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cyprus, as i saw it in 1879-µÚ76ÕÂ

С˵£º cyprus, as i saw it in 1879 ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ3500×Ö

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process¡¡a¡¡great¡¡shrinkage¡¡takes¡¡place£»¡¡which¡¡varies¡¡considerably
according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡original¡¡quality¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cocoon¡£¡¡This¡¡year¡¡the¡¡cocoon
was¡¡excellent¡¡and¡¡the¡¡shrinkage¡¡small£»¡¡3¡¡1/2¡¡wet¡¡cocoons¡¡equalling¡¡1
dry£»¡¡while¡¡last¡¡year¡¡5¡¡wet¡¡equalled¡¡1¡¡dry¡£

¡¨It¡¡is¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡dried¡¡cocoon¡¡that¡¡the¡¡tithe¡¡is¡¡fixed¡£¡¡When¡¡the¡¡cocoon¡¡is
good¡¡and¡¡the¡¡price¡¡likewise£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡very¡¡little¡¡winding¡¡done¡¡here¡£¡¨

¡¨It¡¡is¡¡computed¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Caroub¡¡trees¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Baffo¡¡district¡¡number¡¡about
40£»000¡£¡¡Of¡¡Olive¡¡trees¡¡I¡¡cannot¡¡give¡¡you¡¡anything¡¡like¡¡a¡¡guess£»¡¡I¡¡should
only¡¡be¡¡misleading¡¡you¡£¡¨

£¨Signed£©£»¡¨A¡£¡¡G¡£¡¡WAUCHOPE¡£¡¨


It¡¡will¡¡be¡¡remarked¡¡that¡¡no¡¡outlay¡¡is¡¡contemplated¡¡for¡¡road¡­making¡¡or
repairs¡¡of¡¡bridges£»¡¡nor¡¡for¡¡any¡¡of¡¡the¡¡necessary¡¡public¡¡works£»¡¡as¡¡the
general¡¡revenue¡¡of¡¡the¡¡island¡¡cannot¡¡afford¡¡the¡¡local¡¡expenditure¡£¡¡This
otherwise¡¡prosperous¡¡little¡¡province¡¡would¡¡be¡¡self¡­sustaining£»¡¡as
sufficient¡¡income¡¡would¡¡be¡¡realised¡¡for¡¡the¡¡annual¡¡outlay¡¡required¡¡for
road¡­making¡¡and¡¡other¡¡improvements¡£¡¡There¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡a¡¡truer¡¡example¡¡of
the¡¡error¡¡in¡¡our¡¡Convention¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Porte¡¡by¡¡which¡¡we¡¡have¡¡agreed¡¡to
the¡¡surplus¡¡revenue¡¡exhibited¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Turkish¡¡system¡¡of¡¡accounts¡¡in¡¡an
average¡¡of¡¡five¡¡years¡£¡¡The¡¡Baffo¡¡estimates¡¡show¡¡a¡¡surplus¡¡of¡¡9232L¡£¡¡upon
the¡¡financial¡¡year£»¡¡but¡¡there¡¡is¡¡the¡¡forced¡¡neglect¡¡of¡¡all¡¡necessary
improvements¡¡owing¡¡to¡¡the¡¡terms¡¡of¡¡our¡¡occupation£»¡¡which¡¡rob¡¡the¡¡country
of¡¡about¡¡100£»000L¡£¡¡annually¡£¡¡According¡¡to¡¡the¡¡figures¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Baffo
forecast¡¡of¡¡revenue¡¡and¡¡expenditure£»¡¡Cyprus¡¡can¡¡afford¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡the¡¡amount
of¡¡rental¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Porte£»¡¡but¡¡this¡¡is¡¡to¡¡the¡¡detriment¡¡of¡¡all¡¡public
works£»¡¡which¡¡will¡¡render¡¡material¡¡progress¡¡impossible£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time
that¡¡the¡¡incubus¡¡of¡¡Turkish¡¡taxation¡¡will¡¡be¡¡permanent¡£


