parallels between aged rabbits and aged human beings in their 
underlying brain circuits。 

Sherry Willis examines new educational training methods that help the elderly function more 
effectively。 

B。 F。 Skinner discusses how he has remained active and able in his field。 
Werner Schaie examines the physical and psychological qualities the aged share。 

215 


PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE 

Erik Erikson examines the identity crisis he experienced as a newer to the United States。 
Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development are examined。 

216 


CHAPTER 11: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN 

FILMS AND VIDEOS 

Baby Talk (1984)。 IU (MG); 49 minutes 

Examines modern research into child language development。 Explores fetal and infant responses to 
speech; the innateness of language ability in humans; the relationship between cognition and 
language; the overgeneralization of syntactic rules by young children; and the processes by which 
infants and young children interpret adult speech to build a grammar。 Contains interviews with 
Jerome Bruner; Noam Chomsky; Dan Slobin; Peter Eimns; Catherine Snow; Jean Berko…Gleason; 
Andrew Malzoff; and Eve Clark。 The interviews make this film worthwhile。 

Child Language: Learning without Teaching (1981)。 IU (DAVSN); 20 minutes 

Follows the development of children’s language acquisition from infancy through early childhood。 
Introduces one of the most involved learning processes a child encounters: mastering the plex 
system of meanings; grammatical rules; and sounds called language。 Shows many of the problems 
children face while learning to municate。 Gives examples of misunderstandings that can occur 
between a child and an adult because of differing interpretations of words and sentences。 

The Mind: Development (1988)。 HARR; 24 minutes 

Traces the development of neurons and glial cells in fetal brain development。 Portrays experiments 
designed to track the beginning of memory and children’s ability to categorize。 Discusses the 
maturational milestones of developing a sense of self and moral development。 

Piaget’s Developmental Theory: Classification (1975)。 POLY; 20 minutes 

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; with emphasis on adapting to parenthood。 Shows how 
the expectations for the arrival of the first baby may differ from the reality of sleepless nights; crying 
infants; etc。 The adaptation required is still on point for new parents。 

Coping with Serious Illness (1980)。 TLF; 25 to 33 minutes 

A series that documents the last years of Joan Robinson; a woman dying of cancer。 

Episode 1: Facing Death 

Deals with the issue of terminal illness and facing death。 The Robinsons are shown going 
through the painful process of realizing that Joan is going to die。 Psychiatrists; doctors; and 
others experienced in dealing with the dying discuss the current knowledge of facing death 
and the various choices the ill and their families need to make: whether to die at home; in a 
hospital; or in a hospice for the terminally ill。 

Episode 2: Finance 

Examines ways of coping with the financial aspects of being seriously ill。 Lawyers and
consumer advocates discuss patients’ rights and legal issues。


Episode 3: Pain 

Shows approaches to coping with both pain and the fear of pain。 Explains the effects of 
suffering on the personality; the differences between types of pain; and methods available for 
treating pain。 

Episode 4: Relationships and Stress 

The Robinson family and friends address the changing relationships with family; friends; and 
medical personnel。 Discusses how serious illness materially changes relationships; and coping 
with the emotions and strain; following diagnosis of a serious illness。 

Episode 5: Sexuality 

217 


PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE 

Deals with the difficult issue of sexuality and the need for loving at critical times as well as 

during times of little stress。 Interviews with the Robinsons and testimony from other men and 

women illustrate the difficulties married couples face dealing with this issue。 Experts discuss 

ways of showing and receiving physical expressions of love while coping with illness。 

Euthanasia: Murder or Mercy (1985)。 CHUK; 30 minutes 

A look at a current social problem: the control of dying and a patient’s right to die。 With the advent 
of Jack Kevorkian’s position; this film may be more relevant than ever。 

The Mind: Aging (1988)。 HARR; 24 minutes 

Attributes the differential effects of aging on cognitive processes to an interaction between genetic 
and environmental factors。 Depicts experiments conducted to pinpoint the areas of the brain 
involved in cognitive deficits。 Contradicts the myth that memory deficits are an inevitable part of 
aging。 Emphasizes that an active; purposeful old age depends on staying physically and mentally 
active。 Shows research on the biological mechanisms that cause Alzheimer’s disease; and discusses 
one possible solution for decreasing the debilitating effects of this disease。 

On Death and Dying (1974)。 FI; 40 minutes 

Dr。 Elisabeth Kubler…Ross discusses her experiences in helping the terminally ill face death without 
fear。 She stresses the importance of municating with them in a way that recognizes their 
feelings。 Somewhat dated; but the basic issues remain constant。 

Vygotsky’s Developmental Theory (1994)。 Davidson Films 

Presents Lev Vygotsky’s early childhood learning theories and demonstrates them in classrooms。 
Development; according to Vygotsky; cannot be separated from its social context: it is misleading to 
evaluate children only on what they acplish independently。 

The Infant Mind (1992)。 Insight Media; 30 minutes 

Jean Piaget’s stage theories of object permanence and sensory…motor development are explained 
and challenged。 Research with newborns has revealed that infants possess a basic perception of 
cause and effect; number; and object permanence and that memory skills and the capacity to form 
concepts are present much earlier than formerly believed。 

The Seven Ages of the Brain (1995)。 Films for the Humanities & Sciences; 58 minutes 

Focuses on how a brain grows from a fertilized egg and how our brains change; even after birth; 
right up to old age。 The establishment of connections between brain cells occurs not only in the 
womb; but also after birth。 These connections can be modified; or even abolished; in accordance 
with certain changes in the environment。 Part of the British Royal Institute Lecture series。 

Aging Successfully: Psychological Aspects of Growing Old (1998)。 Davidson Films; 30 minutes 

Discusses the concepts developed by the Baltes for assessing the means by which some people cope 
better psychologically with old age。 Selection; optimization; and pensation are three important 
coping strategies to deal with the decline in physical and some mental functions; while developing 
wisdom。 

plaints of a Dutiful Daughter (1995)。 Women Make Movies; 44 minutes 

Shows interactions between an Alzheimer’s patient and her daughter。 The daughter discusses the 
various stages of the disease; how she dealt with each and how she arrived at a positive resolution。 

218 


CHAPTER 11: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN 

219 


CHAPTER 12 
Motivation 

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 

On pletion of this chapter; students should be able to: 

1。 Describe the five functions of motivational concepts 
2。 Explain the various sources of motivation; including instinctual; emotional; and cognitive 
sources 
3。 municate the difference between William James’ and Sigmund Freud’s conception on 
instinctual behaviors 
4。 Describe social learning theory and its relationship to internal and external sources of 
attributions 
5。 Identify the two major eating disorders 
6。 Explain the different reproductive strategies that may be employed by males and females 
7。 Describe the four phases of human sexual response for males and females 
8。 Show an understanding of the concept of need for achievement and discuss how it relates 
to motivation 
9。 Describe the concept of locus of control and its relationship to motivation 
10。 Explain Maslow’s hierarchy of needs 
CHAPTER OUTLINE 

I。 Understanding Motivation 
A。 Motivation is the general term for all the processes involved in starting; directing; and 
maintaining physical and psychological activities 
B。 Functions of Motivational Concepts 
1。 To relate biology to behavior 
2。 To account for behavioral variability 
3。 To infer private states from public acts 
4。 To assign responsibility for actions 
5。 To explain perseverance despite adversity 
C。 Sources of Motivation 
1。 Drives and Incentives 

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