°®°®Ð¡ËµÍø > ÆäËûµç×ÓÊé > the polity of the athenians and the lacedaemonians >

µÚ2ÕÂ

the polity of the athenians and the lacedaemonians-µÚ2ÕÂ

С˵£º the polity of the athenians and the lacedaemonians ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ3500×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



nasiarch£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡People¡¡that¡¡profits¡¡by¡¡their¡¡labours¡££§30£§¡¡In¡¡fact£»¡¡what¡¡the¡¡People¡¡looks¡¡upon¡¡as¡¡its¡¡right¡¡is¡¡to¡¡pocket¡¡the¡¡money¡££§31£§¡¡To¡¡sing¡¡and¡¡run¡¡and¡¡dance¡¡and¡¡man¡¡the¡¡vessels¡¡is¡¡well¡¡enough£»¡¡but¡¡only¡¡in¡¡order¡¡that¡¡the¡¡People¡¡may¡¡be¡¡the¡¡gainer£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡rich¡¡are¡¡made¡¡poorer¡£¡¡And¡¡so¡¡in¡¡the¡¡courts¡¡of¡¡justice£»£§32£§¡¡justice¡¡is¡¡not¡¡more¡¡an¡¡object¡¡of¡¡concern¡¡to¡¡the¡¡jurymen¡¡than¡¡what¡¡touches¡¡personal¡¡advantage¡£

£§27£§¡¡For¡¡£ûmousike£ý¡¡and¡¡£ûgumnastike£ý£»¡¡see¡¡Becker's¡¡¡¨Charicles£»¡¨¡¡Exc¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Education¡£¡¨

£§28£§¡¡See¡¡¡¨Revenues£»¡¨¡¡iv¡£¡¡52£»¡¡Arist¡£¡¡¡¨Frogs£»¡¨¡¡1069£»¡¡£ûe¡¡xekenosen¡¡tas¡¡te¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡palaistras£ý£»¡¡¡¨and¡¡the¡¡places¡¡of¡¡exercise¡¡vacant¡¡and¡¡bare¡£¡¨Frere¡£

£§29£§¡¡¡¨The¡¡duties¡¡of¡¡the¡¡choregia¡¡consisted¡¡in¡¡finding¡¡maintenance¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡instruction¡¡for¡¡the¡¡chorus¡¨¡¡£¨in¡¡tragedy£»¡¡usually¡¡of¡¡fifteen¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡persons£©¡¡¡¨as¡¡long¡¡as¡¡they¡¡were¡¡in¡¡training£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡providing¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡dresses¡¡and¡¡equipments¡¡for¡¡the¡¡performance¡£¡¨Jebb£»¡¡¡¨Theophr¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Char¡£¡¨¡¡xxv¡£¡¡3¡£¡¡For¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡gymnasiarchy£»¡¡see¡¡¡¨Dict¡£¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Antiq¡£¡¨¡¡¡¨Gymnasium¡£¡¨¡¡For¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡trierarchy£»¡¡see¡¡Jebb£»¡¡op¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡cit¡£¡¡xxv¡£¡¡9£»¡¡xxix¡£¡¡16£»¡¡Boeckh£»¡¡¡¨P¡£¡¡E¡£¡¡A¡£¡¨¡¡IV¡£¡¡xi¡£

£§30£§¡¡See¡¡¡¨Econ¡£¡¨¡¡ii¡£¡¡6£»¡¡Thuc¡£¡¡vi¡£¡¡31¡£

£§31£§¡¡See¡¡Boeckh£»¡¡¡¨P¡£¡¡E¡£¡¡A¡£¡¨¡¡II¡£¡¡xvi¡£¡¡p¡£¡¡241¡£

£§32£§¡¡For¡¡the¡¡system¡¡of¡¡judicature£»¡¡the¡¡£ûdikasteria£ý£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡boards¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡jurymen¡¡or¡¡judges£»¡¡see¡¡Aristot¡£¡¡¡¨Constitution¡¡of¡¡Athens£»¡¨¡¡ch¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡lxiii¡££»¡¡¡¨Dict¡£¡¡of¡¡Antiq¡£¡¨¡¡s¡£v¡£

