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Wild Wales

by George Borrow



Its People; Language and Scenery




INTRODUCTORY




WALES is a country interesting in many respects; and deserving of 
more attention than it has hitherto met with。  Though not very 
extensive; it is one of the most picturesque countries in the 
world; a country in which Nature displays herself in her wildest; 
boldest; and occasionally loveliest forms。  The inhabitants; who 
speak an ancient and peculiar language; do not call this region 
Wales; nor themselves Welsh。  They call themselves Cymry or Cumry; 
and their country Cymru; or the land of the Cumry。  Wales or 
Wallia; however; is the true; proper; and without doubt original 
name; as it relates not to any particular race; which at present 
inhabits it; or may have sojourned in it at any long bygone period; 
but to the country itself。  Wales signifies a land of mountains; of 
vales; of dingles; chasms; and springs。  It is connected with the 
Cumbric bal; a protuberance; a springing forth; with the Celtic 
beul or beal; a mouth; with the old English welle; a fountain; with 
the original name of Italy; still called by the Germans Welschland; 
with Balkan and Vulcan; both of which signify a casting out; an 
eruption; with Welint or Wayland; the name of the Anglo…Saxon god 
of the forge; with the Chaldee val; a forest; and the German wald; 
with the English bluff; and the Sanscrit palava … startling 
assertions; no doubt; at least to some; which are; however; quite 
true; and which at some future time will be universally 
acknowledged so to be。

But it is not for its scenery alone that Wales is deserving of 
being visited; scenery soon palls unless it is associated with 
remarkable events; and the names of remarkable men。  Perhaps there 
is no country in the whole world which has been the scene of events 
more stirring and remarkable than those recorded in the history of 
Wales。  What other country has been the scene of a struggle so 
deadly; so embittered; and protracted as that between the Cumro and 
the Saxon? … A struggle which did not terminate at Caernarvon; when 
Edward Longshanks foisted his young son upon the Welsh chieftains 
as Prince of Wales; but was kept up till the battle of Bosworth 
Field; when a prince of Cumric blood won the crown of fair Britain; 
verifying the olden word which had cheered the hearts of the 
Ancient Britons for at least a thousand years; even in times of the 
darkest distress and gloom:…


〃But after long pain
Repose we shall obtain;
When sway barbaric has purg'd us clean;
And Britons shall regain
Their crown and their domain;
And the foreign oppressor be no more seen。〃


Of remarkable men Wales has assuredly produced its full share。  
First; to speak of men of action:… there was Madoc; the son of 
Owain Gwynedd; who discovered America; centuries before Columbus 
was born; then there was 〃the irregular and wild Glendower;〃 who 
turned rebel at the age of sixty; was crowned King of Wales at 
Machynlleth; and for fourteen years contrived to hold his own 
against the whole power of England; then there was Ryce Ap Thomas; 
the best soldier of his time; whose hands placed the British crown 
on the brow of Henry the Seventh; and whom bluff Henry the Eighth 
delighted to call Father Preece; then there was … who? … why Harry 
Morgan; who led those tremendous fellows the Buccaneers across the 
Isthmus of Darien to the sack and burning of Panama。

What; a buccaneer in the list?  Ay! and why not?  Morgan was a 
scourge; it is true; but he was a scourge of God on the cruel 
Spaniards of the New World; the merciless task…masters and butchers 
of the Indian race:  on which account God favoured and prospered 
him; permitting him to attain the noble age of ninety; and to die 
peacefully and tranquilly at Jamaica; whilst smoking his pipe in 
his shady arbour; with his smiling plantation of sugar…canes full 
in view。  How unlike the fate of Harry Morgan to that of Lolonois; 
a being as daring and enterprising as the Welshman; but a monster 
without ruth or discrimination; terrible to friend and foe; who 
perished by the hands; not of the Spaniards; but of the Indians; 
who tore him limb from limb; burning his members; yet quivering; in 
the fire … which very Indians Morgan contrived to make his own firm 
friends; and whose difficult language he spoke with the same 
facility as English; Spanish; and his own South Welsh。

For men of genius Wales during a long period was particularly 
celebrated。 … Who has not heard of the Welsh Bards? though it is 
true that; beyond the borders of Wales; only a very few are 
acquainted with their songs; owing to the language; by no means an 
easy one; in which they were composed。  Honour to them all! 
everlasting glory to the three greatest … Taliesin; Ab Gwilym and 
Gronwy Owen:  the first a professed Christian; but in reality a 
Druid; whose poems fling great light on the doctrines of the 
primitive priesthood of Europe; which correspond remarkably with 
the philosophy of the Hindus; before the time of Brahma:  the 
second the grand poet of Nature; the contemporary of Chaucer; but 
worth half a dozen of the accomplished word…master; the ingenious 
versifier of Norman and Italian tales:  the third a learned and 
irreproachable minister of the Church of England; and one of the 
greatest poets of the last century; who after several narrow 
escapes from starvation both in England and Wales; died master of a 
paltry school at New Brunswick; in North America; sometime about 
the year 1780。