JUDICIAL¡¡ADMINISTRATION¡£

By¡¡an¡¡Order¡¡in¡¡Council¡¡on¡¡14¡¡September£»¡¡1878£»¡¡powers¡¡were¡¡given¡¡for¡¡the
administration¡¡of¡¡Cyprus¡¡by¡¡a¡¡High¡¡Commissioner¡¡appointed¡¡by¡¡Her
Majesty£»¡¡together¡¡with¡¡a¡¡Legislative¡¡Council¡¡constituted¡¡according¡¡to
Clause¡¡VI¡£¡¡£º¡­

¡¨The¡¡Legislative¡¡Council¡¡for¡¡the¡¡said¡¡island¡¡shall¡¡consist¡¡of¡¡the¡¡High
Commissioner¡¡for¡¡the¡¡time¡¡being£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡such¡¡other¡¡public¡¡officers¡¡and
persons¡¡within¡¡the¡¡same£»¡¡not¡¡being¡¡less¡¡than¡¡four¡¡or¡¡more¡¡than¡¡eight¡¡in
number£»¡¡as¡¡shall¡¡be¡¡named¡¡or¡¡designated¡¡for¡¡that¡¡purpose¡¡by¡¡her
Majesty¡£¡¨

In¡¡Clause¡¡XXI¡£¡¡£º¡­

¡¨The¡¡High¡¡Commissioner¡¡may¡¡constitute¡¡and¡¡appoint¡¡all¡¡such¡¡Judges£»
Justices¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Peace£»¡¡and¡¡other¡¡necessary¡¡officers¡¡in¡¡the¡¡said¡¡island
as¡¡may¡¡lawfully¡¡be¡¡appointed¡¡by¡¡her¡¡Majesty£»¡¡all¡¡of¡¡whom¡¡shall¡¡hold
their¡¡offices¡¡during¡¡her¡¡Majesty's¡¡pleasure¡£¡¨

It¡¡was¡¡agreed¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Porte¡¡£º¡­

¡¨I¡£¡¡That¡¡a¡¡Mussulman¡¡religious¡¡tribunal¡¡£¨Mehkemei¡¡Sheri£©¡¡shall¡¡continue
to¡¡exist¡¡in¡¡the¡¡island£»¡¡which¡¡will¡¡take¡¡exclusive¡¡cognizance¡¡of
religious¡¡matters£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡no¡¡others£»¡¡concerning¡¡the¡¡Mussulman¡¡population
of¡¡the¡¡island¡£

¡¨II¡£¡¡That¡¡a¡¡Mussulman¡¡resident¡¡in¡¡the¡¡island¡¡shall¡¡be¡¡named¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Board
of¡¡Pious¡¡Foundations¡¡in¡¡Turkey¡¡£¨Evkaf£©¡¡to¡¡superintend£»¡¡in¡¡conjunction
with¡¡a¡¡delegate¡¡to¡¡be¡¡appointed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡British¡¡authorities£»¡¡the
administration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡property£»¡¡funds£»¡¡and¡¡lands¡¡belonging¡¡to¡¡mosques£»
cemeteries£»¡¡Mussulman¡¡schools£»¡¡and¡¡other¡¡religious¡¡establishments
existing¡¡in¡¡Cyprus¡£¡¨

The¡¡Turkish¡¡law¡¡courts¡¡were¡¡preserved¡¡in¡¡their¡¡original¡¡construction
under¡¡the¡¡supervision¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Commissioners¡¡of¡¡the¡¡six¡¡districts£º
Lefkosia£»¡¡Larnaca£»¡¡Famagousta£»¡¡Baffo£»¡¡Limasol£»¡¡Kyrenia¡£¡¡These¡¡courts¡¡are
the¡¡Idari¡¡and¡¡Daavi£»¡¡the¡¡Temiz¡¡or¡¡supreme¡¡court¡¡sitting¡¡in¡¡Lefkosia¡£¡¡The
Idari¡¡and¡¡Daavi¡¡courts¡¡exist¡¡independently¡¡in¡¡each¡¡district¡£¡¡The¡¡Cadi¡¡is
judge¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Idari£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡composed¡¡of¡¡three¡¡Mussulmans¡¡and¡¡two
Christians¡¡elected¡¡by¡¡the¡¡population£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡court¡¡is¡¡specially
presided¡¡over¡¡by¡¡the¡¡British¡¡Commissioner£»¡¡and¡¡all¡¡cases¡¡in¡¡detail¡¡are
translated¡¡and¡¡entered¡¡in¡¡the¡¡register¡£¡¡The¡¡Daavi¡¡Medjlis¡¡or¡¡court
consists¡¡of¡¡five¡¡membersthe¡¡Cadi£»¡¡two¡¡Mussulmans£»¡¡and¡¡two¡¡Christians¡£

