ÐÄÀíѧÓëÉú»î-µÚ67ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
2¡£¡¡Toward¡¡a¡¡Biopsychosocial¡¡Model¡¡
a£©¡¡In¡¡contrast¡¡to¡¡non¡Western¡¡cultures£»¡¡which¡¡often¡¡assumed¡¡a¡¡link¡¡
between¡¡body¡¡and¡¡mind£»¡¡the¡¡traditional¡¡Western¡¡biomedical¡¡model¡¡is¡¡
dualistic£»¡¡medically¡¡treating¡¡the¡¡body¡¡separately¡¡from¡¡the¡¡psyche¡¡
b£©¡¡The¡¡biopsychosocial¡¡model¡¡links¡¡physical¡¡health¡¡to¡¡state¡¡of¡¡mind¡¡and¡¡
environment¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡three¡¡ponents£º¡¡
£¨i£©¡¡Bio¡¡acknowledges¡¡the¡¡reality¡¡of¡¡biological¡¡illness¡¡
246¡¡
CHAPTER¡¡13£º¡¡EMOTION£»¡¡STRESS£»¡¡AND¡¡HEALTH¡¡
£¨ii£©¡¡Psycho¡¡and¡¡social¡¡acknowledge¡¡the¡¡psychological¡¡and¡¡social¡¡
ponents¡¡of¡¡health¡¡
c£©¡¡Concept¡¡of¡¡wellness¡¡incorporates¡¡physical£»¡¡intellectual£»¡¡emotional¡¡
spiritual£»¡¡social£»¡¡and¡¡environmental¡¡aspects¡¡of¡¡your¡¡life¡¡
d£©¡¡Health¡¡behavior¡¡refers¡¡to¡¡the¡¡undertaking¡¡of¡¡an¡¡activity¡¡for¡¡purposes¡¡of¡¡
preventing¡¡disease¡¡or¡¡detecting¡¡it¡¡while¡¡still¡¡asymptomatic¡¡
C¡£¡¡Health¡¡Promotion¡¡
1¡£¡¡Health¡¡promotion¡¡means¡¡development¡¡of¡¡general¡¡strategies¡¡and¡¡specific¡¡tactics¡¡
to¡¡eliminate¡¡or¡¡reduce¡¡the¡¡risk¡¡of¡¡getting¡¡sick¡¡
2¡£¡¡Smoking¡¡
a£©¡¡Smoking¡¡may¡¡be¡¡initiated¡¡as¡¡a¡¡sensation¡seeking¡¡mode¡¡
b£©¡¡Readiness¡¡to¡¡quit¡¡smoking¡¡entails¡¡five¡¡stages£º¡¡
£¨i£©¡¡Precontemplation£»¡¡not¡¡yet¡¡thinking¡¡about¡¡quitting¡¡
£¨ii£©¡¡Contemplation£»¡¡thinking¡¡about¡¡quitting¡¡but¡¡no¡¡behavioral¡¡
changes¡¡
£¨iii£©¡¡Preparation£»¡¡getting¡¡ready¡¡to¡¡quit¡¡
£¨iv£©¡¡Action£»¡¡taking¡¡of¡¡action¡¡by¡¡establishing¡¡behavior¡¡goals¡¡
£¨v£©¡¡Maintenance£»¡¡now¡¡a¡¡nonsmoker£»¡¡individual¡¡tries¡¡to¡¡remain¡¡so¡¡
3¡£¡¡AIDS¡¡£¨Acquired¡¡Immune¡¡Deficiency¡¡Syndrome£©¡¡
a£©¡¡The¡¡causal¡¡agent¡¡is¡¡HIV¡¡£¨Human¡¡Immunodeficiency¡¡Virus£©¡¡
£¨i£©¡¡Infectious¡¡agent¡¡is¡¡not¡¡airborne¡¡
£¨ii£©¡¡Requires¡¡direct¡¡access¡¡to¡¡the¡¡bloodstream¡¡to¡¡produce¡¡infection¡¡
b£©¡¡The¡¡virus¡¡is¡¡passed¡¡from¡¡one¡¡person¡¡to¡¡another¡¡in¡¡one¡¡of¡¡two¡¡ways£º¡¡
