新东方白易礼语法笔记-第8章
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2）They were made to learn the poem by heart。The professor made them learn the poem by heart。3）The house was being cleaned while the dinner was being cooked。He was cleaning the house while she was cooking the dinner。4）It must have been done by an artist。An artist must have done it。5）The business has been taken over by his petitors。His petitors have taken over the business。6）Such customs should be done away with。We should do away with such customs。7）Why haven't the letters been written？Why haven't you written the letters？8）It must be done at once。You must do it at once。9）I ought to have been told sooner。You ought to have told me sooner。10）I wasn't told that he had been dismissed。They didn't tell me that they had dismissed him。3、用被动语态翻译以下句子（做翻译时，首先要看用什么句型和结构，再看用什么谓语动词，然后看用什么时态。这些是汉译英的关键。）1）没有人强迫你去做那项工作。You are not forced/pelled to do the work。2）这个班由布朗先生教英语。The class is taught English by Mr。 Brown。3）那棵大树被风刮倒了。That big tree was blown down by the wind。4）这间教室靠两个火炉取暖。This classroom is heated by two stoves。5）这篇文章是汤姆写的吗？Was the article written by Tom？6）你会得到老师们的帮助。You will be helped by the teachers。7）恐怕你要挨批评了。I am afraid you will be criticized。8）那封信已由王林写好。The letter has been written by Wang Lin。9）电影放映之前，票已全部售出。All the tickets had been sold out before the film began。10）试卷上所有的题目都必须做吗？Must all the questions on the paper be answered？11）我们学校正在修建一个新的化学实验室。A new chemistry lab is being built in our school。12）电视机关上了。The television has been turned off。13）在生产中可以很好地利用原子能。Atomic/Nuclear energy can be made good use of in production。14）大家知道，物质是在不断运动和变化的。It is well known that matter is in constant motion and constant change。15）有人看见他和李红在一起。He was seen with Li Hong。16）据报道，一两天内有大雨。It is reported that there will be a heavy rain in a day or two。17）林肯在竞选参议员失败后两年，当选为美国总统。Two years after he was defeated in the Senate race； Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States。18）他父亲被派到南京出差去了。His father has been sent to Nanjing on business。19）…新方案实行了吗？…没有，还在计划中。听说还在提出各种建议。…新方案完成时就要采取下一个步骤了。…Has the new program been started yet？…No； it is still being planned。 It is said that suggestions are still being made。…The next step will be taken when the new program is worked out。20）…那个电话是什么时候打的？…我想是昨天晚上打的。…When was the telephone call made？…I think it was made last night。
六．虚拟语气
多数中国人对虚拟语气的理解是：虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望，是假设的，虚构的，与事实相反的，或者是不太可能的。这种理解固然是对的，但并不全面。在英语中，虚拟语气是个广义的概念，包括好几种句型和结构。假设，意愿等只是虚拟语气的两个方面。
英汉两种语言表达虚拟语气的方式差异：
而在英语中，虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的。这又一次证明动词在英语中的核心地位，又一次证明要学好英语语法，就要学好英语动词。由于虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的，因此，掌握虚拟语气中所使用的各种谓语动词形式变化是掌握虚拟语气的关键，这也是虚拟语气的难点。虚拟语气本身也是英语语法的一个难点。
学习虚拟语气的方法是分别弄通虚拟语气的各种句型和结构，各个击破。下面对虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法分别介绍。
（一）虚拟语气用于表示假设的条件状语从句，状语从句相当于汉语的“假如…” “要是…”等。请看一个句子：
If she invites me tomorrow； I shall go to the party。 如果她明天邀请我参加聚会，我就去。
这是个带条件从句的主从复合句，是直接的陈述语气，主句谓语动词用将来时，从句谓语动词用现在时代替将来时，表示能实现的动作。这句话说明说话人认为邀请的可能性较大。此句的条件是“只要她邀请我”，“去”这一动作就能实现。
请把这句话与下面虚拟语气的带条件从句的主从复合句进行比较：1） If she invited me； I should go to the party。 假如她邀请我参加聚会，我就去。（说话人认为邀请的可能性较小或不可能。）这句话主句谓语动词用过去将来时，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，其含义是：
She will probably not invite me； so I shall not go to the party。 她很可能不会邀请我参加聚会，所以我不会去。2） If she had invited me yesterday； I should have gone to the party。 假如她昨天邀请我参加聚会，我就去了。这句话主句谓语动词用“should ＋ have ＋ 过去分词”形式，从句用过去完成时，对过去发生的事情进行虚拟假设，表示与过去事实相反的情况，其含义是：
She didn’t invite me yesterday； so I didn’t go to the party。 她昨天没有邀请我参加聚会，因此我没有去。3） If she should invite me tomorrow； I should go to the party。 如果她明天邀请我参加聚会，我会去的。这句话主句谓语动词用过去将来时，从句谓语动词也用过去将来时，表示的意思是，“邀请我”的可能性较小，对将来要发生的情况表示怀疑。其含义是：
It is unlikely that she will invite me tomorrow； so I shall not go to the party。 明天她不可能会邀请我，因此我不会去。
从以上例句可以看出：虚拟语气的条件句是用谓语动词的特殊形式来表示与现在、过去事实相反的情况或对将来发生的情况表示怀疑，和直陈语气条件句的谓语动词形式以及所表达的含义完全不同。虚拟语气条件句中所用的谓语动词过去式、过去完成式、过去将来式等只表示不同的虚拟语气，与直陈语气句子的过去时、过去完成时等毫无关系，在学习时应注意加以区别，不要混淆。
现将虚拟语气在条件句中的各种具体形式和用法分述如下：1、对现在的虚拟，表示与现在事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去式（be的过去式用were。而主句中的谓语动词用would （should； could； might） ＋ 动词原形。见下表：条件状语从句的动词形式主句的动词形式If＋主语＋动词过去式（be的过去式were。在口语等非正式场合中，I，he，she，it等后面也可用was。但在If I were you中，一定要用were，不能用was。I （we）should＋动词原形主语＋would （might；could）十动词原形1、例句：If I were you； I should study English。（fact： I am not you； so I shall not study English。）If he had time； he would attend the meeting。（fact： He does not have time； so he will not attend the meeting。）If they didn’t take physical exercises every day； they wouldn’t be so healthy。（fact： They take physical exercises every day； so they are very healthy。）If you went to bed earlier； you would not be so sleepy in the morning。（fact： You often go to bed late； so you are always sleepy in the morning。）If this were the case； it would be very awkward。（fact： This is not the case； so it is not awkward。）