An¡¡appeal¡¡from¡¡the¡¡decisions¡¡of¡¡these¡¡courts¡¡can¡¡be¡¡made¡¡to¡¡the¡¡High
Court¡¡of¡¡Temiz¡¡at¡¡Lefkosia£»¡¡the¡¡decision¡¡of¡¡which¡¡is¡¡final£»¡¡only¡¡subject
to¡¡the¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡Clauses¡¡XXII¡£¡¡and¡¡XXIII¡£¡¡in¡¡powers¡¡granted¡¡to¡¡the
High¡¡Commissioner¡¡by¡¡Order¡¡in¡¡Council¡¡of¡¡14¡¡September£»¡¡1878¡¡£º¡­

¡¨XXII¡£¡¡The¡¡Highmissioner¡¡may£»¡¡as¡¡he¡¡shall¡¡see¡¡occasion£»¡¡in¡¡her
Majesty's¡¡name¡¡and¡¡on¡¡her¡¡behalf£»¡¡grant¡¡to¡¡any¡¡offender¡¡convicted¡¡of¡¡any
crime£»¡¡in¡¡any¡¡court£»¡¡or¡¡before¡¡any¡¡Judge£»¡¡Justice£»¡¡or¡¡Magistrate¡¡within
the¡¡said¡¡island£»¡¡a¡¡free¡¡and¡¡unconditional¡¡pardon£»¡¡or¡¡a¡¡pardon¡¡subject¡¡to
such¡¡conditions¡¡as¡¡may¡¡at¡¡any¡¡time¡¡be¡¡awfully¡¡thereunto¡¡annexed£»¡¡or¡¡any
respite¡¡of¡¡the¡¡execution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sentence¡¡of¡¡any¡¡such¡¡offender¡¡for¡¡such
period¡¡as¡¡to¡¡him¡¡may¡¡seem¡¡fit¡£¡¨

¡¨XXIII¡£¡¡The¡¡High¡¡Commissioner¡¡may£»¡¡as¡¡he¡¡shall¡¡see¡¡occasion£»¡¡in¡¡her
Majesty's¡¡name¡¡and¡¡on¡¡her¡¡behalf£»¡¡remit¡¡any¡¡fines£»¡¡penalties£»¡¡or
forfeitures¡¡which¡¡may¡¡accrue¡¡or¡¡become¡¡payable¡¡to¡¡her£»¡¡provided¡¡the¡¡same
do¡¡not¡¡exceed¡¡the¡¡sum¡¡of¡¡fifty¡¡pounds¡¡sterling¡¡in¡¡any¡¡one¡¡case£»¡¡and¡¡may
suspend¡¡the¡¡payment¡¡of¡¡any¡¡such¡¡fine£»¡¡penalty£»¡¡or¡¡forfeiture¡¡exceeding
the¡¡sum¡¡of¡¡fifty¡¡pounds¡¡until¡¡her¡¡Majesty's¡¡pleasure¡¡thereon¡¡shall¡¡be
made¡¡known¡¡and¡¡signified¡¡to¡¡him¡£¡¨