£¨i£©¡¡The¡¡exchange¡¡of¡¡semen¡¡or¡¡blood¡¡during¡¡sexual¡¡contact¡¡
£¨ii£©¡¡The¡¡sharing¡¡of¡¡intravenous¡¡needles¡¡and¡¡syringes¡¡used¡¡for¡¡
injection¡¡of¡¡intravenous¡¡drugs¡¡
c£©¡¡Who¡¡is¡¡at¡¡risk¡¡for¡¡AIDS£¿¡¡
£¨i£©¡¡Everyone£¡¡¡
£¨ii£©¡¡According¡¡to¡¡Centers¡¡for¡¡Diseases¡¡Control¡¡and¡¡Prevention£»¡¡
35£»000¡¡individuals¡ª1¡¡in¡¡every¡¡500¡¡college¡¡students¡ªare¡¡HIV¡¡
positive¡¡
d£©¡¡Coates¡¯¡¡multidisciplinary¡¡team¡¡approach¡¡uses¡¡psychological¡¡
principles¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡spread¡¡of¡¡AIDS¡¡
e£©¡¡Successful¡¡interventions¡¡require¡¡three¡¡ponents¡¡
£¨i£©¡¡Information£º¡¡Provide¡¡knowledge¡¡about¡¡transmission¡¡and¡¡how¡¡
to¡¡prevent¡¡transmission¡¡
£¨ii£©¡¡Motivation£º¡¡People¡¡must¡¡be¡¡motivated¡¡to¡¡practice¡¡prevention¡¡
£¨iii£©¡¡Behavioral¡¡skills£º¡¡People¡¡must¡¡be¡¡taught¡¡how¡¡to¡¡put¡¡knowledge¡¡
to¡¡effective¡¡use¡¡
D¡£¡¡Treatment¡¡
1¡£¡¡Treatment¡¡focuses¡¡on¡¡helping¡¡individuals¡¡adjust¡¡to¡¡illnesses¡¡and¡¡recover¡¡from¡¡
them¡¡
247¡¡
PSYCHOLOGY¡¡AND¡¡LIFE¡¡
2¡£¡¡Three¡¡aspects¡¡of¡¡treatment¡¡
a£©¡¡Patient¡¡Adherence¡¡
£¨i£©¡¡Treatment¡¡regimens¡¡are¡¡often¡¡not¡¡followed£»¡¡a¡¡serious¡¡problem¡¡
in¡¡health¡¡care¡¡
£¨ii£©¡¡Health¡care¡¡professionals¡¡can¡¡improve¡¡patient¡¡adherence¡¡to¡¡
treatment¡¡regimen¡¡through£º¡¡
£¨a£©¡¡Improving¡¡trust¡¡in¡¡efficacy¡¡of¡¡treatment¡¡as¡¡outweighing¡¡
treatment¡¡costs¡¡
£¨b£©¡¡municating¡¡clearly£»¡¡being¡¡courteous£»¡¡and¡¡conveying¡¡a¡¡
sense¡¡of¡¡caring¡¡and¡¡support¡¡
£¨c£©¡¡Health¡¡practitioners¡¡must¡¡recognize¡¡the¡¡role¡¡of¡¡cultural¡¡and¡¡
social¡¡norms¡¡in¡¡treatment£»¡¡involving¡¡family¡¡and¡¡friends¡¡
when¡¡appropriate¡¡
b£©¡¡Harnessing¡¡the¡¡mind¡¡to¡¡heal¡¡the¡¡body¡¡
£¨i£©¡¡Psychological¡¡strategies¡¡can¡¡improve¡¡physical¡¡well¡being¡¡
£¨ii£©¡¡Relaxation¡¡response¡¡decreases¡¡muscle¡¡tension£»¡¡cortical¡¡activity£»¡¡
heart¡¡rate£»¡¡and¡¡respiration¡¡rate¡¡
£¨iii£©¡¡Biofeedback¡¡is¡¡a¡¡self¡regulatory¡¡technique¡¡used¡¡for¡¡control¡¡of¡¡