But Wales has something besides its wonderful scenery; its eventful 
history; and its illustrious men of yore to interest the visitor。  
Wales has a population; and a remarkable one。  There are countries; 
besides Wales; abounding with noble scenery; rich in eventful 
histories; and which are not sparingly dotted with the birthplaces 
of heroes and poets; in which at the present day there is either no 
population at all; or one of a character which is anything but 
attractive。  Of a country in the first predicament; the Scottish 
Highlands afford an example:  What a country is that Highland 
region!  What scenery! and what associations!  If Wales has its 
Snowdon and Cader Idris; the Highlands have their Hill of the Water 
Dogs; and that of the Swarthy Swine:  If Wales has a history; so 
have the Highlands … not indeed so remarkable as that of Wales; but 
eventful enough:  If Wales has had its heroes; its Glendower and 
Father Pryce; the Highlands have had their Evan Cameron and Ranald 
of Moydart; If Wales has had its romantic characters; its Griffith 
Ap Nicholas and Harry Morgan; the Highlands have had Rob Roy and 
that strange fellow Donald Macleod; the man of the broadsword; the 
leader of the Freacadan Dhu; who at Fontenoy caused; the Lord only 
knows; how many Frenchmen's heads to fly off their shoulders; who 
lived to the age of one hundred and seven; and at seventy…one 
performed gallant service on the Heights of Abraham:  wrapped in 
whose plaid the dying Wolfe was carried from the hill of victory。 … 
If Wales has been a land of song; have not the Highlands also? … If 
Wales can boast of Ab Gwilym and Gronwy; the Highlands can boast of 
Ossian and MacIntyre。  In many respects the two regions are equals 
or nearly so; … In one respect; however; a matter of the present 
day; and a very important matter too; they are anything but equals:  
Wales has a population … but where is that of the Highlands? … 
Plenty of noble scene; Plenty of delightful associations; 
historical; poetical; and romantic … but; but; where is the 
population?

The population of Wales has not departed across the Atlantic; like 
that of the Highlands; it remains at home; and a remarkable 
population it is … very different from the present inhabitants of 
several beautiful lands of olden fame; who have strangely 
degenerated from their forefathers。  Wales has not only a 
population; but a highly interesting one … hardy and frugal; yet 
kind and hospitable … a bit crazed; it is true; on the subject of 
religion; but still retaining plenty of old Celtic peculiarities; 
and still speaking Diolch i Duw! … the language of Glendower and 
the Bards。

The present is a book about Wales and Welsh matters。  He who does 
me the honour of perusing it will be conducted to many a spot not 
only remarkable for picturesqueness; but for having been the scene 
of some extraordinary event; or the birth…place or residence of a 
hero or a man of genius; he will likewise be not unfrequently 
introduced to the genuine Welsh; and made acquainted with what they 
have to say about Cumro and Saxon; buying and selling; fattening 
hogs and poultry; Methodism and baptism; and the poor; persecuted 
Church of England。

An account of the language of Wales will be found in the last 
chapter。  It has many features and words in common with the 
Sanscrit; and many which seem peculiar to itself; or rather to the 
family of languages; generally called the Celtic; to which it 
belongs。  Though not an original tongue; for indeed no original 
tongue; or anything approximating to one; at present exists; it is 
certainly of immense antiquity; indeed almost entitled in that 
respect to dispute the palm with the grand tongue of India; on 
which in some respects it flings nearly as much elucidation as it 
itself receives in others。  Amongst the words quoted in the chapter 
alluded to I wish particularly to direct the reader's attention to 
gwr; a man; and gwres; heat; to which may be added gwreichionen; a 
spark。  Does not the striking similarity between these words 
warrant the supposition that the ancient Cumry entertained the idea 
that man and fire were one and the same; even like the ancient 
Hindus; who believed that man sprang from fire; and whose word 
vira; (1) which signifies a strong man; a hero; signifies also 
fire?

There are of course faults and inaccuracies in the work; but I have 
reason to believe that they are neither numerous nor important:  I 
may have occasionally given a wrong name to a hill or a brook; or 
may have overstated or understated; by a furlong; the distance 
between one hamlet and another; or even committed the blunder of 
saying that Mr Jones Ap Jenkins lived in this or that homestead; 
whereas in reality Mr Jenkins Ap Jones honoured it with his 
residence:  I may be chargeable with such inaccuracies; in which 
case I beg to express due sorrow for them; and at the same time a 
hope that I have afforded information about matters relating to 
Wales which more than atones for them。  It would be as well if 
those who exhibit eagerness to expose the faults of a book would 
occasionally have the candour to say a word or two about its 
merits; such a wish; however; is not likely to be gratified; unless 
indeed they wisely take a hint from the following lines; translated 
from a cywydd of the last of the great poets of Wales:


〃All can perceive a fault; where there is one …
A dirty scamp will find one; where there's none。〃 (2)




WILD WALES:  ITS PEOPLE; LANGUAGE; AND SCENERY




CHAPTER I



Proposed Excursion … Knowledge of Welsh … Singular Groom …

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