MIGRATORY¡¡BIRDS¡£

The¡¡birds¡¡of¡¡passage¡¡that¡¡visit¡¡Cyprus¡¡£¨excepting¡¡swallows£©£»¡¡exhibit¡¡a
peculiarity¡¡in¡¡their¡¡insignificant¡¡numbers¡¡compared¡¡with¡¡their
migrations¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡mainlands¡¡of¡¡Asia£»¡¡Southern¡¡Europe£»¡¡and¡¡Africa¡£¡¡The
bustards¡¡that¡¡are¡¡so¡¡common¡¡in¡¡Turkey¡¡and¡¡Asia¡¡Minor¡¡are¡¡seldom¡¡seen¡£
The¡¡grey¡¡crane¡¡frequently¡¡passes¡¡over¡¡Cyprus¡¡without¡¡resting¡¡upon¡¡its
long¡¡flight£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡month¡¡of¡¡March¡¡its¡¡loud¡¡cry¡¡may¡¡be¡¡heard¡¡so¡¡far
in¡¡the¡¡blue¡¡sky¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡distinguish¡¡the¡¡flocks¡¡of¡¡these
large¡¡birds¡¡at¡¡the¡¡stupendous¡¡height¡¡of¡¡their¡¡airy¡¡road¡¡towards¡¡the
north¡£¡¡Even¡¡should¡¡the¡¡cranes¡¡condescend¡¡to¡¡rest¡¡for¡¡a¡¡short¡¡interval
during¡¡an¡¡unfavourable¡¡wind£»¡¡they¡¡leave¡¡on¡¡the¡¡first¡¡opportunity¡£¡¡I¡¡have
frequently¡¡heard¡¡them¡¡high¡¡in¡¡air¡¡travelling¡¡throughout¡¡the¡¡nightthus
during¡¡night¡¡and¡¡day¡¡they¡¡have¡¡been¡¡sailing¡¡northwards¡¡to¡¡make¡¡the¡¡most
of¡¡fair¡¡wind¡¡and¡¡weather¡£

The¡¡sand¡­grouse¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡occasionally¡¡on¡¡the¡¡plains¡¡of¡¡Messaria£»
but¡¡never¡¡in¡¡the¡¡quantities¡¡that¡¡are¡¡met¡¡with¡¡in¡¡other¡¡neighbouring
countries¡£¡¡Woodcocks¡¡are¡¡scarce£»¡¡and¡¡those¡¡which¡¡are¡¡shot¡¡must¡¡have
halted¡¡in¡¡the¡¡island¡¡during¡¡their¡¡passage¡¡en¡¡route¡¡for¡¡other¡¡shores¡£
Snipe¡¡are¡¡very¡¡numerous¡¡in¡¡the¡¡marshes¡¡of¡¡Limasol¡¡salt¡¡lakes£»¡¡Morphu£»
Famagousta£»¡¡Kuklia£»¡¡and¡¡Larnaca¡£¡¡Quails¡¡are¡¡never¡¡plentiful£»¡¡and¡¡are
inferior¡¡in¡¡condition¡¡to¡¡those¡¡of¡¡Egypt¡¡and¡¡Southern¡¡Europe¡£¡¡Wild¡¡ducks
are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡on¡¡the¡¡lake¡¡near¡¡Famagousta¡¡and¡¡at¡¡Limasol¡£¡¡The
wood¡­pigeons£»¡¡and¡¡doves£»¡¡together¡¡with¡¡fly¡­catchers£»¡¡arrive¡¡in¡¡April£»
but¡¡never¡¡in¡¡large¡¡numbers¡£

Return¡¡of¡¡Villages£»¡¡Population£»¡¡etc¡££»¡¡of¡¡Famagousta¡¡District¡£

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Villages¡¡Churches¡¡Mosques¡¡Turks¡¡Christians¡¡Total
Naleieh¡¡of¡¡Famasousta¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡9*¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡20¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡6¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡685¡¡¡¡¡¡3£»978¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡4£»663
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Carpas¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡36¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡46¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡13¡¡¡¡3£»470¡¡¡¡¡¡7£»168¡¡¡¡¡¡10£»638
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Messaria¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡68¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡66¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡29¡¡¡¡4£»861¡¡¡¡12£»434¡¡¡¡¡¡17£»295
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡113¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡132¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡48¡¡¡¡9£»016¡¡¡¡23£»580¡¡¡¡¡¡32£»596

*¡¡Includes¡¡Famagousta¡¡town¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Piastres¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡L¡¡¡¡¡¡s¡£¡¡d¡£
The¡¡taxes¡¡for¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1878¡¡amounted¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡1£»370£»221¡¡=¡¡11£»418¡¡10¡¡4
£¨This¡¡being¡¡paid¡¡in¡¡Coime¡¡at¡¡a¡¡very
variable¡¡rate£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡scarcely¡¡correct
to¡¡reduce¡¡the¡¡amounts¡¡to¡¡sterling¡££©
The¡¡tithes¡¡of¡¡this¡¡district¡¡were¡¡farmed
out¡¡in¡¡1878¡¡for¡¡¡£¡£¡£¡¡¡£¡£¡£¡¡¡£¡£¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡25£»000¡¡¡¡0¡¡0