blood¡¡pressure£»¡¡relaxation¡¡of¡¡forehead¡¡muscles£»¡¡and¡¡£¨even£¡£©¡¡
extreme¡¡blushing¡¡
c£©¡¡Psychological¡¡Impact¡¡on¡¡Health¡¡Outes¡¡
£¨i£©¡¡Psychological¡¡factors¡¡influence¡¡serious¡¡illness¡¡
£¨ii£©¡¡Social¡¡support¡¡and¡¡emotional¡¡disclosure¡¡can¡¡positively¡¡
influence¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡diseases¡¡such¡¡as¡¡cancer¡¡
E¡£¡¡Job¡¡Burnout¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Health¡Care¡¡System¡¡
1¡£¡¡Job¡¡burnout¡¡is¡¡a¡¡syndrome¡¡of¡¡emotional¡¡exhaustion£»¡¡depersonalization£»¡¡and¡¡
reduced¡¡personal¡¡acplishment¡¡
a£©¡¡Often¡¡experienced¡¡by¡¡workers¡¡in¡¡the¡¡health¡¡care¡¡system¡¡
b£©¡¡Increasing¡¡today¡¡due¡¡to¡¡corporate¡¡downsizing¡¡
F¡£¡¡A¡¡Toast¡¡to¡¡Your¡¡Health¡¡
1¡£¡¡Set¡¡goals¡¡and¡¡restructure¡¡life¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡forge¡¡a¡¡healthy¡¡foundation¡¡
2¡£¡¡Nine¡¡steps¡¡to¡¡better¡¡health£º¡¡
a£©¡¡Give¡¡yourself¡¡and¡¡others¡¡only¡¡constructive¡¡criticism¡¡
b£©¡¡pare¡¡your¡¡reactions£»¡¡thoughts£»¡¡and¡¡feelings¡¡to¡¡those¡¡of¡¡other¡¡
individuals¡¡in¡¡your¡¡life¡¡who¡¡are¡¡in¡¡a¡¡parable¡¡situation¡¡
c£©¡¡Share¡¡feelings£»¡¡joys£»¡¡and¡¡worries¡¡with¡¡social¡¡support¡¡network¡¡
d£©¡¡Develop¡¡a¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡balanced¡¡time¡¡perspective¡¡
e£©¡¡Take¡¡credit¡¡for¡¡your¡¡successes¡¡and¡¡happiness¡¡
f£©¡¡When¡¡feeling¡¡you¡¡are¡¡losing¡¡control¡¡over¡¡emotions£»¡¡distance¡¡yourself¡¡
from¡¡situation¡¡to¡¡gain¡¡perspective¡¡
g£©¡¡Learn¡¡from¡¡your¡¡failures¡¡
h£©¡¡If¡¡you¡¡are¡¡unable¡¡to¡¡help¡¡either¡¡yourself¡¡or¡¡another¡¡individual¡¡in¡¡
distress£»¡¡seek¡¡the¡¡counsel¡¡of¡¡a¡¡trained¡¡specialist¡¡
248¡¡
CHAPTER¡¡13£º¡¡EMOTION£»¡¡STRESS£»¡¡AND¡¡HEALTH¡¡
i£©¡¡Cultivate¡¡healthy¡¡pleasures¡¡and¡¡past¡¡times¡¡
249¡¡
PSYCHOLOGY¡¡AND¡¡LIFE¡¡
DISCUSSION¡¡QUESTIONS¡¡
1¡£¡¡Motivation¡¡and¡¡emotion¡¡are¡¡constructs¡¡that¡¡have¡¡much¡¡in¡¡mon£»¡¡though¡¡each¡¡has¡¡significant¡¡
aspects¡¡that¡¡distinguish¡¡it¡¡from¡¡the¡¡other¡£¡¡Discuss¡¡with¡¡the¡¡class¡¡what¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡primary¡¡
difference¡¡between¡¡the¡¡two¡¡concepts£¿¡¡Why¡¡is¡¡it¡¡significant£¿¡¡
2¡£¡¡Have¡¡the¡¡class¡¡think¡¡of¡¡times¡¡when¡¡they¡¡felt¡¡strongly¡¡motivated¡¡but¡¡not¡¡¡°emotional¡£¡±¡¡Is¡¡it¡¡also¡¡
possible¡¡to¡¡feel¡¡strong¡¡emotion£»¡¡without¡¡simultaneously¡¡feeling¡¡motivated¡¡to¡¡act¡¡in¡¡some¡¡way¡¡on¡¡
those¡¡feelings£¿¡¡If¡¡either¡¡case¡¡is¡¡possible£»¡¡is¡¡something¡¡¡°missing¡±¡¡when¡¡motivation¡¡lacks¡¡emotion£¿¡¡
What¡¡is¡¡missing£»¡¡and¡¡does¡¡it¡¡matter£¿¡¡
3¡£¡¡Think¡¡about¡¡emotion¡¡in¡¡an¡¡evolutionary¡¡sense¡£¡¡What¡¡functions¡¡does¡¡it¡¡serve£¿¡¡What¡¡functions¡¡has¡¡it¡¡
served¡¡in¡¡the¡¡past£¿¡¡Is¡¡emotion¡¡still¡¡a¡¡necessary¡¡phenomenon¡¡for¡¡us£»¡¡living¡¡as¡¡we¡¡do£»¡¡in¡¡our¡¡locked¡¡
homes¡¡and¡¡automobiles£¿¡¡
4¡£¡¡Living¡¡with¡¡stress¡¡on¡¡a¡¡long¡term¡¡basis¡¡is¡¡a¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lives¡¡of¡¡many¡¡people£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡stress¡¡can¡¡be¡¡
acute¡¡£¨Honey£»¡¡I¡¡just¡¡wrecked¡¡the¡¡car£¡£©¡¡or¡¡chronic¡¡£¨if¡¡one¡¡more¡¡fool¡¡cuts¡¡in¡¡front¡¡of¡¡me¡¡on¡¡the¡¡freeway¡¡
¡£¡£¡£¡¡£©¡£¡¡Consider¡¡the¡¡physiological¡¡and¡¡psychological¡¡impacts¡¡of¡¡having¡¡severe£»¡¡chronic¡¡respiratory¡¡
allergies£»¡¡what¡¡issues¡¡would¡¡this¡¡bring¡¡to¡¡mind¡¡in¡¡terms¡¡of¡¡coping¡¡and¡¡attempting¡¡to¡¡live¡¡an¡¡
unencumbered¡¡lifestyle£¿¡¡
5¡£¡¡Discuss¡¡coping¡¡styles¡¡in¡¡terms¡¡of¡¡Type¡¡A£»¡¡Type¡¡B£»¡¡and¡¡Type¡¡C¡¡personalities¡£¡¡Which¡¡personality¡¡type¡¡
is¡¡most¡¡likely¡¡to¡¡use¡¡which¡¡coping¡¡style£¿¡¡Have¡¡students¡¡determine¡¡why¡¡a¡¡particular¡¡personality¡¡
type¡¡responds¡¡with¡¡a¡¡given¡¡coping¡¡style¡£¡¡
6¡£¡¡Discuss¡¡learned¡¡helplessness¡¡from¡¡the¡¡perspective¡¡of¡¡controllable¡¡versus¡¡uncontrollable¡¡stressors¡£¡¡
7¡£¡¡Can¡¡students¡¡give¡¡any¡¡examples¡¡of¡¡how¡¡one¡¡person¡¯s¡¡eustress¡¡might¡¡be¡¡another¡¡person¡¯s¡¡distress£¿¡¡
£¨What¡¡about¡¡the¡¡obvious¡¡examples¡¡of¡¡watching¡¡horror¡¡movies£»¡¡riding¡¡on¡¡roller¡¡coasters£»¡¡being¡¡in¡¡