To¡¡speak¡¡next¡¡of¡¡the¡¡allies£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡the¡¡point¡¡that¡¡emissaries£§33£§¡¡from¡¡Athens¡¡come¡¡out£»¡¡and£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡common¡¡opinion£»¡¡calumniate¡¡and¡¡vent¡¡their¡¡hatred£§34£§¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡better¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡people£»¡¡this¡¡is¡¡done£§35£§¡¡on¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡that¡¡the¡¡ruler¡¡cannot¡¡help¡¡being¡¡hated¡¡by¡¡those¡¡whom¡¡he¡¡rules£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡if¡¡wealth¡¡and¡¡respectability¡¡are¡¡to¡¡wield¡¡power¡¡in¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡cities¡¡the¡¡empire¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Athenian¡¡People¡¡has¡¡but¡¡a¡¡short¡¡lease¡¡of¡¡existence¡£¡¡This¡¡explains¡¡why¡¡the¡¡better¡¡people¡¡are¡¡punished¡¡with¡¡infamy£»£§36£§¡¡robbed¡¡of¡¡their¡¡money£»¡¡driven¡¡from¡¡their¡¡homes£»¡¡and¡¡put¡¡to¡¡death£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡baser¡¡sort¡¡are¡¡promoted¡¡to¡¡honour¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡the¡¡better¡¡Athenians¡¡throw¡¡their¡¡aegis¡¡over¡¡the¡¡better¡¡class¡¡in¡¡the¡¡allied¡¡cities¡££§37£§¡¡And¡¡why£¿¡¡Because¡¡they¡¡recognise¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡to¡¡the¡¡interest¡¡of¡¡their¡¡own¡¡class¡¡at¡¡all¡¡times¡¡to¡¡protect¡¡the¡¡best¡¡element¡¡in¡¡the¡¡cities¡£¡¡It¡¡may¡¡be¡¡urged£§38£§¡¡that¡¡if¡¡it¡¡comes¡¡to¡¡strength¡¡and¡¡power¡¡the¡¡real¡¡strength¡¡of¡¡Athens¡¡lies¡¡in¡¡the¡¡capacity¡¡of¡¡her¡¡allies¡¡to¡¡contribute¡¡their¡¡money¡¡quota¡£¡¡But¡¡to¡¡the¡¡democratic¡¡mind£§39£§¡¡it¡¡appears¡¡a¡¡higher¡¡advantage¡¡still¡¡for¡¡the¡¡individual¡¡Athenian¡¡to¡¡get¡¡hold¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wealth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡allies£»¡¡leaving¡¡them¡¡only¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡live¡¡upon¡¡and¡¡to¡¡cultivate¡¡their¡¡estates£»¡¡but¡¡powerless¡¡to¡¡harbour¡¡treacherous¡¡designs¡£

£§33£§¡¡For¡¡£ûoi¡¡ekpleontes£ý£»¡¡see¡¡Grote£»¡¡¡¨H¡£¡¡G¡£¡¨¡¡vi¡£¡¡p¡£¡¡41¡£

£§34£§¡¡Reading¡¡£ûmisousi£ý£»¡¡or£»¡¡if¡¡with¡¡Kirchhoff£»¡¡£ûmeiousi£ý£»¡¡¡¨in¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡humiliate¡£¡¨

£§35£§¡¡Or£»¡¡¡¨£§they¡¡do¡¡so£§¡¡as¡¡recognising¡¡the¡¡fact¡£¡¨

£§36£§¡¡£ûatimia£ý¡¡=¡¡the¡¡loss¡¡of¡¡civil¡¡rights£»¡¡either¡¡total¡¡or¡¡partial¡£¡¡See¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡C¡£¡¡R¡£¡¡Kennedy£»¡¡¡¨Select¡¡Speeches¡¡of¡¡Demosthenes£»¡¨¡¡Note¡¡13£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Disenfranchisement¡£