Revenue¡¡therefore¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡36£»418¡¡10¡¡4


The¡¡taxes¡¡for¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1879¡¡amount¡¡to¡£¡£¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡10£»379¡¡¡¡90
This¡¡does¡¡not¡¡include¡¡indirect¡¡taxes¡¡such¡¡as
¡¡¡¡Customs£»¡¡say¡£¡£¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1£»000¡¡¡¡00

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡11£»379¡¡¡¡90

It¡¡is¡¡impossible¡¡to¡¡calculate¡¡the¡¡tithes¡¡yet¡¡for¡¡this¡¡year¡¡£¨1879£©¡£¡¡From
Famagousta¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡exports¡¡are¡¡corn£»¡¡from¡¡Messaria£»¡¡donkeys£»¡¡fruit£»
and¡¡pottery£»¡¡the¡¡two¡¡latter¡¡chiefly¡¡from¡¡Varoshia¡£





Cyprus£º¡¡Trooditissa¡¡Monastery£»
4400¡¡feet¡¡above¡¡the¡¡sea
21¡¡September£»¡¡1879¡£

Messrs¡£¡¡Macmillan¡¡&¡¡Co¡£

MY¡¡DEAR¡¡SIRS£»

If¡¡I¡¡am¡¡in¡¡time¡¡to¡¡secure¡¡the¡¡last¡¡efforts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡printer¡¡perhaps¡¡this
letter¡¡in¡¡its¡¡integrity¡¡may¡¡convey¡¡the¡¡information¡¡which¡¡the¡¡autumnal
season¡¡has¡¡afforded¡£¡¡The¡¡difficulty¡¡of¡¡all¡¡writers¡¡upon¡¡strange
countries¡¡lies¡¡in¡¡their¡¡short¡¡experience¡£¡¡Each¡¡month¡¡exhibits¡¡the
changes¡¡of¡¡nature¡¡in¡¡seasons£»¡¡meteorological¡¡phenomena£»¡¡and¡¡vegetation£»
thus¡¡the¡¡full¡¡twelve¡¡months¡¡should¡¡form¡¡the¡¡data¡¡for¡¡a¡¡detailed
description¡£¡¡I¡¡closed¡¡my¡¡account¡¡of¡¡Cyprus¡¡in¡¡August£»¡¡since¡¡which¡¡fruits
have¡¡ripened¡¡and¡¡various¡¡changes¡¡have¡¡developedall¡¡have¡¡afforded
information¡£

Taxation¡¡in¡¡kind£»¡¡and¡¡Government¡¡valuation¡¡of¡¡produce¡¡while¡¡growing£»¡¡has
been¡¡a¡¡crying¡¡evil¡¡that¡¡I¡¡have¡¡endeavoured¡¡to¡¡bring¡¡before¡¡the¡¡public¡¡as
one¡¡of¡¡those¡¡instances¡¡of¡¡injustice¡¡which¡¡stamps¡¡the¡¡oppressive¡¡system
of¡¡the¡¡Turkish¡¡administration£»¡¡this¡¡unfortunately¡¡has¡¡not¡¡yet¡¡been
abolished¡¡by¡¡the¡¡British¡¡Government¡£¡¡I¡¡have¡¡already¡¡described¡¡the
arbitrary¡¡and¡¡unjust¡¡laws¡¡that¡¡fetter¡¡the¡¡all¡­important¡¡wine¡¡trade£»
which¡¡is¡¡the¡¡principal¡¡industry¡¡of¡¡Limasol£»¡¡but¡¡since¡¡I¡¡forwarded¡¡the
manuscript¡¡to¡¡England¡¡I¡¡have¡¡myself¡¡witnessed¡¡the¡¡miserable¡¡effects¡¡of
the¡¡present¡¡laws¡¡during¡¡the¡¡advance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡season¡¡in¡¡ripening¡¡the
produce¡¡of¡¡the¡¡vineyards¡£