certain¡¡occupations£»¡¡or¡¡even¡¡studying¡¡for¡¡a¡¡final¡¡exam£¿£©¡¡
8¡£¡¡Have¡¡the¡¡class¡¡name¡¡some¡¡ways¡¡in¡¡which¡¡they¡¡could¡¡reduce¡¡the¡¡stress¡¡in¡¡their¡¡lives¡£¡¡As¡¡they¡¡listen¡¡
to¡¡others¡¡name¡¡their¡¡stress¡reducing¡¡strategies£»¡¡do¡¡they¡¡£¨or¡¡do¡¡you£©¡¡hear¡¡any¡¡that¡¡could¡¡reduce¡¡
yours£¿¡¡Do¡¡you¡¡also¡¡hear¡¡some¡¡ideas¡¡that¡¡would¡¡only¡¡make¡¡your¡¡stress¡¡worse£¿¡¡
250¡¡
CHAPTER¡¡13£º¡¡EMOTION£»¡¡STRESS£»¡¡AND¡¡HEALTH¡¡
SUPPLEMENTAL¡¡LECTURE¡¡MATERIAL¡¡
Theories¡¡of¡¡Emotion¡¡
Emotion£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡concept£»¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡imply¡¡that¡¡a¡¡person¡¡is¡¡¡°changed¡±¡¡or¡¡¡°moved¡±¡¡from¡¡one¡¡state¡¡to¡¡another£»¡¡as¡¡
from¡¡happy¡¡to¡¡sad¡¡or¡¡angry¡£¡¡Emotion¡¡consists¡¡of¡¡several¡¡ponents¡£¡¡They¡¡are£º¡¡
1¡£¡¡The¡¡affective¡¡ponent¡¡is¡¡observed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡reaction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡body¡£¡¡Reactions¡¡may¡¡take¡¡the¡¡form¡¡of¡¡
sweating£»¡¡trembling£»¡¡and¡¡turning¡¡white¡£¡¡This¡¡ponent¡¡is¡¡a¡¡function¡¡of¡¡the¡¡activity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
autonomic¡¡nervous¡¡system£»¡¡preparing¡¡your¡¡body¡¡for¡¡action£»¡¡if¡¡action¡¡bees¡¡necessary¡£¡¡
2¡£¡¡The¡¡cognitive¡¡ponent¡¡consists¡¡of¡¡the¡¡thoughts¡¡and¡¡beliefs¡¡that¡¡acpany¡¡any¡¡given¡¡emotion¡£¡¡
This¡¡ponent¡¡provides¡¡a¡¡label¡¡for¡¡what¡¡your¡¡body¡¡is¡¡expressing¡£¡¡
3¡£¡¡The¡¡facial¡¡expression¡¡is¡¡the¡¡look¡¡on¡¡your¡¡face¡£¡¡
4¡£¡¡The¡¡reactions¡¡to¡¡the¡¡emotion£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡running¡¡from¡¡a¡¡menacing¡¡bear¡£¡¡
These¡¡varied¡¡ponents¡¡imply¡¡that¡¡emotion¡¡is¡¡a¡¡multifaceted¡¡construct¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡three¡¡dominant¡¡
traditions¡¡or¡¡perspectives¡¡from¡¡which¡¡to¡¡study¡¡emotion¡£¡¡They¡¡are£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡of¡¡historical¡¡appearance£º¡¡
biological£»¡¡learning£»¡¡and¡¡cognitive¡£¡¡