£§37£§¡¡See¡¡Thuc¡£¡¡viii¡£¡¡48¡£

£§38£§¡¡See¡¡Grote£»¡¡¡¨H¡£¡¡G¡£¡¨¡¡vi¡£¡¡53¡£

£§39£§¡¡Or£»¡¡¡¨to¡¡a¡¡thorough¡¡democrat¡£¡¨

Again£»£§40£§¡¡it¡¡is¡¡looked¡¡upon¡¡as¡¡a¡¡mistaken¡¡policy¡¡on¡¡the¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Athenian¡¡democracy¡¡to¡¡compel¡¡her¡¡allies¡¡to¡¡voyage¡¡to¡¡Athens¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡have¡¡their¡¡cases¡¡tried¡££§41£§¡¡On¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡easy¡¡to¡¡reckon¡¡up¡¡what¡¡a¡¡number¡¡of¡¡advantages¡¡the¡¡Athenian¡¡People¡¡derive¡¡from¡¡the¡¡practice¡¡impugned¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡first¡¡place£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡the¡¡steady¡¡receipt¡¡of¡¡salaries¡¡throughout¡¡the¡¡year£§42£§¡¡derived¡¡from¡¡the¡¡court¡¡fees¡££§43£§¡¡Next£»¡¡it¡¡enables¡¡them¡¡to¡¡manage¡¡the¡¡affairs¡¡of¡¡the¡¡allied¡¡states¡¡while¡¡seated¡¡at¡¡home¡¡without¡¡the¡¡expense¡¡of¡¡naval¡¡expeditions¡£¡¡Thirdly£»¡¡they¡¡thus¡¡preserve¡¡the¡¡partisans¡¡of¡¡the¡¡democracy£»¡¡and¡¡ruin¡¡her¡¡opponents¡¡in¡¡the¡¡law¡¡courts¡£¡¡Whereas£»¡¡supposing¡¡the¡¡several¡¡allied¡¡states¡¡tried¡¡their¡¡cases¡¡at¡¡home£»¡¡being¡¡inspired¡¡by¡¡hostility¡¡to¡¡Athens£»¡¡they¡¡would¡¡destroy¡¡those¡¡of¡¡their¡¡own¡¡citizens¡¡whose¡¡friendship¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Athenian¡¡People¡¡was¡¡most¡¡marked¡£¡¡But¡¡besides¡¡all¡¡this¡¡the¡¡democracy¡¡derives¡¡the¡¡following¡¡advantages¡¡from¡¡hearing¡¡the¡¡cases¡¡of¡¡her¡¡allies¡¡in¡¡Athens¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡first¡¡place£»¡¡the¡¡one¡¡per¡¡cent£§44£§¡¡levied¡¡in¡¡Piraeus¡¡is¡¡increased¡¡to¡¡the¡¡profit¡¡of¡¡the¡¡state£»¡¡again£»¡¡the¡¡owner¡¡of¡¡a¡¡lodging¡­¡¡house£§45£§¡¡does¡¡better£»¡¡and¡¡so£»¡¡too£»¡¡the¡¡owner¡¡of¡¡a¡¡pair¡¡of¡¡beasts£»¡¡or¡¡of¡¡slaves¡¡to¡¡be¡¡let¡¡out¡¡on¡¡hire£»£§46£§¡¡again£»¡¡heralds¡¡and¡¡criers£§47£§¡¡are¡¡a¡¡class¡¡of¡¡people¡¡who¡¡fare¡¡better¡¡owing¡¡to¡¡the¡¡sojourn¡¡of¡¡foreigners¡¡at¡¡Athens¡£¡¡Further¡¡still£»¡¡supposing¡¡the¡¡allies¡¡had¡¡not¡¡to¡¡resort¡¡to¡¡Athens¡¡for¡¡the¡¡hearing¡¡of¡¡cases£»¡¡only¡¡the¡¡official¡¡representative¡¡of¡¡the¡¡imperial¡¡state¡¡would¡¡be¡¡held¡¡in¡¡honour£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡the¡¡general£»¡¡or¡¡trierarch£»¡¡or¡¡ambassador¡£¡¡Whereas¡¡now¡¡every¡¡single¡¡individual¡¡among¡¡the¡¡allies¡¡is¡¡forced¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡flattery¡¡to¡¡the¡¡People¡¡of¡¡Athens¡¡because¡¡he¡¡knows¡¡that¡¡he¡¡must¡¡betake¡¡himself¡¡to¡¡Athens¡¡and¡¡win¡¡or¡¡lose£§48£§¡¡his¡¡case¡¡at¡¡the¡¡bar£»¡¡not¡¡of¡¡any¡¡stray¡¡set¡¡of¡¡judges£»¡¡but¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sovereign¡¡People¡¡itself£»¡¡such¡¡being¡¡the¡¡law¡¡and¡¡custom¡¡at¡¡Athens¡£¡¡He¡¡is¡¡compelled¡¡to¡¡behave¡¡as¡¡a¡¡suppliant£§49£§¡¡in¡¡the¡¡courts¡¡of¡¡justice£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡some¡¡juryman¡¡comes¡¡into¡¡court£»¡¡to¡¡grasp¡¡his¡¡hand¡£¡¡For¡¡this¡¡reason£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡the¡¡allies¡¡find¡¡themselves¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more¡¡in¡¡the¡¡position¡¡of¡¡slaves¡¡to¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of¡¡Athens¡£