Three¡¡weeks¡¡ago¡¡I¡¡walked¡¡for¡¡some¡¡hours¡¡through¡¡the¡¡boundless¡¡extent¡¡of
grape¡¡cultivation¡¡at¡¡the¡¡foot¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mountains¡¡below¡¡the¡¡village¡¡of
Phyni£»¡¡at¡¡that¡¡time¡¡the¡¡crop¡¡was¡¡ripe£»¡¡and¡¡should¡¡have¡¡been¡¡gathered¡£

The¡¡bunches¡¡of¡¡dark¡¡red¡¡were¡¡equal¡¡to¡¡the¡¡finest¡¡hot¡­house¡¡grapes¡¡of
England£»¡¡both¡¡in¡¡weight¡¡and¡¡in¡¡size¡¡of¡¡berries£»¡¡the¡¡black¡¡were¡¡about¡¡the
average¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Black¡¡Hamburg£»¡¡the¡¡white¡¡were¡¡smaller¡¡and¡¡about¡¡the¡¡size
of¡¡the¡¡common¡¡¡¨sweet¡­water¡£¡¨¡¡A¡¡day¡¡or¡¡two¡¡ago¡¡I¡¡again¡¡visited¡¡the¡¡same
vineyards£»¡¡the¡¡grapes¡¡had¡¡not¡¡been¡¡gathered£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡computed¡¡that¡¡at
least¡¡one¡­third¡¡of¡¡the¡¡crop¡¡was¡¡destroyed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡delay¡£¡¡The¡¡magnificent
bunches¡¡of¡¡dark¡¡red¡¡were¡¡for¡¡the¡¡most¡¡part¡¡shrivelled£»¡¡one¡­half¡¡the
berries¡¡upon¡¡each¡¡cluster¡¡being¡¡reduced¡¡to¡¡the¡¡appearance¡¡of¡¡raisins£»
and¡¡utterly¡¡devoid¡¡of¡¡juice£»¡¡while¡¡many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡other¡¡varieties¡¡were
completely¡¡withered¡£¡¡The¡¡explanation¡¡given¡¡by¡¡the¡¡people¡¡was¡¡simple
enough¡¨The¡¡official¡¡valuer¡¡had¡¡not¡¡appeared£»¡¡and¡¡without¡¡his
certificate¡¡no¡¡grapes¡¡could¡¡be¡¡gathered¡£¡¨¡¡There¡¡are¡¡only¡¡three¡¡valuers
to¡¡an¡¡extensive¡¡district£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡physically¡¡impossible¡¡that¡¡they¡¡can
perform¡¡their¡¡duties£»¡¡even¡¡were¡¡they¡¡inclined¡¡to¡¡attend¡¡when¡¡summoned¡¡to
each¡¡village£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡absence¡¡of¡¡some¡¡special¡¡inducement¡£¡¡The¡¡actual
labour¡¡of¡¡walking¡¡up¡¡the¡¡abrupt¡¡inclines¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡mountain¡¡sides¡¡which
constitute¡¡the¡¡vineyards¡¡is¡¡most¡¡formidable£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡least¡¡four¡¡times¡¡the
staff¡¡is¡¡necessary£»¡¡of¡¡young¡¡and¡¡capable¡¡men£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡valuation¡¡of¡¡the
crop¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡with¡¡due¡¡consideration¡¡to¡¡the¡¡interests¡¡of¡¡the
grower¡£¡¡The¡¡distressing¡¡result¡¡that¡¡I¡¡have¡¡myself¡¡witnessed¡¡in¡¡the
partial¡¡destruction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡crops¡¡can¡¡admit¡¡of¡¡no¡¡excuse£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡exhibits
a¡¡painful¡¡example¡¡of¡¡mal¡­administration¡¡in¡¡the¡¡ruin¡¡attendant¡¡upon¡¡a
Turkish¡¡system¡¡of¡¡taxation¡£

Some¡¡persons¡¡may¡¡suggest¡¡that¡¡the¡¡dried¡¡and¡¡withered¡¡grapes¡¡would¡¡be
saleable¡¡as¡¡raisins£º¡¡this¡¡is¡¡not¡¡the¡¡case¡£¡¡Raisins¡¡are¡¡not¡¡merely¡¡dried
grapes£»¡¡as¡¡is¡¡generally¡¡supposed£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡

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