Biological/Psychophysical¡¡Tradition¡¡
This¡¡approach¡¡is¡¡based¡¡on¡¡Darwin¡¯s¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡evolution£»¡¡and¡¡proposes¡¡that¡¡the¡¡ways¡¡in¡¡which¡¡organisms¡¡
express¡¡emotion¡¡have¡¡had¡¡survival¡¡value¡¡in¡¡the¡¡past¡£¡¡This¡¡would¡¡imply¡¡that¡¡dogs¡¡snarl¡¡when¡¡they¡¡feel¡¡
threatened¡¡because¡¡snarling¡¡itself¡¡has¡¡been¡¡interpreted¡¡by¡¡other¡¡dogs¡¡and¡¡animals¡¡as¡¡threatening¡¡behavior¡£¡¡
Snarling¡¡helped¡¡drive¡¡off¡¡threats¡¡and¡¡avoid¡¡fights¡£¡¡As¡¡Darwin¡¡proposed£»¡¡this¡¡form¡¡of¡¡emotional¡¡response¡¡
has¡¡£¨or¡¡had£©¡¡survival¡¡value¡£¡¡
Learning¡¡Tradition¡¡
This¡¡approach¡¡is¡¡a¡¡drive¡¡theory¡¡perspective¡£¡¡Kenneth¡¡Spence¡¡divided¡¡the¡¡study¡¡of¡¡emotion¡¡into¡¡motivational¡¡
events£»¡¡and¡¡proposed¡¡two¡¡categories¡¡of¡¡events¡£¡¡They¡¡are£º¡¡
¡£¡¡Appetitive¡¡states£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡hunger¡¡and¡¡thirst£»¡¡involve¡¡situations¡¡that¡¡lead¡¡to¡¡approach¡¡behavior¡¡
¡£¡¡Aversive¡¡states¡¡involve¡¡situations¡¡that¡¡lead¡¡the¡¡organism¡¡to¡¡withdraw¡¡or¡¡flee¡¡the¡¡situation¡£¡¡Pain¡¡is¡¡the¡¡
most¡¡well¡¡known¡¡aversive¡¡stimuli£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡most¡¡frequently¡¡studied¡£¡¡
Spence¡¡argued¡¡that¡¡the¡¡drive¡¡that¡¡activates¡¡aversive¡¡states¡¡was¡¡a¡¡result¡¡of¡¡the¡¡development¡¡of¡¡an¡¡internal£»¡¡
emotional¡¡response¡¡in¡¡the¡¡organism£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡organism¡¯s¡¡emotionality¡¡was¡¡aroused¡¡by¡¡an¡¡aversive¡¡stimulus¡¡
£¨pain£»¡¡fear£»¡¡and¡¡electric¡¡shock£©¡£¡¡Spence¡¯s¡¡basic¡¡premise¡¡was¡¡that¡¡organisms¡¡learn¡¡from¡¡experience¡¡which¡¡
situations¡¡have¡¡aversive¡¡potential£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡strive¡¡to¡¡avoid¡¡those¡¡situations¡£¡¡
Cognitive¡¡Tradition¡¡
This¡¡approach¡¡stresses¡¡the¡¡importance¡¡of¡¡cognitive¡¡appraisal¡¡of¡¡a¡¡situation¡£¡¡Richard¡¡Lazarus¡¡felt¡¡that¡¡bodily¡¡
£¨affective£©¡¡changes¡¡were¡¡not¡¡sufficient¡¡for¡¡the¡¡experience¡¡of¡¡a¡¡true¡¡emotional¡¡feeling£»¡¡that¡¡we¡¡must¡¡assess¡¡a¡¡
situation¡¡as¡¡emotion¡¡producing¡¡before¡¡we¡¡can¡¡experience¡¡emotion¡£¡¡The¡¡first¡¡model¡¡to¡¡posit¡¡this¡¡idea¡¡was¡¡that¡¡
proposed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Lazarus¨CSchachter¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡appraisal¡£¡¡
We¡¡now¡¡have¡¡a¡¡foundation¡¡for¡¡the¡¡study¡¡of¡¡emotion£»¡¡so¡¡let¡¡us¡¡discuss¡¡theories¡¡that¡¡have¡¡been¡¡popular¡¡at¡¡
different¡¡times¡¡throughout¡¡the¡¡years¡£¡¡
251¡¡
PSYCHOLOGY¡¡AND¡¡LIFE¡¡
The¡¡James¨CLange¡¡Theory¡¡
James¡¡and¡¡Lange¡¡proposed¡¡that¡¡feelings¡¡of¡¡emotion¡¡did¡¡not¡¡occur¡¡immediately¡¡after¡¡the¡¡perception¡¡of¡¡an¡¡
event¡¡in¡¡the¡¡environment£»¡¡but¡¡because¡¡of¡¡our¡¡bodily¡¡responses¡¡to¡¡the¡¡event¡¡or¡¡object¡£¡¡In¡¡a¡¡diagram¡¡form£»¡¡the¡¡
chain¡¡of¡¡events¡¡looks¡¡like¡¡this£º¡¡
PERCEPTION¡¡T¡¡BODILY¡¡CHANGES¡¡T¡¡EMOTION¡¡T¡¡BEHAVIOR¡¡
As¡¡an¡¡example¡¡of¡¡how¡¡this¡¡might¡¡look¡¡in¡¡real¡¡life£»¡¡imagine¡¡meeting¡¡an¡¡angry¡¡bear¡¡in¡¡the¡¡woods£º¡¡
SNARLING¡¡BEAR¡¡T¡¡INCREASED¡¡HEART¡¡RATE£»¡¡T¡¡FEAR£¡¡¡T¡¡FIGHT¡¡OR¡¡
BP¡¡&¡¡RESPIRATION¡¡FLIGHT£¡¡¡
James¡¡and¡¡Lange¡¡felt¡¡that¡¡the¡¡perception¡¡of¡¡a¡¡stimulus£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡a¡¡snarling¡¡bear£»¡¡led¡¡to¡¡changes¡¡in¡¡the¡¡body¡£¡¡
These¡¡changes¡¡are¡¡then¡¡fed¡¡back¡¡to¡¡the¡¡brain£»¡¡indicating¡¡a¡¡¡°changed¡¡state¡±¡¡and¡¡prompting¡¡a¡¡change¡¡in¡¡the¡¡
subjective¡¡experience¡¡of¡¡emotion¡£¡¡James¡¡and¡¡Lange¡¡felt¡¡that¡¡the¡¡perception¡¡of¡¡changes¡¡in¡¡bodily¡¡sensations¡¡
led¡¡to¡¡emotional¡¡experience¡£¡¡James¡¡and¡¡Lange¡¡would¡¡argue¡¡that¡¡you¡¡do¡¡not¡¡run¡¡because¡¡you¡¡are¡¡afraid¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
bear£»¡¡but¡¡rather¡¡you¡¡are¡¡afraid¡¡because¡¡you¡¡run¡£¡¡
The¡¡Cannon¨CBard¡¡Theory¡¡
The¡¡James¨CLange¡¡model¡¡of¡¡emotional¡¡response¡¡was¡¡popular¡¡for¡¡quite¡¡some¡¡time£»¡¡until¡¡W¡£¡¡B¡£¡¡Cannon¡¡came¡¡
along¡¡about¡¡1930¡¡and¡¡criticized¡¡the¡¡James¨CLange¡¡model¡¡on¡¡different¡¡grounds