£§40£§¡¡Grote£»¡¡¡¨H¡£¡¡G¡£¡¨¡¡vi¡£¡¡61¡£

£§41£§¡¡See¡¡Isocr¡£¡¡¡¨Panath¡£¡¨¡¡245¡¡D¡£

£§42£§¡¡See¡¡Arist¡£¡¡¡¨Clouds£»¡¨¡¡1196£»¡¡Demosth¡£¡¡¡¨c¡£¡¡Timoc¡£¡¨¡¡730¡£

£§43£§¡¡For¡¡the¡¡¡¨Prytaneia£»¡¨¡¡see¡¡Aristot¡£¡¡¡¨Pol¡£¡¨¡¡ii¡£¡¡12£»¡¡4¡£¡¡¡¨Ephialtes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡Pericles¡¡curtailed¡¡the¡¡privileges¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Areopagus£»¡¡Pericles¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡converted¡¡the¡¡Courts¡¡of¡¡Law¡¡into¡¡salaried¡¡bodies£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡each¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡succeeding¡¡demagogue¡¡outdid¡¡his¡¡predecessor¡¡in¡¡the¡¡privileges¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡conferred¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡commons£»¡¡until¡¡the¡¡present¡¡democracy¡¡was¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡result¡¨¡¡£¨Welldon£©¡£¡¡¡¨The¡¡writer¡¡of¡¡this¡¡passage¡¡clearly¡¡intended¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡class¡¡Pericles¡¡among¡¡the¡¡demagogues¡£¡¡He¡¡judges¡¡him¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡deprecatory¡¡spirit¡¡as¡¡Plato¡¡in¡¡the¡¡'Gorgias£»'¡¡pp¡£¡¡515£»¡¡516¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Jowett£»¡¡¡¨Pol¡£¡¡of¡¡Aristot¡£¡¨¡¡vol¡£¡¡ii¡£¡¡p¡£¡¡101¡£¡¡But¡¡see¡¡Aristot¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Constitution¡¡of¡¡Athens£»¡¨¡¡ch¡£¡¡xxv¡££»¡¡a¡¡portion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡newly¡­¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡discovered¡¡treatise£»¡¡which¡¡throws¡¡light¡¡on¡¡an¡¡obscure¡¡period¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡Athens£»¡¡and¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Kenyon's¡¡note¡¡ad¡¡loc¡££»¡¡and¡¡Mr¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Macan's¡¡criticism£»¡¡¡¨Journal¡¡of¡¡Hellenic¡¡Studies£»¡¨¡¡vol¡£¡¡xii¡£¡¡No¡£¡¡1¡£

£§44£§¡¡For¡¡the¡¡£ûekatoste£ý£»¡¡see¡¡Thuc¡£¡¡vii¡£¡¡28£»¡¡in¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡the¡¡year¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡416£»¡¡Arist¡£¡¡¡¨Wasps£»¡¨¡¡658£»¡¡¡¨Frogs£»¡¨¡¡363¡£

£§45£§¡¡See¡¡Boeckh£»¡¡¡¨P¡£¡¡E¡£¡¡A¡£¡¨¡¡I¡£¡¡xii¡£¡¡p¡£¡¡65¡¡£¨Eng¡£¡¡trans¡££©£»¡¡I¡£¡¡xxiv¡£¡¡p¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡141¡£