Now let’s do some translation：要是没有虚拟语气，英语就会容易多了。If there were no subjunctive mood； English would be much easier。如果我是你，我就在房屋周围种些树。If I were you； I would （should） plant some trees around the house。如果我把头发染成蓝色，人人都会笑话我。If I dyed my hair blue； everybody would laugh at me。 Or： I would （should） be laughed at by everybody。要不是她这么忙，她就会出席今天下午的会议了。If she were not so busy； she would attend the meeting this afternoon。
2、对过去的虚拟，表示与过去的事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去完成时；主句的谓语动词用would （should； could； might）＋过去分词。见下表：
条件状语从司的动词形式主句的动词形式If＋主语＋had＋过去分词i（we）should＋have＋过去分词主语＋could （might；could）＋have ＋ 过去分词例句：If you had taken my advice； you wouldn’t have failed in the examination。（fact： You did not take my advice； so you have failed in the examination。）I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination。（fact： I did not have more time at yesterday’s exam； so I didn’t check my paper again。）He would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in time。 （fact： He didn’t see the doctor in time； so he has not recovered from his illness。）If we had known that she was to arrive yesterday； we could have met her at the station。（fact： We didn’t know that she was to arrive yesterday； so we could not meet her at the station。）You didn’t let me drive。 If we had driven in turn； you wouldn’t have got so tired。（fact： We didn’t drive in turn； so you have got so tired。）
Now let’s do some translation：要是有人警告过他，他就不会吃那个食物了。If he had been warned； he would not have taken that food。如果你服从命令的话，灾难就不会发生了。If you had obeyed the order； the disaster could not have happened。假如你早接受了那个有经验的老工人的意见，你的试验就不会失败了。If you had taken the old experienced worker’s advice； you wouldn’t have failed in the experiment。如果我知道你要来的话，我就去机场接你了。If I had known that you were to arrive； I would have met you at the airport。如果我的律师上周六在这里，他就会阻止我去了。If my lawyer had been here last Saturday； he would have prevented me from going。要是她工作更努力些，她本是成功的。If she had worked harder； she would have succeeded。会上我没有见到你妹妹。如果她来了，她就见到我哥哥了。I didn’t see your younger sister at the meeting。 If she had e； she would have met my elder brother。
3、表示与将来事实相反的假设，对将来表示怀疑，或将来的动作不太可能实现时，条件状语从句和主句的谓语动词有以下形式：（见表）条件状语从句的动词形式（三种）主句的动词形式（1）if十主语＋动词过去式（be的过去式用were），通常要与一个表示将来的时间状语连用。（2）If＋主语（任何人称和数）＋should＋动词原形（3）if＋主语（任何人称和数）＋were to＋动词原形I（we）should＋动词原形主语＋would （might； could）＋动词原形请看以下句子：1）If it rains tomorrow； our picnic will be put off。 （说明：The weather has been very changeable these days。） 条件状语从句的谓语动词用现在时，表示说话人认为下雨的可能性很大。2）If it rained tomorrow； our picnic would be put off。 （说明：The weather has been very good these days。） 条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去时，表示说话人认为下雨的可能性不大。3）If it should rain tomorrow； our picnic would be put off。 （万一明天下雨，我们的野餐就推迟）。条件状语从句的谓语动词用should＋动词原形，说明下雨的可能性很小或没有可能，如果下雨，那将是出乎意料的。4）If it were to rain tomorrow； our picnic would be put off。这句话与上一句意思几乎一模一样。
If I saw him tomorrow； I would pass your note to him。If she were to miss the train tomorrow； she might e back and start off again the day after tomorrow。
万一你失败了，你准备怎么办？If you should fail； what would you do？要是我明天真的见到她，我就把真相告诉她。If I were to see her tomorrow； I would tell her the truth。万一明天下雨，会议就推迟。If it were to rain tomorrow； the meeting would be put off。我打赌巴西会赢得世界杯。要是巴西输了，我就请你搓一顿。I bet Brazil will win the World Cup。 If it should lose； I would treat you a meal。4、当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。这与以上三种情况不同，虚拟语气的谓语动词形式没有遵循以上规律。For example：
If you had worked hard； you would be very tired。 （从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在。）
If he had followed the doctor’s advice； he would be quite all right now。
If I were you； I would have gone home。
Now let’s do some translation：如果她过去没有刻苦训练的话，就不会跑得这么快。（从句动作指的是过去，主句指的是现在的情况）（Fact： She has trained very hard； so she is able to run very fast now。）If she hadn’t trained so hard； she wouldn’t be able to run so fast。如果你当初每天都练习说英语的话，你的英语就会说得很好。（从句动作指的是过去，主句指的是现在的情况） （fact： You didn’t practice speaking English very hard every day； so you can’t speak English very well ）If you had practiced speaking English every day； you would speak English well enough。
5。 以上句型可以转换成以下形式：
1）条件状语从句省略if：在书面语中，如果条件状语从�
