心理学与生活-第60章
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wide glass after it is poured into a taller； thinner glass。 Responses vary with the age of the
child。
Psychologist Jerome Kagan observes inherited behavioral differences between timid and bold
children。 （21：37）。
Experimental Re…Creation
Development of the principle of object permanence at a very young age。
PROGRAM 6： LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Overview
The development of language and how psychologists hope to discover truths about the human
mind； society； and culture by studying how children use language in social munication。
Key Issues
Biological basis of language acquisition and development； the role of social interaction in
language development； universal adaptability in language development； grammar acquisition；
and the rules of conversation。
Demonstrations
The role of parent–child interaction in language development。
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CHAPTER 11： HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN
Unique patterns of speech sounds made by mothers to their infants。
Interviews
Psychologist Jean Berko…Gleason explains the role of social interaction in language
development。
Anne Fernald examines how pre…verbal children interpret the melodies； intonations； and tones
of mothers of various languages。
Psychologist Dan Slobin discusses how children invent their own system of grammar and
syntax regardless of the adult grammatical patterns that they hear around them。
Linguist Noam Chomsky examines how a child acquires the ability to produce sophisticated
sentence structures。
PROGRAM 18： MATURING AND AGING
Overview
What really happens； physically and psychologically； as we age； and how society reacts to the
last stages of life。
Key Issues
Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development； societal treatment of the elderly； mid…life
crisis； modifying biological and psychological effects of aging； the elderly and sexuality； the
effects of media on the perception of the elderly； and the elderly’s ability to learn。
Demonstrations
Similarities among aged rabbits and human beings in the classic conditioning of the eyelid
response。
Archival Demonstrations
Journalist Pat Moore dresses as an elderly woman and walks the streets to demonstrate
prejudice against the aged。
Interviews
Dr。 Daniel Levinson examines the life cycle as divided into four eras of development：
childhood； early adulthood； middle adulthood； and late adulthood。
Diane Woodruf…Pak examines parallels between aged rabbits and aged human beings in their
underlying brain circuits。
Sherry Willis examines new educational training methods that help the elderly function more
effectively。
B。 F。 Skinner discusses how he has remained active and able in his field。
Werner Schaie examines the physical and psychological qualities the aged share。
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
Erik Erikson examines the identity crisis he experienced as a newer to the United States。
Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development are examined。
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CHAPTER 11： HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN
FILMS AND VIDEOS
Baby Talk （1984）。 IU （MG）； 49 minutes
Examines modern research into child language development。 Explores fetal and infant responses to
speech； the innateness of language ability in humans； the relationship between cognition and
language； the overgeneralization of syntactic rules by young children； and the processes by which
infants and young children interpret adult speech to build a grammar。 Contains interviews with
Jerome Bruner； Noam Chomsky； Dan Slobin； Peter Eimns； Catherine Snow； Jean Berko…Gleason；
Andrew Malzoff； and Eve Clark。 The interviews make this film worthwhile。
Child Language： Learning without Teaching （1981）。 IU （DAVSN）； 20 minutes
Follows the development of children’s language acquisition from infancy through early childhood。
Introduces one of the most involved learning processes a child encounters： mastering the plex
system of meanings； grammatical rules； and sounds called language。 Shows many of the problems
children face while learning to municate。 Gives examples of misunderstandings that can occur
between a child and an adult because of differing interpretations of words and sentences。
The Mind： Development （1988）。 HARR； 24 minutes
Traces the development of neurons and glial cells in fetal brain development。 Portrays experiments
designed to track the beginning of memory and children’s ability to categorize。 Discusses the
maturational milestones of developing a sense of self and moral development。
Piaget’s Developmental Theory： Classification （1975）。 POLY； 20 minutes
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development； with emphasis on adapting to parenthood。 Shows how
the expectations for the arrival of the first baby may differ from the reality of sleepless nights； crying
infants； etc。 The adaptation required is still on point for new parents。
Coping with Serious Illness （1980）。 TLF； 25 to 33 minutes
A series that documents the last years of Joan Robinson； a woman dying of cancer。
Episode 1： Facing Death
Deals with the issue of terminal illness and facing death。 The Robinsons are shown going
through the painful process of realizing that Joan is going to die。 Psychiatrists； doctors； and
others experienced in dealing with the dying discuss the current knowledge of facing death
and the various choices the ill and their families need to make： whether to die at home； in a
hospital； or in a hospice for the terminally ill。
Episode 2： Finance
Examines ways of coping with the financial aspects of being seriously ill。 Lawyers and
consumer advocates discuss patients’ rights and legal issues。
Episode 3： Pain
Shows approaches to coping with both pain and the fear of pain。 Explains the effects of
suffering on the personality； the differences between types of pain； and methods available for
treating pain。
Episode 4： Relationships and Stress
The Robinson family and friends address the changing relationships with family； friends； and
medical personnel。 Discusses how serious illness materially changes relationships； and coping
with the emotions and strain； following diagnosis of a serious illness。
Episode 5： Sexuality
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
Deals with the difficult issue of sexuality and the need for loving at critical times as well as
during times of little stress。 Interviews with the Robinsons and testimony from other men and
women illustrate the difficulties married couples face dealing with this issue。 Experts discuss
ways of showing and receiving physical expressions of love while coping with illness。
Euthanasia： Murder or Mercy （1985）。 CHUK； 30 minutes
A look at a current social problem： the control of dying and a patient’s right to die。 With the advent
of Jack Kevorkian’s position； this film may be more relevant than ever。
The Mind： Aging （1988）。 HARR； 24 minutes
Attributes the differential effects of aging on cognitive processes to an interaction between genetic
and environmental factors。 Depicts experiments conducted to pinpoint the areas of the brain
involved in cognitive deficits。 Contradicts the myth that memory deficits are an inevitable part of
aging。 Emphasizes that an active； purposeful old age depends on staying physically and mentally
active。 Shows research on the biological mechanisms that cause Alzheimer’s disease； and discusses
one possible solution for decreasing the debilitating effects of this disease。
On Death and Dying （1974）。 FI； 40 minutes
Dr。 Elisabeth Kubler…Ross discusses her experiences in helping the terminally ill face death without
fear。 She stresses the importance of municating with them in a way that recognizes their
feelings。 Somewhat dated； but the basic issues remain constant。
Vygotsky’s Developmental Theory （1994）。 Davidson Films
Presents Lev Vygotsky’s early childhood learning theories and demonstrates them in classrooms。
Development； according to Vygotsky； cannot be separated from its social context： it is misleading to
evaluate children only on what they acplish independently。
The Infant Mind （1992）。 Insight Media； 30 minutes
Jean Piaget’s stage theories of object permanence and sensory…motor development are explained
and challenged。 Research with newborns has revealed that infants possess a basic perception of
cause and effect； number； and object permanence and that memory skills and the capacity to form
concepts are present much earlier than formerly believed。
The Seven Ages of the Brain （1995）。 Films for the Humanities & Sciences； 58 minutes
Focuses on how a brain grows from a fertilized egg and how our brains change； even after birth；
right up to old age。 The establishment of connections between brain cells occurs not only in the
womb； but also after birth。 These connections can be modified； or even abolished； in accordance
with certain changes in the environment。 Part of the British Royal Institute Lecture series。
Aging Successfully： Psychological Aspects of Growing Old （1998）。 Davidson Films； 30 minutes
Discusses the concepts developed by the Baltes for assessing the means by which some people cope
better psychologically with old age。 Selection； optimization； and pensation are three important
coping strategies to deal with the decline in physical and some mental functions； while developing
wisdom。
plaints of a Dutiful Daughter （1995）。 Women Make Movies； 44 minutes
Shows interactions between an Alzheimer’s patient and her daughter。 The daughter discusses the
various stages of the disease； how she dealt with each and how she arrived at a positive resolution。
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CHAPTER 11： HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN
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CHAPTER 12
Motivation
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
On pletion of this chapter； students should be able to：
1。 Describe the five functions of motivational concepts
2。 Explain the various sources of motivation； including instinctual； emotional； and cognitive
sources
3。 municate the difference between William James’ and Sigmund Freud’s conception on
instinctual behaviors
4。 Describe social learning theory and its relationship to internal and external sources of
attributions
5。 Identify the two major eating disorders
6。 Explain the different reproductive strategies that may be employed by males and females
7。 Describe the four phases of human sexual response for males and females
8。 Show an understanding of the concept of need for achievement and discuss how it relates
to motivation
9。 Describe the concept of locus of control and its relationship to motivation
10。 Explain Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I。 Understanding Motivation
A。 Motivation is the general term for all the processes involved in starting； directing； and
maintaining physical and psychological activities
B。 Functions of Motivational Concepts
1。 To relate biology to behavior
2。 To account for behavioral variability
3。 To infer private states from public acts
4。 To assign responsibility for actions
5。 To explain perseverance despite adversity
C。 Sources of Motivation
1。 Drives and Incentives