£§46£§¡¡See¡¡¡¨Revenues£»¡¨¡¡iv¡£¡¡20£»¡¡p¡£¡¡338£»¡¡Jebb£»¡¡¡¨Theophr¡£¡¡Char¡£¡¨¡¡xxvi¡£¡¡16¡£

£§47£§¡¡For¡¡these¡¡functionaries£»¡¡see¡¡Jebb£»¡¡op¡£¡¡cit¡£¡¡xvi¡£¡¡10¡£

£§48£§¡¡Lit¡£¡¡¡¨pay¡¡or¡¡get¡¡justice¡£¡¨

£§49£§¡¡Se¡¡Arist¡£¡¡¡¨Wasps£»¡¨¡¡548¡¡foll¡££»¡¡Grote£»¡¡¡¨H¡£¡¡G¡£¡¨¡¡v¡£¡¡520¡¡note£»¡¡Newman£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡op¡£¡¡cit¡£¡¡i¡£¡¡383¡£

Furthermore£»¡¡owing¡¡to¡¡the¡¡possession¡¡of¡¡property¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡limits¡¡of¡¡Attica£»£§50£§¡¡and¡¡the¡¡exercise¡¡of¡¡magistracies¡¡which¡¡take¡¡them¡¡into¡¡regions¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡frontier£»¡¡they¡¡and¡¡their¡¡attendants¡¡have¡¡insensibly¡¡acquired¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡navigation¡££§51£§¡¡A¡¡man¡¡who¡¡is¡¡perpetually¡¡voyaging¡¡is¡¡forced¡¡to¡¡handle¡¡the¡¡oar£»¡¡he¡¡and¡¡his¡¡domestics¡¡alike£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡learn¡¡the¡¡terms¡¡familiar¡¡in¡¡seamanship¡£¡¡Hence¡¡a¡¡stock¡¡of¡¡skilful¡¡mariners¡¡is¡¡produced£»¡¡bred¡¡upon¡¡a¡¡wide¡¡experience¡¡of¡¡voyaging¡¡and¡¡practice¡£¡¡They¡¡have¡¡learnt¡¡their¡¡business£»¡¡some¡¡in¡¡piloting¡¡a¡¡small¡¡craft£»¡¡others¡¡a¡¡merchant¡¡vessel£»¡¡whilst¡¡others¡¡have¡¡been¡¡drafted¡¡off¡¡from¡¡these¡¡for¡¡service¡¡on¡¡a¡¡ship¡­of¡­war¡£¡¡So¡¡that¡¡the¡¡majority¡¡of¡¡them¡¡are¡¡able¡¡to¡¡row¡¡the¡¡moment¡¡they¡¡set¡¡foot¡¡on¡¡board¡¡a¡¡vessel£»¡¡having¡¡been¡¡in¡¡a¡¡state¡¡of¡¡preliminary¡¡practice¡¡all¡¡their¡¡lives¡£

£§50£§¡¡See¡¡¡¨Mem¡£¡¨¡¡II¡£¡¡viii¡£¡¡1¡£

£§51£§¡¡See¡¡¡¨Hell¡£¡¨¡¡VII¡£¡¡i¡£¡¡4¡£



II

As¡¡to¡¡the¡¡heavy¡¡infantry£»¡¡an¡¡arm¡¡the¡¡deficiency¡¡of¡¡which¡¡at¡¡Athens¡¡is¡¡well¡¡recognised£»¡¡this¡¡is¡¡how¡¡the¡¡matter¡¡stands¡£¡¡They¡¡recognise¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that£»¡¡in¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡the¡¡hostile¡¡power£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡themselves¡¡inferior£»¡¡and¡¡must¡¡be£»¡¡even¡¡if¡¡their¡¡heavy¡¡infantry¡¡were¡¡more¡¡numerous¡££§1£§¡¡But¡¡relatively¡¡to¡¡the¡¡allies£»¡¡who¡¡bring¡¡in¡¡the¡¡tribute£»¡¡their¡¡strength¡¡even¡¡on¡¡land¡¡is¡¡enormous¡£¡¡And¡¡they¡¡are¡¡persuaded¡¡that¡¡their¡¡heavy¡¡infantry¡¡is¡¡sufficient¡¡for¡¡all¡¡purposes£»¡¡provided¡¡they¡¡retain¡¡this¡¡superiority¡££§2£§¡¡Apart¡¡from¡¡all¡¡else£»¡¡to¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡extent¡¡fortune¡¡must¡¡be¡¡held¡¡responsible¡¡for¡¡the¡¡actual¡¡condition¡£¡¡The¡¡subjects¡¡of¡¡a¡¡power¡¡which¡¡is¡¡dominant¡¡by¡¡land¡¡have¡¡it¡¡open¡¡to¡¡them¡¡to¡¡form¡¡contingents¡¡from¡¡several¡¡small¡¡states¡¡and¡¡to¡¡muster¡¡in¡¡force¡¡for¡¡battle¡£¡¡But¡¡with¡¡the¡¡subjects¡¡of¡¡a¡¡naval¡¡power¡¡it¡¡is¡¡different¡£¡¡As¡¡far¡¡as¡¡they¡¡are¡¡groups¡¡of¡¡islanders¡¡it¡¡is¡¡impossible¡¡for¡¡their¡¡states¡¡to¡¡meet¡¡together¡¡for¡¡united¡¡action£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡sea¡¡lies¡¡between¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡dominant¡¡power¡¡is¡¡master¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sea¡£¡¡And¡¡even¡¡if¡¡it¡¡were¡¡possible¡¡for¡¡them¡¡to¡¡assemble¡¡in¡¡some¡¡single¡¡island¡¡unobserved£»¡¡they¡¡would¡¡only¡¡do¡¡so¡¡to¡¡perish¡¡by¡¡famine¡£¡¡And¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡states¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡Athens¡¡which¡¡are¡¡not¡¡islanders£»¡¡but¡¡situated¡¡on¡¡the¡¡continent£»¡¡the¡¡larger¡¡are¡¡held¡¡in¡¡check¡¡by¡¡need£§3£§¡¡and¡¡the¡¡small¡¡ones¡¡absolutely¡¡by¡¡fear£»¡¡since¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡state¡¡in¡¡existence¡¡which¡¡does¡¡not¡¡depend¡¡upon¡¡imports¡¡and¡¡exports£»¡¡and¡¡these¡¡she¡¡will¡¡forfeit¡¡if¡¡she¡¡does¡¡not¡¡lend¡¡a¡¡willing¡¡ear¡¡to¡¡those¡¡who¡¡are¡¡masters¡¡by¡¡sea¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡next¡¡place£»¡¡a¡¡power¡¡dominant¡¡by¡¡sea¡¡can¡¡do¡¡certain¡¡things¡¡which¡¡a¡¡land¡¡power¡¡is¡¡debarred¡¡from¡¡doing£»¡¡as¡¡for¡¡instance£»¡¡ravage¡¡the¡¡territory¡¡of¡¡a¡¡superior£»¡¡since¡¡it¡¡is¡¡always¡¡possible¡¡to¡¡coast¡¡along¡¡to¡¡some¡¡point£»¡¡where¡¡either¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡hostile¡¡force¡¡to¡¡deal¡¡with¡¡or¡¡merely¡¡a¡¡small¡¡body£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡case¡¡of¡¡an¡¡advance¡¡in¡¡force¡¡on¡¡the¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡enemy¡¡they¡¡can¡¡take¡¡to¡¡their¡¡ships¡¡and¡¡sail¡¡away¡£¡¡Such¡¡a¡¡performance¡¡is¡¡attended¡¡with¡¡less¡¡difficulty¡¡than¡¡that¡¡experienced¡¡by¡¡the¡¡relieving¡¡force¡¡on¡¡land¡££§4£§¡¡Again£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡open¡¡to¡¡a¡¡power¡¡so¡¡dominating¡¡by¡¡sea¡¡to¡¡leave¡¡its¡¡own¡¡territory¡¡and¡¡sail¡¡off¡¡on¡¡as¡¡long¡¡a¡¡voyage¡¡as¡¡you¡¡please¡£¡¡Whereas¡¡the¡¡land¡¡power¡¡cannot¡¡place¡¡more¡¡than¡¡a¡¡few¡¡days'¡¡journey¡¡between¡¡itself¡¡and¡¡its¡¡own¡¡territory£»¡¡for¡¡marches¡¡are¡¡slow¡¡affairs£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡possible¡¡for¡¡an¡¡army¡¡on¡¡the¡¡march¡¡to¡¡have¡¡food¡¡supplies¡¡to¡¡last¡¡for¡¡any¡¡great¡¡length¡¡of¡¡time¡£¡¡Such¡¡an¡¡army¡¡must¡¡either¡¡march¡¡through¡¡friendly¡¡territory¡¡or¡¡it¡¡must¡¡force¡¡a¡¡way¡¡by¡¡victory¡¡in¡¡battle¡£¡¡The¡¡voyager¡¡meanwhile¡¡has¡¡it¡¡in¡¡his¡¡power¡¡to¡¡disembark¡¡at¡¡any¡¡point¡¡where¡¡he¡¡finds¡¡himself¡¡in¡¡superior¡¡force£»¡¡or£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡worst£»¡¡to¡¡coast¡¡by¡¡until¡¡he¡¡reaches¡¡either¡¡a¡¡friendly¡¡district¡¡or¡¡an¡¡enemy¡¡too¡¡weak¡¡to¡¡resist¡£¡¡Again£»¡¡those¡¡diseases¡¡to¡¡which¡¡the¡¡fruits¡¡of¡¡the¡¡earth¡¡are¡¡liable¡¡as¡¡visitations¡¡from¡¡heaven¡¡fall¡¡severely¡¡on¡¡a¡¡land¡¡power£»¡¡but¡¡are¡¡scarcely¡¡felt¡¡by¡¡the¡¡navel¡¡power£»¡¡for¡¡such¡¡sicknesses¡¡do¡¡not¡¡visit¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡earth¡¡everywhere¡¡at¡¡once¡£¡¡So¡¡that¡¡the¡¡ruler¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sea¡¡can¡¡get¡¡in¡¡supplies¡¡from¡¡a¡¡thriving¡¡district¡£¡¡And¡¡if¡¡one¡¡may¡¡descend¡¡to¡¡more¡¡trifling¡¡particulars£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡to¡¡this¡¡same¡¡lordship¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sea¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡owe¡¡the¡¡discovery£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡first¡¡place£»¡¡of¡¡many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡luxuries¡¡of¡¡life¡¡through¡¡intercourse¡¡with¡¡other¡¡countries¡£¡¡So¡¡that¡¡the¡¡choice¡¡things¡¡of¡¡Sicily¡¡and¡¡Italy£»¡¡of¡¡Cyprus¡¡and¡¡Egypt¡¡and¡¡Lydia£»¡¡of¡¡Pontus¡¡or¡¡Peloponnese£»¡¡or¡¡wheresoever¡¡else¡¡it¡¡be£»¡¡are¡¡all¡¡swept£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡were£»¡¡into¡¡one¡¡centre£»¡¡and¡¡all¡¡owing£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡say£»¡¡to¡¡their¡¡maritime¡¡empire¡£¡¡And¡¡again£»¡¡in¡¡process¡¡of¡¡listening¡¡to¡¡every¡¡form¡¡of¡¡speech£»£§5£§¡¡they¡¡have¡¡selected¡¡this¡¡from¡¡one¡¡place¡¡and¡¡that¡¡from¡¡anotherfor¡¡themselves¡£¡¡So¡¡much¡¡so¡¡that¡¡while¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Hellenes¡¡employ£§6£§¡¡each¡¡pretty¡¡much¡¡their¡¡own¡¡peculiar¡¡mode¡¡of¡¡speech£»¡¡habit¡¡of¡¡life£»¡¡and¡¡style¡¡of¡¡dress£»¡¡the¡¡Athenians¡¡have¡¡adopted¡¡a¡¡composite¡¡type£»£§7£§¡¡to¡¡which¡¡all¡¡sections¡¡of¡¡Hellas£»¡¡and¡¡the

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